فصلنامه پژوهش های روان شناسی اجتماعی
پیاپی 47 (پاییز 1401)

People turn to the opposite sex for a variety of reasons. The aim of this study was to investigate the consequences of friendly relations between male and female students using qualitative research and data foundation (case study of students of Ayatollah Boroujerdi University).

The present study has been conducted in a qualitative and grand theoretical manner. Data and the statistical population of this study were all male and female undergraduate and graduate students in the year 98-99 of Ayatollah Boroujerdi University in the age group of 18-29 who have experienced a friendship with the opposite sex. Thirty students were selected by chain sampling or snowball sampling and studied by semi-structured interview method

The findings showed that age conditions, facilitation of communication and meeting, hardening of marriage conditions as a ruling bed, and diminishing religious and traditional values ​​and emerging value views were the intervening conditions. These people have been in a relationship with the opposite sex by being in an emotional and cognitive aura. Consequences such as hostility and violence, suspicion and suspicion, damage to the family system, norm-breaking, academic stagnation and talent, relationship deception, emotional-psychological damage, physical damage, sexual damage, counseling, experimentation, regret and frustration, sense Nostalgia and rethinking have been the most important problems in relationships with the opposite sex.

Gaining insight into the cycle of formation of friendly relations between male and female students, especially into the interfering and underlying factors in the formation of the core theme can contribute to developing and implementing educational, preventive, and constructive treatment programs to address these factors that facilitate friendly relations between male and female students.

Household electricity consumption in Iran is about 33% of total consumption and the electricity-saving behavior despite of emphases is still far from the desired level.

The aim of this study was to predict the behavior of household electricity saving in Iranian electricity consumers. The design used in this research was structural equation modeling and the statistical population included all electricity consumers across the country in 1400. Sampling was done by convenience sampling method and the sample size was estimated to be 256 using the Soper (2022) method, but the number of research participants was 684. Tools used for data collection included Demographic and Characteristics of Housing Questionnaire (DHC), Saving Electricity Scale based on Social Status Upgrading (SESSSU), Motivation toward Saving Energy Scale (MTSES), and Energy Saving Behavior Scale (ESBS), which included 57 questions and items. Data were collected  through Google Form and analyzed by Smart PLS 3.3.3 and SPSS 26 softwares using structural equation modeling method.

Findings showed that the the social need for consumption explains 35% of the motivation to save electricity (P=0.00). The results also showed that electricity saving motivation explained 38% of electricity saving behavior (P=0.00). Among the components of electricity saving motivation, the highest relationship with the main structure was observed in integrated motivation, identified motivation, internal motivation and introjected motivation.

Conclution:

 It seems that increasing in electricity-saving behavior is affected by stimulating motivation through social need to consume electricity. The findings of the present study can be used in policies and interventions that aim at consumer behavior and increase saving behaviors.

Parents are considered as the most important factor in socializing children and adolescents. Researches has confirmed the effectiveness of gratitude on the pro-social behavior; hence the purpose of this study is to explain the relationship between parent’s psychological control and children’s pro-social behavior by the mediation of the gratitude.

The research method is a descriptive correlation study. The statistical population of the study included all high school students in Yazd in the academic year ‎2020-2021‎. The sample size was 350 people who were selected with the multi-stage cluster sampling method and 308 people completed the questionnaires. Research Measurement included Dependency-Oriented and Achievement-Oriented Psychological Control Scale (Soenens et al, 2010), Multi-component Gratitude Measure (Morgan et al, 2017) and Pro-social Tendencies Measures (Carlo & Randall, 2002) that have been completed by students. 

The findings using structural equation modeling showed that final model has a good fitness. Also, findings of research hypothesis analysis showed that psychological control of parents could negatively and statistically significant predict pro-social behavior and relationship between gratitude and pro-social behavior was negatively and significant Moreover, the mediation role of gratitude in the relationship between parental psychological control and pro-social behavior was confirmed.

According to the research findings, it can be concluded that less psychological control of parents in the family context, and more children's skills in gratitude, can promotes their pro-social behavior.

Aggressive behavior is one of the problems that negatively affects teenagers, especially their growth and academic performance. The aim of the present study was to modeling of aggression in school based on family functioning, neuroticism, and school climate with the mediating role of belief about aggression, empathy, and school attachment among students.

