فصلنامه هنرهای زیبا - معماری و شهرسازی
سال بیست و هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 90، تابستان 1401)

The social capital of a nation is the sum of social stability and the well-being (perceived or real) of the entire population. Social capital generates social cohesion and a certain level of consensus. Social capital is inherent in the community spirit. This leads to the realization of the community's goals and the creation of a competitive advantage and its survival. Social capital is one of the main components that promotes security and makes society healthy, calm and desirable. This type of capital is the raw material of civil society that comes from the daily interaction of people and creates social relations and social networks based on the principles of trust, reciprocal cooperation and rules of social action. Because people carry it in their minds, social capital cannot be seen and measured objectively, yet its consequences and manifestations are measurable. In this study, we used Putnam's definition of social capital because the operation of social capital is intuitively attractive in terms of networks, norms, and trust in society, and it is easy to find relationships between individuals and these characteristics.According to statistics provided by SolAbility, the average global ranking of social capital in 2021 was 44. Iran's score and ranking among 180 countries was 40.9 and 106, respectively. In the global ranking of Legatum Institute, Iran is ranked 131st and 89th among 167 countries in terms of safety, security and social capital. Therefore, our country is not in a good position in terms of public security and social capital. In fact, one of our challenges today is the decline of public security and social capital.This study's intent is to investigate the relationship between social capital and public security. The case study covers the country at provincial level. We discussed social capital in two groups: cognitive social capital (Includes trust and norm) and structural social capital (Includes quality and network structure). Public security was also examined in four groups: social security, life security, economic security and physical security. Each component was broken down into subcomponents, and finally 120 indicators were set to measure the relationship between public safety and social capital.In order to collect data, the statistical yearbook of 1398, the statistical data of the Central Bank and the National Survey of Iranian values ​​and attitudes have been used. Data processing was performed by the method of reflective model of structural equations based on variance using Smart PLS software.The result showed that increase in social capital have positive relationships with public security. Structural and cognitive social capital define 55.6 percent of changes in public security’s variable variance. The results confirm the research hypothesis that increasing social capital increases public security. Eventually provinces were ranked based on social capital and security into three level. ANOVA analysis showed that there is a significant difference between different groups in terms of social capital and public security. The results show that the provinces of Fars, Bushehr, West Azerbaijan and Kurdistan have strong social capital and high public security.

Regarding heritage resource values, the most significantissue has always been the way to evaluate these values,and researchers have been looking for comprehensiveinstructions to perform this stage of the conservationprocess to date. However, due to the dispersion of valueevaluation criteria, the wide range of heritage types, aswell as the subjectivity of the value issue, reaching a comprehensive method for this evaluation is challenging. Addressing the conservation of modern heritage as one of thenew heritage capacities, specifically in the field of heritage values, has not had a long history at the internationallevel, and there are few studies in this area. Although itis obvious that some kinds of the values in this type ofheritage would overlap the standard typologies of heritage value, addressing the specific values of this heritageis a topic that will expand the insights of experts regardingthe capacities of modern heritage. This study will answertwo questions: a) what are the main and sub-criteria of theconceptual framework for evaluating heritage values? b)What are the distinctive values of modern architecturaland urban heritage? This qualitative study has been doneusing logical reasoning technique; therefore, in the firststep, it will attempt to achieve a comprehensive and flexible conceptual framework for this process by examiningthe requirements for evaluating heritage values. The suggested framework has a Layered structure which in thefirst layer pursues the concept of heritage in a particulartime and place. In the second layer, the required criteriaare explained in order to determine the types and qualities of values. The four main determined criteria include;attributes of heritage properties, typology of values andtheir sub-criteria for quality assessment, Evaluation references or actors, those who involve directly or indirectlyin the process and methods or ways of heritage assessment. In the next step, the study will explain the typology of modern heritage values through library study inthree categories, i.e., historical documents, internationalconventions and theories in the field of modern heritage  conservation. History and events relating conservation ofmodern heritage have been discovered from 1980 to 2020.Moreover, theories of three types of theorists, including;heritage conservation theorists, modern architecture theorists, modern heritage conservation theorists from the late19 century until 2018, have been explored. Besides, theinternational documents relative to the issue have beenelaborated considering the type of value from 1990 until the last existing document in the area of modern heritage )Madrid-New Delhi, 2017). In fact, the determinedTypology is an updated version of the famous typologyby Veldpaus and Roders which was published in 2014.In this version which is prepared for Modern Heritage,except for the symbolic and evidential archaeologicalvalues, all types of values found in conventional Westerntypology overlap the modern heritage values. Moreover,values such as newness, flexibility, and cosmopolitanismwere specifically discovered as the special values of modern heritage. The discovered values can draw attention tothe modern heritage and can further improve its conservation programs.

