فهرست مطالب

Tobacco and Health
Volume:1 Issue: 4, Dec 2022

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1401/11/03
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • Soghra Fallahi, Yaser Kosari, Farideh Dastsouz, Shideh Rafati, Marzieh Nikparvar* Pages 154-160
    Background

     Although cigarette smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), smoking cessation has considerable effects on the reduction of mortality and incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study was done to examine the effect of tobacco smoking status and its short-term outcomes after AMI.

    Materials and Methods

     In this longitudinal study, 96 patients smoking tobacco products (cigarette and waterpipe) within the age range of 30-70 years who had undergone angiography following the first AMI were evaluated. The patients were evaluated at three time points in terms of tobacco smoking status, additional myocardial infarction (MI), hospitalization due to cardiac events, and some other variables. Data collection was done using a checklist and phone calls.

    Results

     The mean age of the patients was 52.99±9.2 years. Six months following the first MI, more than 60% of the patients had ceased their tobacco smoking, but over time and at the end of the study, this value diminished, especially in waterpipe smokers. The chance of hospitalization among the men younger than 54 years who were not smokers at the baseline was 0.801. On the other hand, this chance for men below 54 years who smoked 1-10 cigarettes per day was 4.75 times higher (OR=4.747, P=0.002). In addition, men younger than 54 years who smoked waterpipe twice or more per day were hospitalized 31 times more frequently compared to the men who did not smoke waterpipe (P=0.001, OR=31.112).

    Conclusion

     Not smoking cigarettes or waterpipe over time would considerably reduce the chance of hospitalization due to CVD.

    Keywords: Tobacco, Myocardial infarction, Short-term outcome, Longitudinal study
  • Sedighe Cheraghi, Neda Sheikh Zakaryaei, Jamal Seidi*, Rasoul Nasiri Kalmarzi Pages 161-168
    Background

     Asthma is the most prevalent allergic respiratory condition and may be triggered by tobacco smoke. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of family-centered counseling on the respiratory function of children with asthma referred to the pediatric clinic of Besat hospital, Sanandaj in 2019.

    Materials and Methods

     The present randomized quasi-experimental study was performed on 60 children with asthma from a smoking family who were referred to the pediatric clinic of Besat hospital in Sanandaj. The participants were placed into comparison and intervention groups (30 per group). No intervention was performed in the comparison group, and they only received general education by a specialist doctor. The intervention group received family-centered smoking cessation counseling. The child’s forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) level was measured before and three months after the intervention, and clinical symptoms, including daily cough, night cough, sputum production, wheezing, and dyspnea, were determined before, one, and three months after the intervention in both groups. Finally, the results were compared between the two groups.

    Results

     The results showed that clinical symptoms (daily cough, wheezing, and dyspnea) decreased, while FEV1 increased in the intervention group compared to the comparison group, and the difference was significant (P<0.05). The amount of sputum production and night cough decreased in both groups, and the decrease was higher in the intervention group, but it was not statistically significant.

    Conclusion

     According to the results, it is recommended that intervention strategies such as family-centered counseling be adopted to stop smoking and improve clinical symptoms in children with asthma.

    Keywords: Counseling, Family-centered, Smoking cessation, Children with asthma, Respiratory function
  • Seyed Hesamaddin Banihashemi, Elham Hashemipour, Haniye Sadeghi, Nahid Shahabi* Pages 169-176
    Background

    Smoking is one of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risk factors, and smoking patients experience greater respiratory complications than non-smokers do. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between smoking and the COVID-19 infection outcome in southern Iran using data from COVID-19 inpatients.

    Materials and Methods

    This retrospective study used the data of 3548 COVID-19 inpatients recorded in 22 hospitals of Hormozgan province from February 2020 to May 2021. The smoking status of COVID-19 patients was separately analyzed based on treatment received during hospitalization with grade 4 (death) and grade 0 (no oxygen intake) using multiple logistic regression. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS version 9.1.

    Results

    The average length of stay upon admission was six days. Among men, former smokers had an increased risk of grades 3 and 4 based on age (OR: 1.31) and date of admission (OR: 1.45(. Among women with a history of former smoking, increased risks were observed in those with grades 3 and 4 for age (OR: 1.74) and date of admission (OR: 1.59). In the current male smokers, there was no significant increased risk of grade 3 and grade 4, but the current female smokers had an increased risk of grades 3 and 4.

    Conclusion

    The present study indicated that being a former smoker, having old age, being male gender, and having a co-morbidity were associated with a high risk of severe COVID-19. The risk of severe disease increased significantly in the presence of certain diseases, which indicates the need for continuous examination and monitoring of patients with comorbidities.

    Keywords: COVID-19, Infectious disease, Smoking, Risk factors
  • Sedighe Alborzi*, Rouholla Mozafari Pages 177-182
    Background

     Over the last few decades, smoking, including cigarettes and hookah, has significantly increased among teenagers and youth in the world, which is currently considered a global problem of public health. Therefore, the present study investigated smoking and its related components by a sociological approach.

    Materials and Methods

     Using a questionnaire and a multi-stage stratified sampling method, this cross-sectional study was conducted through a quantitative method and survey on 600 young people in the age group of 18-35 years in Shiraz. Data were collected and analyzed by SPSS.

    Results

     The average age of the studied youth was 24 years, and 51% of them (302 persons) were men. In addition, 44.2% of the respondents experienced smoking, and 32.5% and 6% of men and women used it. Further, 33.3% of the people considered themselves to belong to the lower class smoke, and a statistically significant and inverse relationship was found between age, education, social belonging, social capital, cultural capital related to public health, and self-efficacy and smoking. In addition, a statistically significant difference was observed between gender and marital status and smoking (P<0.001).

