فصلنامه حفاظت منابع آب و خاک
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 46، زمستان 1401)

Desalination of saline and brackish water as a relatively permanent resource is a reliable solution to compensate for water shortages. The Electrodialysis process, as one of the desalination methods, separates almost unsalted water from saline water and is becoming a solution for water scarcity all over the worldworldwide. Modeling methods allow provide the study of desalination of saline and brackish water by the Electro Dialysisdialysis, as well as predicting the behaviors and process patterns of these systems.  The purpose of this study is to model the Electrodialysis process by Design of Experiments and to evaluateing the GMDH neural network method in estimating the separation percentage and the output flux of the brackish water Electrodialysis cell.

The volumetric flow values in six levels (1, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mL min-1), solute concentration in three levels (200, 500, and 1000 mg L-1), temperature in three levels (50 , 60, and 70°C), voltage at three levels (10, 20, and 30 V) and pressure at three levels (200, 400, and 800 Pa) were extracted. In order to model the effect of each above inputs on the separation percentage and output flux of brackish water Electrodialysis cells, The full factorial design and the GMDH neural network were are used to model the effect of each above inputs on the separation percentage and output flux of brackish water Electrodialysis cells. In modeling the output of the Electrodialysis cell output using the GMDH neural network, after determining the input variables, randomization, normalization and segmentation of input and output variables were performeddone. For modeling, 90% of the data (437 samples) were randomly assigned for training and 10% of the data (49 samples) were are used for validation. On the other hand, due to having specific levels for each of the inputs, it was possible to use a Full Factorial experimental design.

The linear results of statistical regression analysis table results showeshowd that there is a significant difference between all simple and interaction effects of the treatments for the response variable of separation percentage and flux at the one percent level. With decreasing volume flow and solute concentration, and increasing temperature, voltage, and pressure, the separation percentage and output flux showed a significant increase. The results of modeling with the GMDH neural network showed demonstrates that in the training step, the prediction accuracy of separation percentage (R2=0.90, MBE=-0.16 and RMSE=7.48) and flux (R2=0.79, MBE =0.001 and RMSE=0.08).  The These criteria same values in the testing step were are 0.85, -3, and 9.37 for separation percentage and 0.78, -0.008, and 0.07 for flux. Correlation of target and output data, proximity of target and output values to y = x diagram, low transgression of error values from zero value and proximity of error distribution (histogram) to normal distribution were obtained.

After determining the significant differences of all simple and interaction effects of treatments for response variables, the means were compared. It is ideal to Hhaveing more separation percentage and output flux response variables was ideal. Therefore, the results of comparing the means showed illustrate that the best volumetric flow level equal to 1 ml / min, input flow concentration of 200 mg / l, temperature of 70 ° C, input voltage of 30 volts and pressure of 800 Pascals, lead to the highest separation percentage and output flux. In addition, with decreasing volumetric flow,  and decreasing solute concentration, and increasing temperature, increasing voltage and increasing pressure, separation percentage and output flux showed a significant increaserise. Also, according to the statistical indicators for the whole data, appropriate correlation, slightly underestimation, and small error were are obtained. ThereforeThus, using the Design of Experiments and GMDH neural network has suitable accuracy for modeling desalination of brackish water using the Electrodialysis process.

Investigating future flow changes is a very important factor in policy-making and determining the strategy of a catchment. Two very important parameters affecting the flow are climate change and land use change. How these two parameters affect the water flow is due to the effect that each of them has on the hydrological cycle. The present study investigates and evaluates the effects of climate change and land use change on surface flow in one of the catchments in southwestern Iran, Karkheh. This catchment is known as one of the most important and strategic catchments for food security and electricity generation in Iran. This catchment is one of the most critical and strategic catchments for providing food security and electricity generation in Iran.

The present study uses the soil and water assessment model (SWAT) to investigate the impact of climate change and land use on the Karkheh catchment. A total of 15 scenarios have been studied. These scenarios, firstly investigate the changes on each climate and land uses separately, and then the simultaneous impact of these two parameters in the mid-term on the surface flow is analyzed. Climate change has been studied using RCP scenarios and general atmospheric circulation (GCM) models for two different GCMs, CMCC-CESM and MRI-CGCM3 in the 4.5 and 8.5 series over the mid-term (2040 to 2060). The changes applied to land use in two different cases are based on Iran's future policies. Changes in these policies have been made using the Sixth Development Plan, the 550,000-hectare Plan, the Land Management Plan from an agricultural perspective, and the population growth rate in the region according to the scenarios considered in the plan of the Statistics Research Institute of Iran.

To calibrate the model, 9 parameters and two objective functions NSE and R2 were used in 6 hydrometric stations. Based on the findings of this study, the highest sensitivity of the model is to the CN2 parameter. In model calibration and validation, all stations have values above 0.5 for the intended objective functions. Changes in precipitation and temperature are other findings of this study. Based on the results obtained from the analysis of precipitation data, a decrease in precipitation is visible in all months, and the highest drop is related to the autumn season, with a decline of 7.83 to 8.23%, and the lowest reduction is dedicated to 8.5 scenario.

The results of climate change illustrate that in the mid-term, the most changes will be achieved in the RCP8.5 scenario which include a 14.3 to 22.8% reduction in runoff. The results obtained from land use changes based on future policies in Iran show a maximum decrease of 7% in the average monthly runoff. If the changes in climate and land use are studied simultaneously based on the average flow rate, it can be concluded that in the RCP8.5 scenario, the most change will occur.

