ECOPERSIA
Volume:10 Issue: 4, Autumn 2022

In the present study, groundwater quality evaluation for drinking and irrigation purposes in Tashk-Bakhtegan and Maharloo basin was investigated using the data from 420 observation wells.

To assess the suitability of groundwater in terms of hydrogeochemical parameters including potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), chloride (Cl-), bicarbonate (HCO3-), sulfate (SO42-), Electrical conductivity (EC) and total soluble solids (TDS) for 420 monitoring wells in November 2017 (as a dry month) and May 2018 (as a wet month) and to calculate the Drinking Water Quality Index (DWQI) and Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) were used.

The results showed that groundwater quality for drinking purpose varied widely across the basin, with the average DWQI value increasing from 238.83 in November 2017 to 249.79 in May 2018. IWQI results also indicated that in most areas, especially in the northern and southern parts of the basin, groundwater has moderate, high and severe limitations for agricultural activities in both months. The average value of IWQI increased from 47.67 in November, 2017 to 49.67 in May, 2018, indicating a slight increase in groundwater quality for agricultural use.

According to the obtained results, necessary precautions should be taken for groundwater before using it for different purposes, and the results of this study can be used in the planning and management of groundwater resources.

The purpose was to specify the impacts of amoxicillin, cefixime, and metronidazole on sunray cultivar of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L .) growth and some of its metabolites, which were cultured in soils with various quantities of heavy metals.

For evaluation of the effects of the antibiotics (i.e., Amoxicillin, Cefixime, and Metronidazole) on plant growth, the Antibiotics were tested in 2 doses of 100 and 200 mg.kg-1 soil, and zero for the control. After 42 days fresh and dry weights of green bean shoots and roots were analyzed, and before harvesting the quantity of Chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, Carotenoid (Car), Flavonoids, Phenol, and Antioxidant activity in P. vulgaris leaves were measured.

Green bean treated with Amoxicillin (200 mg.kg-1) produced the highest root dry weight in mine soil (42.91% increase compared to control) while it treated with cefixime (200 mg.kg-1) produced the highest shoot dry weight at rangeland soil (19.21% increase compared to control). The quantity of Flavonoids (18.91%), Phenol (19.70%), Chl a (37.72%), and total Chl (37.40%) in the leaves of the plant with 200 mg.kg-1 Metronidazole reduced in compared to their controls. The results showed that antioxidant activity in green bean tissues was enhanced in mine soil compared to agricultural and rangeland soils (37.76% and 18.43% respectively).

Though soil contamination with heavy metals and the usage of metronidazole had stressful results on green beans, these were not additive or synergetic. Residues of Antibiotics often enter agricultural soils through animal manure, so it is suggested to use at least decomposed manure to control their stressful effects and the arrival of Antibiotics into the food chain.

Aim :

This study was conducted to investigate the association between plant species diversity indices with topographic variables in the rangelands of Hir county, Ardabil Province, Iran.

Materials & Methods:

 Random-systematic sampling was performed in three elevation profiles at 11 sites. The elevation was divided into five classes, slope into three classes, and aspect into four classes. Indices of plant species richness, Margalef’s, Menhinick’s, Hill evenness, density, and dominance were calculated. Indices in different classes of topographic variables were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's mean comparison.

Findings:

 Results showed that the highest value of the Shannon-Wiener indices was observed in the elevation class of 1800-2000 meters above sea level (masl). The highest values of plant species evenness, richness, and diversity of Simpson’s and Shannon-Wiener were related to the slope of 0-20%. The values of species richness indices and dominance in the southwest direction, and Menhinick’s richness in the northwest direction, were higher than the other directions. At the level of Plant Functional Types (PFTs), the highest amount of evenness is at the grasses PFT and elevation classes of 1800-2000 and 2400-2600 masl. The maximum amount of Hill evenness at the shrub PFT and slope of 40-60%. The highest amount of Margalef’s richness and Shannon-Wiener plant diversity was in the forbs PFT and in the southwest direction.

Conclusion:

 According to the results, elevation, and slope have the greatest effect and the aspects of the slope have the least effect on the diversity of plant species in the region.