As a scientific discipline, Bionics deals with the technical implementation and application of construction, process and development principles of biological systems. Also Bionics is the link between biology (with technical biology) and technology. The most sensible way of introducing suggestions from nature via the medium of bionics is the interface between evaluation and implementation. This procedure means a targeted search for possible solutions from nature for an existing technical problem. Inspiration from nature to respond to scientific issues in various fields of knowledge is the goal of bionics in various disciplines, which has also accepted various roles in the design and construction of architectural structures. The bionic approach has always included various attractions and has been a source of inspiration in the field of architectural and structural design and construction. Having structural designs that are the result of millions of years of evolution in nature provides a good opportunity to study their load bearing behavior. In the meantime, in order to increase the understanding of the relationship between structures in nature and structures in architecture, the solution and attitude of nature against environmental forces through the most efficient structural arrangements can be expanded in the introduction of load bearing patterns for architectural structures. In this regard, the main goal of this research is to determine the various aspects of load patterns by surveying various examples of existing structures from natural and architectural structures. Interfaces must be developed that enable the architect to move easily and safely in this extremely complex subject area of natural systems. The architects is used to being firm in his everyday work in different subject areas and to acting as a moderator between the specialist disciplines. In the presented discussion, it is necessary to pay close attention to the complex process of transferring these load patterns from nature to the domain of architectural structures. It is logical to transfer patterns from nature to the structural domain, because they are the result of a very complex evolutionary process. On the other hand, this high complexity is what makes their direct application, i.e. mere imitation, in structural engineering problems very difficult. In this article, by relying on a descriptive and analytical method and using the literature of the main areas of research, load bearing patterns in these types of structures have been explained in the form of a two-aspect investigation, including the structural solution approach and the nature of the structure solution. In the first aspect, the structural response type and in the second aspect, the characteristics of the structure's response to environmental forces are discussed. Research findings and results indicate that instead of maximum resistance to force, natural structures mainly use force management and control methods. Nature always tries to neutralize or repel all or part of them, instead of maximum resistance against the applied loads, increasing the transfer of forces and receiving the maximum tension, according to the nature of approaches and load solutions. Therefore, in nature, the force management method is always considered along with force resistance.

One of the most destructive disasters of cultural heritage that can quickly and widely damage these structures is fire. In recent years, fire accidents have been devastating immovable cultural assets both nationally and internationally. The crucial and irreparable damages of these accidents have emphasized the necessity of considering preventive actions and solutions to deal with the issue of fire in architectural heritage. This research aims to propose guidelines to conserve architectural heritage in fire accidents by applying an analytical approach and based on investigating existing international experiences in this field, along with studying the standards of developed countries. These conservation guidelines can be implemented to conserve architectural heritage before, during, and after fire accidents. Accordingly, the National Museum of Brazil, the Glasgow School of Art (Scotland), the Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris (France), and the Shuri Palace in Japan are investigated as international experiences of fire accidents in this research. Finally, general guidelines have been proposed for international experiences with a focus on conserving architectural heritage from fire disasters. The results indicate the importance of integrated architectural heritage documentation in all stages of fire accidents in the conservation of architectural structures, including preventive actions, firefighting, and post-fire conservation plan. According to the studies conducted in previous research in the field of cultural heritage protection, international experiences, codes, and instructions, it is necessary to provide two categories of instructions appropriate to the characteristics of each building and the context in which it is well constructed. In the first category, general instructions can be used for all architectural heritage. In this category, basic instructions are used in each historical site. The second category includes instructions that are provided directly depending on the context of the building. In this article, the goal was to provide an introduction to protecting historical monuments against fire in the form of instructions. In the private category of this recipe, it is an obligatory issue to understand each building and its specific condition. Therefore, to have a complete understanding of each building, it is recommended to prepare a database for the building. In the preparation process of the building documentation and registering it in the database, it is possible to know the condition of the building during the fire. This knowledge increases accuracy during the accident and improves the protection measures of the building during the fire. This database also increases the possibility of reconstructing the building after the fire. Also, it can increase the efficiency of reconstruction even more. If there is a lack of documentation, it may not be possible to reconstruct the building. Thus, this study suggests that a database be created for architectural heritage to protect them in such accidents and it is always possible to reduce degradation and reconstruction. The database can contain all maps, historical documents, photographs, videos and registration documents. This data is categorized in a database and provides a comprehensive source of information for any historic building. The database should be available to search in different formats and types.

