پژوهشنامه تمدن ایرانی
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 7، بهار و تابستان 1401)

Khājeh Nizām al-Mulk is one of the thinkers and bureaucrats who have developed the style of governance in the field of action and opinion. He represented them in his life and in the book Siyar Al-Mulook. Many researchers have studied his character and political ideas from various perspectives, but these scholars have yet to develop and draw a specific and comprehensive model of the merits of rulership based on Siyar Al-Mulook's book. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to compile the desired model of Khajeh's desirable dominion. In the current research, the author has collected the required data by using the library method and focusing on the book of Siyar Al-Mulook; he has determined and drawn the dimensions of competency and desirable indicators of dominion in the processing stage by using the content analysis method and a descriptive and analytical approach. The desirable indicators of governance are in three dimensions based on the data of Siyar Al-Mulook: professional competencies, moral competencies, and personal competencies. To him, possessing all of these qualifications provided the possibility of establishing a favorable government, the center of which was the king or sultan.

The years between the First World War until the change of the monarchy in 1925 is one of the most important periods in the contemporary history of Iran. Successive political, economic, social, cultural, and military crises were the most important distinguishing features of this period from the past history. In every way the country was in danger, governments were falling one after another, the economy has been bankrupted, and the great powers had taken control of important parts of the country. During this period, some intellectuals thought what should be done to preserve Iran and revive its civilized heritage? Some thinkers promoted nationalist ideologies, many others promoted Archaism, others believed of reliance on Russia and Britain, and others saw the solution by emphasizing the historical and civilizational components of Iran; all of them suggested a way to save the country. One of these people was Dr. Mahmoud Afshar. So, the main question of this research is what was Afshar's solution to revive the Iranian civilization? This article discusses Afshar's views based on descriptive-analytical according to the Morgenthau's theory on power, and shows that Afshar offered a more reasonable solution based on the historical foundations and social realities of the country. The results of the research show that Dr. Mahmoud Afshardid not ignore the historical facts of the country for establishing the Iranian Civilization. He considered of Iranian civilization, but he defined this according to religious components of the country, not based on teachings had nothing to do with Iranian history.

Textiles were extremely valuable before the Industrial Revolution due to the difficulty of production and were considered precious goods. Weaving evolved alongside the fundamental developments in the textile industry during the Qajar era in Iran, but it was still considered valuable in its traditional form. Even when manual production declined, it received additional value due to its rarity. In industrial form, textiles were imported to Iran and were perhaps less expensive than domestic products that were produced using handicraft methods. However, they were still valuable given their long-distance shipment. The purpose of this study was to examine instances of appreciation of Qajar textile value in travelogues written during the time period. As a result, the main research question was as follows: How can the significance of clothing and, consequently, textiles be explained by studying Qajar travelogues? The historical exploration of Qajar era documents(more than 30 travelogues) in this descriptive-analytical study revealed that clothing and textiles were particularly important throughout the Qajar era, regardless of their nature, type, or application, both for men and women. Expensive textiles, like shawls and samites, were exchanged as money and were used to make priceless gifts for men in high positions, like kings. The durability of textiles was extended not only by less-frequent washing, but also through methods such as patchwork. Thus, while the textile industry in its traditional sense declined during the Qajar era, this did not undermine the preciousness of textiles and, in fact, became a reason for their further importance and value.

Clothing is one of the cultural manifestations in human life that has not been fixed and has undergone changes in different periods of history according to human needs, the occurrence of different events and the domination of different ethnic groups; Therefore, it has distanced itself from its main and primary function and has become a factor in showing the social and cultural status of individuals in society, which has created major effects in the proper formation of relationships and interactions between individuals. This study covers the time period of the Mongol period in Iran, ie from the Mongol invasion to the final extinction of the Ilkhans (756-616 AH) in a descriptive-analytical method with library tools and emphasis on Persian literature books in Written that time or a little later; It intends to provide a clear picture of the daily life of the people, social classes and the influence of Mongol culture on the way Iranians dress. Explaining the presence of certain sections of society, including Sofia, as well as examining the degree of freedom of women in society, is another goal. The results show that the main difference in clothing depends on the gender of the individual and the. The clothing of the Mongols was very similar before this period and even in many cases there was not much difference between the clothing of men and women. Distinction in gender, color and type of clothing is the most important social function that clothing was responsible for in that period.