The research method was correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all middle school male students (second period) in Harsin county in the academic year 2021-2022, number 1918, and 450 were randomly selected as a sample. Research data was collected with the McMaster family measurement questionnaires (Baldwin and Bishab, 1983), the school climate and identity questionnaire (Lee et al., 2017), the Neo personality questionnaire (McCree and Costa, 1985), the scale Revised Belief About Aggression (Campbell, Munser, McManius, & Woodhouse, 1999), Adolescent Empathy Questionnaire (Wozen et al., 2015), School Attachment Questionnaire (Moton, DeVaya, & Glazier, 1993), Aggression scale (Orpinas and Frankosky, 2001). Data were analyzed using the structural equation method in spss27 and amos27 software packages.

The structural equation model supported the hypotheses that family functioning, neuroticism, school climate, belief about aggression, empathy, and school attachment all have causal effects on students' aggression in school.

According to the research findings, family functioning, neuroticism, school climate, belief about aggression, empathy and school attachment play an essential role in students' aggression in school.

Moral disengagement refers to the justification of harmful behavior by a person and freedom from moral standards in a specific context and time. Knowing the predictors of moral disengagement leads to a better understanding of the factors that cause it. The purpose of this research was to predict moral disengagement based on dark personality traits and belief in a just world among Marketers of Urmia city during Corona.

The design of the present study was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population included all the marketers working in the markets of Urmia in 1401, their number was 5000, and 357 people were selected using the Morgan table using the Convenience sampling method. Data collection tools were moral disengagement by Bandura, dark personality traits by Jonason & Webster, and BJW by Sutton & Douglas. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression.

The results showed that: The dark triad of personality has a positive and significant relationship with the moral disengagement of the Marketers, and the belief in a just world has a negative and significant relationship with the moral disengagement. Also, the regression of stepwise results showed all three dark personality traits and belief in a just world are capable of explaining the general belief in a just world of marketers.

According to these results, the dark triad of personality and belief in a just world can explain moral disengagement and can be used to identify the underlying factors of moral disengagement (P= 0/05).

Psychopathy is a multidimensional personality disorder that has attracted a lot of attention in the clinical fields. In this research, the validity of the Persian version of the Long Form of Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI) and the evaluation of its psychometric indicators are considered.

The method was descriptive-analytical and exploratory. The sample consisted of 557 male youths living in Tehran and Golestan provinces in the academic year of 2021-2022, who were selected by available sampling method and completed Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory and Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE). The psychometric properties were analyzed by confirmatory factor analysis, divergent validity, Pearson's correlation and Cronbach's alpha coefficient.

The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated the existence of three interpersonal, affective and behavioral factors and indicated the good fit of the obtained model (p<0/001). The significant correlation between the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy and the Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory confirms the divergent validity of this tool (p<0/01). The validity of the scale was found to be acceptable by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and the composite reliability of the factors. The reliability results of this tool through the retest method showed a high correlation between the two implementations (p<0/01).

In general, the Persian version of the Long Form of Youth Psychopathic traits Inventory (YPI) and its three-factor structure were confirmed, and it can be used in psychological researches with appropriate validity and reliability.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of the collaborative interpersonal conflicts resolution skills training program on social goal setting, conflict resolution style and adjustment among girls of middle school.

In this Quesi-experimental research with pretest-posttest nonequivalent-group design and follow up stage, 50 female students 17-year-old at Roudbar of Quilan governmental middle schools, in the experimental group and control group, before and after the training, responded to the Social Achievement Goals (Ryan and Shim, 2008), the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Instrument (Thomas-Kilmann, 1974) and Adjustment inventory for School Students (Sinha & Singh, 1993). The experimental group received 7 collaborative interpersonal conflicts resolution skills training sessions (1 hour a session).

The results of multivariate covariance analysis, in the short term and long term, indicated that interpersonal skills training program was effective in increasing social development goal, adaptive conflict resolution styles and different dimentions of adjustment. The results also showed that it was effective in decreasing non-adaptive social goal settings (including social demonstration-approach goal and social demonstration-avoid goal) and non-adaptive conflict resolution styles (including forcing, avoiding and accommodation).

Generally, the results show that following steps are recommended for collaborative conflict management such as find appropriate time and place to discuss the conflict, understand the other’s views with a non-judgmental attitude and be sensitive to each other’s needs and perceptions, develop goals which are basically compatible and work towards a win-win outcome.