A successful urban space is a space that causes social interactions between citizens. But with the advent of the Covid virus, urban spaces have lost their viability. The spread of Covid 19 has been significant for human disease, and there have been many changes in mobility patterns and all humans lives, especially in cities. However, urban spaces can play an important role in the spread and prevention of this disease. Epidemics have shaped the way cities are planned and configured. Throughout history, cities have evolved to solve health problems and create healthiness while providing space and opportunities for urban residents. Covid 19 will have important implications for how cities are planned. This study aimed to investigate the life experiences of the people of Rasht during the outbreak of Covid 19. The city of Rasht was one of the first areas of Covid 19 outbreak in Iran, and due to the unknown nature of this disease, the initial measures in this city were carried out slowly and without the sympathy and social support of the citizens. Therefore, during this crisis, Rasht has always been one of the cities in the red zone in terms of disease prevalence. By examining the life experience of the people in this period, it is possible to understand the dialectical relationship between the city and epidemics and to prepare cities for the not-too-distant future. The research method of this paper is quantitative and data collection has been done through surveys and documents. 413 questionnaires were published online among the citizens of Rasht and the data was analyzed in SPSS software by Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Also, to confirm the accuracy of the questionnaire, its Cronbach's alpha value was checked, which was calculated to be 0.844. This number indicates a very good and reliable internal validity of the questionnaire questions. The results identified 12 important factors, which are: The Degree of Nostalgia, Presence, Impact of the Corona-Social Restriction, Impact of the Corona-Occupational and Economic, Impact of the Corona-Mental and Psychological, Confidence in Governance Performance, Continuity of Electronic Services, Consciousness, Travel Pattern, Attitudes Towards Solutions, Physical Activity, Economics of the City. The obtained factors show the life pattern of the citizens in this period. From the results, it can be inferred that the Corona Virus has had a great impact on the human relationship with urban space and has limited citizens. The results of the research show the desire and interest of citizens to be present in urban places and spaces. The outbreak of coronavirus has prevented people from attending indoor, public gatherings and ceremonies, shopping in person, and engaging in religious activities. It has also limited communication between neighborhoods and neighbors. Citizens have also suffered from psychological problems due to not being in urban spaces and touching the sense of life and interacting with their fellow human beings. This has caused people to miss the urban spaces and places and everyone wants to be in the city and lively urban spaces.

Observance of National Building Codes in design, calculation, implementation, operation, repair, and maintenance of architectural buildings to ensure the minimum level of safety, comfort, health, proper utilization, and economic efficiency of the individual and society is essential. After graduating, architecture students must follow building codes in their professional work. To ensure their competence, they need to be familiar with these codes and their application in the university.This study aims to investigate the importance and ways of teaching National Building Codes (NBCs) in the undergraduate program of architectural engineering in Iranian universities. The study uses a qualitative research method and semi-structured interview tools. The statistical population of the study is derived from Targeted Sampling from architects with the following characteristics: 1) Having experience in the profession of architecture continuously, 2) having experience in architecture academic education continuously, and 3) having a grade in the Construction Engineering Organization and mastery of National Building Codes (NBCs).The results of this study show that the current method of teaching architecture based on the approved program of the University of Tehran, which is implemented in most universities in the country, is not effective in teaching NBCs and needs to be revised. Although the proposed method of the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in direct teaching NBCs as a separate course can be considered as an effective step in filling the gap between the profession and university education, but indirect teaching NBCs during theoretical and practical courses should also be considered. To achieve this, it is necessary to revise the course topics and emphasize the teaching of topics related to that course.Due to time limitations in presenting the proposed two-unit course, it is only possible to give a brief introduction of NBCs' topic. Although the proposed course emphasizes teaching 10 of the 22 topics, the results of this study suggest that general familiarity with all topics is required.This study also reveals that some architecture teachers impede the entry of NBCs into university education. Some issues such as revising the curriculum of architecture, requiring the passing of national regulations in all universities in the country, planning to reform and change the architectural education at the Ministry of Science Research and Technology, more emphasis on technical aspects of architecture, and preparing students to enter the professional work can solve some of the problems.The results of this study show that the lack of attention to the teaching of NBCs during various courses, low level of teachers' interest in teaching topics and insufficient emphasis on the observance of NBCs in student projects, are among the main defects of teaching NBCs in Iranian universities.According to the teaching of NBCs in some Iranian universities following the curriculum approved by the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, it is suggested that after a few courses, some research have evaluated it from the perspective of teachers, students, and graduates based on the qualitative method to provide the necessary conditions for revising this curriculum in the future.