Shahdad (with the old name of Khabis), is a hot and dry region located on the western edge of the Lot plain. This region itself has been a part of a rich and relatively wide culture that has grown and developed and interacted with far and near civilizations. The purpose of this research is to identify the natural and human factors on the formation and decay of Shahdad's ancient civilization. The method used in this research is a descriptive-analytical one, which was done using documentary and archeological data and reconstruction of the past environmental conditions in the studied area. Reconstruction of the past environmental conditions was done using field evidence, experimental relationships with the help of ArcGIS software. The results obtained from this research showed that the height above the sea level, the geographical location, the absence of extremely hot or cold weather, the increase in precipitation, the increase in river water, are the most important. Natural factors have been effective in the formation of Shahdad civilization. . . Temperature fluctuations, torrential rains, flooding of rivers and floods were the most important natural factors affecting the decline of this civilization. Agriculture, the location of Souq-al-Jashi and two-way communication with neighboring nations have also been the most important human factors influencing the formation of Shahdad civilization. On the other hand, the decline of agriculture, the loss of the communication location of Souq-Al-Jashi, the disconnection with neighboring nations and civilizations were the most important human factors affecting the decline of Shahdad civilization.

Farhad Tarash is one of the most controversial works left from ancient Iran. Why this work was left unfinished has caused questions in the minds of different generations of Iranians. According to local stories and with the help of national historical reports, some establish a connection between it and Farhad, the rock art man of Khosrow II' era. Some consider it to be a part of the unfinished projects of the mentioned Sassanid king, which they assume after his murder, and others consider it an unfinished Achaemenid work. In this article, by using the content of written sources and field studies, an attempt has been made to provide a logical and documented answer to the historical documents and archaeological findings about the ancient identity of this unfinished surface. The following research states that in the place where Farhad Tarash is now located, there used to be a relief related to the beginning of the second millennium BC, in which, according to the common pattern of reliefs art in the third and second millennium BC, there was a figures of the goddess Inanna besides of some other reliefs and an inscription on Behistun.

Ilkhanid(656-736 AH) government, upon establishment,started measures to organize the endowment and prevent harm on the endowment property. With all damage done by Mongols’ invasion to Iran’s infrastructure during the Ilkhanid period, it was necessary to create and rehabilitate water supply systems. For this reason, the capacity of the endowment institution was used in this field. The present study used descriptive-analytical method with library resources to investigate the role of endowment in creating and reviving water supply systems in the Ilkhanid period. This research has investigated the endowments of Ghazan,Khwajeh Rashid Aldin Fazlullah, Rukn Aldin and Shams Aldin Yazdi, Tarkan Khatun, Amin Aldin Balyani and Ala al-Dowla Semnani and other benefactors in the field of water supply in the Ilkhanid period. According to the findings of this research in the Ilkhanid period, in addition to the rulers and ministers, many members of the society, such as local rulers, officials, mystics and benefactors have consciously used the capacity of the endowment institution to creation and rehabilitation of water supply systems.In fact, the creation and rehabilitation of water supply systems in the Ilkhanid period was the result of the efforts of all influential people in the society, and the endowments of ministers such as Khwajeh Rashid Aldin ,despite the wide range of endowment cases, were located in limited areas of the territory of the Ilkhanid government. Also, according to the findings of the research ,aqueduct endowment flourished in the central regions of Iran such as Yazd, Kerman and Esfahan during the Ilkhanid period.

After the constitution and approval of the municipality law, different provinces of Iran were required to establish and implement the municipality laws. This law was formalized in 1328 AH in Bushehr port. Bushehr's role and position in the political and economic equations of the Persian Gulf and southern Iran It can be considered effective in this regard. The municipality of Baladieh during the Qajar period from the establishment to the first Pahlavi era faced many obstacles and problems. Simultaneously with the Pahlavi era, the municipality of Bushehr became one of the most important new urban institutions in the field of public services. The present study uses a descriptive and analytical method and relying on archival sources to investigate how the municipality was formed in Bushehr and its historical character in the Qajar period, to answer the question of what was the performance of Bushehr municipality in the first Pahlavi period? Research shows that despite financial poverty, lack of facilities and lack of urban infrastructure, lack of adequate budget and lack of cooperation of government organizations with the municipality in Bushehr, this executive body was able to provide development, social and health projects to a large extent. Achieve your initial goalsh.On the one hand, the scope of the municipality's supervision and on the other hand, the emphasis of government institutions such as the Ministry of Interior on the validity of the municipality's actions in line with urban affairs had turned this fledgling institution into the driving force of Bushehr.Bushehr Municipality, Baladieh