 On the evening of April 1, 1998, in Farsan city, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, western Iran, the southern edge of the valley of Mt. Kino, along the Labad river, slid down into the river valley, where the moved material sloshed up over hill on the opposite river bank to bury Abikar village. This event followed an exceptional rainfall exceeding 190 mm during a week. In this research, the unexpected behavior of the landslide, the possible causes of the long-runout of debris, and the probable mechanism of such movement are discussed.

 This disaster was investigated, we attempted to offer a schematic model for its occurrence using various field data such as structural geology, surface soil layers, local geomorphology, meteorological data, hydrology, and field evidence. The disaster claimed the life of 54 people, and 1300 livestock, and the destruction of 40 hectares of farmlands and orchids.

 The remain of the disaster contains some extraordinary features such as the lack of debris or barrier across the river, high debris flow velocity, the transformation of some debris material by jumping into the far end of debris flow, and a severe air storm in front of the debris flow mass.

 We suggest that, when a giant slab of rocks fell down from the opposite flank, the generation of debris avalanche and the formation of an air cushion underneath the debris could be one of the reasons that facilitate the long runout of detrital flows.

This study investigated the variation in plant diversity, floristic quality indices, and the forest integrity of various broadleaf forest types.

In this study, we used 288 plots of 1m2 in the middle Zagros forest to investigate the role of three forest types including Quercus infectoria, Quercus brantii, and Pyrus glabra on forest diversity indices and floristic quality

results revealed significant differences in Shannon wiener, Margalef, and Menhinic indices, as well as some soil properties, between forest types, but no significant differences in evenness and Simpson indices. Diversity indices mean coefficient of conservatism and floristic quality index (FQI) were significantly greater in the protected forest dominated by Quercus infectoria than in other protected forests.

This study demonstrates that tree species and certain topographical and edaphic factors have distinct effects on the distribution of understory plants, plant diversity, and floristic quality in different forest types. The results of this research, while confirming the use of plant diversity indices, also introduce the conservatism coefficient and species fidelity as additional tools in evaluating forest integrity, because by using them, more and better information can be obtained about the conditions of the forest.

Temperature is one of the factors that can affect the survival of sea turtle hatchlings and nest success. As a critically endangered species, Hawksbill sea turtle nests in several Iranian islands. Few studies have so far been conducted on the effect of temperature on nesting success of this species in the Persian Gulf. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of temperature on the survival of turtle hatchlings in two nesting areas.

The temperature of the sand and the nest was recorded and analyzed using thermochron data loggers for several consecutive years from 2019 to 2021, from the beginning of the nesting season until the emergence of hatchlings. The three criteria of incubation success, mortality, and emergence success were chosen as indicators to evaluate nest success.

The lowest average annual sand temperature was related to Kish Island. The annual average temperature of the nests in Kish and Qeshm Islands showed a significant difference. The Kish nests were at a level higher than the thermal tolerance threshold (33 to 35°C) for less than five days. Examining the success of the nests showed that Kish has a higher than average hatching success than Qeshm, but this result does not hold true for the other two criteria.

Although checking the temperature of the sand and the nest can provide us with useful information regarding the survival of the turtle hatchlings and the implementation of protection decisions, investigating other factors besides temperature can be helpful as well.

Nowadays, the depletion of renewable resources and production particulate matter brought on by desertification and the subsequent dust storms pose a serious and immediate threat to human health. The purpose of this study is to investigate the stabilization methods applicable for desert dust as well as sandy soils to prevent desertification and dust-related negative consequences.

The methodology used in this research is a complete review of the provided sources and evaluation of their results in the last two decades in this field. This review deeply investigates the methods and Materials of stabilization of desert sandy soil.

Chemical stabilizers of loose sand, including cement, lime, nanoclay, blast furnace slag, polymer, fly ash, and other stabilizers, have been used in different countries of the world and have shown acceptable results. The results of the studies show that by using these methods and stabilizing materials, wind erosion can be reduced by 70% and the compressive strength of the soil can be increased by up to 2 times its initial value.

We draw the conclusion that we will require a green and reasonably priced stabilizer to stabilize the desert dust based on the study we have done and the analysis of the papers that have been presented in this sector. Given the limitations and drawbacks of the aforementioned stabilizers, a good stabilizer doesn't destroy the soil's vegetation, doesn't significantly alter the soil's color, texture, or chemical composition, and doesn't interfere with the roots' ability to breathe.