    Conclusion

     According to the results of the present study, it seems that it is possible to reduce smoking among the youth using coherent educational plans and culture to promote social and cultural capital related to public health and self-efficacy.

    Keywords: Tobacco, Cigarettes, Hookah, Social, cultural capital, Self-efficacy
  • Reza Didehdar*, Fardin Ali Malayeri, Ali Ghaljaeipour, Shahriar Saeedian, Nabi KhaliliAghdam Pages 183-190
    Introduction

    A healthy diet provides the body with essential nutrition that includes fluids, macronutrients, and micronutrients and calories. The liver is one of the most important organs in the body that has the function of detoxification and cleansing, and smoking causes an additional burden for the detoxification function of the liver, which can lead to inflammation and fatty liver. This study was designed to investigate the effects of smoking on liver function.

    Materials and Methods

    This is a cross-sectional descriptive analytical study in which the relationship between smoking and the type of nutrition of liver enzymes in healthy people and people who smoke was investigated in Zabol. In this study, 150 people were selected who were divided into two groups of healthy people without smoking (75 people) and people with smoking with liver problems (75 people).

    Results

    There was no statistical relationship between age and levels of AST and ALT liver enzymes (P> 0.05), but there was a relationship between weight and levels of liver enzymes AST and ALT. Hepatitis also increased (P <0.05). There was a statistical relationship between alcohol consumption with AST and ALT liver enzymes, ie the more alcohol consumption, the higher the amount of liver enzymes (P <0.05). There was no statistically significant relationship between fruit and vegetable consumption, rice consumption, meat consumption and water consumption (P> 0.05). Discussion and

    Conclusion

    This relationship is positive and direct, in other words, the higher the consumption of tobacco, the higher the activity of liver enzymes ALT and AST.

    Keywords: Smoking, Liver Enzymes, Type of nutrition, Alanine aminotransferase, Aspartate aminotransferase
  • Yadolah Fakhri, Ali Mouseli, Zoherh Kamari, Somayyeh Dehghani, Vajihe Hasanzadeh, Batool Kazemi, Hoda Alinezhadmonfared, Somayeh Hoseinvandtabar* Pages 191-199
    Background

     Considering the prevalence of waterpipe smoking (WPS) among the majority of people, it is necessary to identify the cause of this behavior. Therefore, this meta-analysis study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of waterpipe consumption in Iran based on province, education level, and gender subgroups.

    Materials and Methods

     The search was conducted based on the PRISMA guideline. Scopus PubMed, SID, and Irandoc databases were used to retrieve papers related to the prevalence of WPS in Iran from January 1, 2005 to May 10, 2022. The keywords were “air pollution” OR “particulate matter” OR “water-pipe” OR smoking OR “Indoor air” and “Prevalence” OR “Incidence” AND “Iran”. The prevalence of WPS was meta-analyzed based on province, gender, and education level subgroups in the random effects model.

    Results

     According to the final included papers (17 articles and 48 data reports), the rank order of provinces based on the prevalence of WPS was Kerman (58.30%)>Tehran (52.38%)>Sistan and Baluchistan (42.29%)>Hormozgan (30.69%)>Yazd (24.13%)>Bushehr (19.47%)>Ardabil (19.00%)>Fars (16.37%)>Khuzestan (11.38%). The rank order of education level of participants based on the prevalence of WPS was college education (55.64%)>Student (43.47%)>University Student (17.69%). Finally, the rank order of gender of participants based on the prevalence of WPS was male (31.75%) ~ female (30.99%).

    Conclusion

     The results demonstrated a high prevalence of WPS. It is a multi-predictor and multilevel phenomenon in several aspects. The impact of geographical location and education levels was clearly visible. There was no difference in the gender-specific gap for WPS. Regarding the substantial effects of WPS prevalence on health, regular surveillance, prevention, intervention, and control are necessary.

    Keywords: Waterpipe, Smoking, Prevalence, Meta-analysis, Iran
  • Zahra Gharibi*, Khadijeh Ahmadi, Parivash Davoodian*, Mehdi Hassani Azad, Habibollah Turki, Khojasteh Sharifi-Sarasiabi, Atefeh Khezri Pages 200-207
    Background

     The harmful effects of smoking on women’s bodies have been proven. One of these effects is an increase in sexually transmitted diseases, including Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Smoking is one of the main risk factors for infections in the respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems in humans. Mechanisms of susceptibility to infection in smokers may involve changes in the host’s structural, functional, and immunological defenses. T. vaginalis infection is one of the non-viral sexually transmitted diseases and the most common curable sexually transmitted infection in the world, which can increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease and HIV transmission. This infection is still relatively common, especially in women who smoke and in groups with lower socioeconomic status. We aimed to present a compressive review of the probability of being infected with T. vaginalis in smokers compared to non-smokers.

    Materials and Methods

     PubMed and Google databases were searched for research articles related to smoking and its association with T. vaginalis infection.

    Results

     The smoking status of the person is an independent risk factor for T. vaginalis infection and leads to an increased likelihood of developing this infection.

    Conclusion

     Finally, the results of various studies showed that the prevalence of T. vaginalis infection is higher in smokers than in non-smokers.

    Keywords: Trichomonas vaginalis, Smoking, Risk factor, Infection
  • Mohammad Rafi Bazrafshan*, Fatemeh Sookhak, Zahra Seifi Pages 208-209