Various writings about chess were written by people from different classes of society, including clergymen, princes, and intellectuals with religious, educational, and political purposes, which became known as "Rasāʼīl šaṭranǰīya"(chess treatises) during the Qajar period. The purpose of this study based on manuscripts and historical sources is to answer the question of what place chess had in the people's general culture in the Qajar period. For what purpose were the letters of chess written? And what are the differences between them? The findings of the research show that during the Qajar period, the culture of playing chess became popular among the ruling class and then the general public. The extent of this game led to the opinions of different people in different fields regarding this game and short and long treatises were written on the rejection, education, and acceptability of it. These works have differences in their content, form, and purpose, which shows the intensity of opinions and ideas towards chess in the Iranian society of the Qajar era. The origin of different views about chess goes back to jurisprudence, history, culture, and politics, which are discussed in this article.

The Caspian Sea has always been the most important northern waterway of Iran during all historical periods. The Safavids played an important role in establishing the security and commercial prosperity of the Caspian Sea ports by restoring Iran's sovereignty over its borders and the existence of local governments subordinate to them in the north of Iran. With the fall of the Safavids and the dominance of the Afghans, a turbulent period was created, which brought commercial stagnation, especially maritime trade. After Nadir Shah Afshar (1735-1747 AD/ 1148-1160 AH) came to power, it became necessary to be directly present and seize the vital resources of the Caspian Sea, so Nadir, by providing facilities for the establishment of the navy, created a suitable ground for the resumption of activity. provided maritime trade. The central issue of this research, in addition to examining the policies and efforts of Nadir Shah in improving the state of trade, seafaring and shipbuilding, is his motivation and goals for establishing a naval fleet in the Caspian Sea and the reasons for the Russian government's suspicions regarding this matter. Is the main data of this research consists of historical texts and content analysis extracted from them, and in addition, archaeological evidence such as the sunken ship on the shores of Chamkhale, Langarud and its analysis using a historical approach have also been used. The findings of the research indicate that Nadir Shah intended to help commercial prosperity by forming a naval fleet in the Caspian Sea and, in

As valuable treasures, historic houses constitute a major part of urban design, representing the identity, ideology and lifestyle of people. Located at Qasemabad, Rafsanjan (Kerman Province), the Hāj-Āqā-Ali house is an outstanding work of Iranian architecture which dates back to the Qajar era. Decorations of this historic building are indicative of the application of certain principles which are in accordance with the Iranian-Islamic culture. Here, applying the Islamic principle of “unity within multiplicity” is a case in point and it’s been tried to show how it’s been represented in this historic mansion.The research is carried out in analytical-descriptive method and its data gathered through library and field studies. The gathered date is categorized in three main parts, i.e. geometry and proportions, balance and light. The mentioned factors provide the basis for further analyses. Findings of the research indicate that the factors bringing unity to the decorations have been organized on geometry of regular structures (symmetrical, vertical, concentrated and active). Rhythm and balance, as the products of frequent repetition of designs and locations, stand among the other factors of unity in the ornaments. Further, the gleams of light in stained glasses and the presence of light and shadow in different parts of the mansion play a significant role in creating unity and diversity in this historic house, all conforming with the Islamic art wisdom.

According to says of Ktesias ,"Do Setighi "mountain or "Hossein" mountain today in the Marvdasht plain where the rocks of Naqš e -Rostam cover a part of its foots, contains various remains from the prehistoric period of Fars(indicative neolithic shelters) and the historical period, the tombs of Achaemenid kings and Sassanid reliefs. In addition, a strong fortress with pottery from the Sassanid period above Naqš e- Rostam mountain, has turned this mountain into one of the most distinctive mountains of South Zagros. Numerous Pahlavi inscriptions are another significant remains written by local scribe and people on foot and top of mountain. Most of these stone inscriptions are written in the side script of a book and in a few short and sharp lines on the rocks and smooth stones of the mountains.Based on this, this research seeks to answer the question, what was the reason for the sculpting of stone inscriptions in this place? In response to this question, the hypothesis is raised that local writers tried to write down their thoughts and ideals on rocks and stones at that time. The purpose of the present research is to identify and introduce two new find inscriptions, related to late Sassanid period, which were written above the wastern valley of Naqš e- Rostam mountain. Although both inscriptions have been severely damaged by passing the time, our reading shows that the first inscription contains a short advice from the language of nature and the other one refers to astronomy and chronology.