Rising demand for water consumption has exacerbated complex conflicts between the agricultural, drinking, and industrial sectors. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of reducing the discharge of rivers entering the wetland based on environmental guidelines on the water balance of the wetland. Due to the location of Anzali Wetland in the downstream of a catchment, it is necessary to determine the minimum flow of incoming rivers in such a way as to ensure the survival and dynamism of the downstream ecosystem.

In this study, the regulatory flow of the river is estimated based on environmental scenarios in Tenant, Texas, and transfer continuity curves, then the effect of discharge allocation in each scenario on the water balance of the wetland, and finally, the volume of the wetland is investigated. To calculate the water balance of the Anzali wetland, changes in the volume of the wetland per month are identified. To calculate the changes in the volume of the wetland in each month, it is necessary to calculate the volume of the wetland in two consecutive months. According to the discharge of environmental flow, the level of the Caspian Sea, and net evaporation in March and based on the balanced equation, the volume of the wetland in March is calculated as the initial conditions. Then, for the environmental flow on a monthly scale, the difference in elevation between the water level of the wetland and the sea is obtained. In the next step, according to the sea level values, the wetland water level is also calculated. Afterward, based on the surface-volume-height relationships of the wetland reservoir, the volume of the wetland is additionally obtained.

The results showed that the highest discharge of environmental flow and consequently the highest volume of the wetland is obtained by applying the flow continuity curve transfer method and the lowest is obtained by applying the conservative scenario of the tenant method. Evaluation of wetland volume in flow allocation scenarios based on environmental guidelines defined for rivers demonstrates that the release of flow in the range of environmental discharges is not able to provide suitable ecological conditions as well as appropriate status for tourism. Therefore, deciding on any water withdrawal from the upstream requires a comprehensive analysis of the swamp water balance. By applying the correct management of input and output components in the water balance equation of the wetland, it is possible to increase the volume of water in the Anzali wetland to the extent that the maximum economic benefit of the functions and services in the wetland can be done by considering all stakeholders.

The present study gives the important conclusion that it is not possible to exploit any of the rivers entering Anzali Wetland, even if environmental considerations are observed, and before deciding on any operation and construction of dams such as Shafarood Dam, it is essential to analyze the response of the swamp, accurately. To make the results of this study practical, it should be acknowledged that recognizing the balance components and observing the ecological water content of the rivers entering the Anzali Wetland are doubly important, especially in cases where the wetland is subject to special regulations and competition of multiple users.

Tanks structures must maintain their applications after large earthquakes, and on the other hand, these structures must behave in a way that does not cause damage during an earthquake. Therefore, the application of the baffles is one of the suitable methods to tackle with earthquake inertial forces. The main idea in baffle systems is to reduce the frequency of the structure and bring it to a value less than the frequencies containing the dominant earthquake energy. Baffles installed inside water tanks can reduce a significant amount of earthquake acceleration in the body and crest of the tank during an earthquake.

In order to investigate the effects of the vertical and horizontal plates adjusted through the reservoir tanks, the flow characteristics were simulated by employing the CFD (Ansys Fluent). Two vertical and horizontal plate were designed for this purpose. To decreasing the error of mesh sizes, the different mesh sizes with different types of the meshes were employed and the results of the simulation were compared together to find out the suitable mesh geometry. Moreover, to validate the numerical model, the height of the water waves was compared by the past literature to make sure of the suitable numerical model. Thus, by increasing the earthquake accelerin in the numerical model, the flow properties were investigated according to the different conditions of the numerical modeling.. Displacement and shear stress at the top of the tanks were measured through the numerical models due to different tests condition in controlled and uncontrolled statuses. Furthermore, the conducted acceleration through the tank liquid was measured over the time for different numerical models. Some hydraulic parameters were considered for comparison through the discussion section such as water surface elevation so these parameters were extracted from the numerical results by the software advices.  

The comparison between numerical results and past studies indicated that the presented numerical model has acceptable error and the elevation of the water waves through the tanks has good agreement with experimental pasts models through the literatures. Furthermore, the results of the mesh analysis showed that the error of the square mesh is approximately 11.2 percent compared to the triangular shape. As a result, the squire mesh with less sizes were considered to solve the flow’s equation through the numerical model. The initial results of the vertical and horizontal baffles illustrated that presence of the baffles can significantly reduce the fluctuation of the displacement, shear stress and liquid acceleration over the time. And the agitations of tests function over the time were tended to the less values compared by the initial time. The results indicate that equipping the tanks with baffle systems has a good performance on safety and improving the dynamic behavior of the tanks and this approach has a significant effect on the displacement and acceleration responses of the studied tank. Tanks with vertical baffles will perform better due to higher energy absorption. Also, as the water depth in the reservoir increases, the amount of energy dissipation for the reservoirs were decreased.

The results of the numerical model calibrated with experimental data showed that the tank equipped with the vertical baffle produces more control force and damping than the horizontal baffle and has a better performance than the horizontal walls, furthermore, they reduce the pressure on the wall. Also, the results indicate that equipping the tanks with baffle systems can increase the safety through the tanks and improving the dynamic behavior of the tanks. Finally, the tanks with vertical baffles had better perform to absorption of the energy. Also, as the water depth in the reservoir increases, the amount of energy dissipation for the reservoirs were decreased. Comparison over the time among the extracted data from numerical model showed that due to passed time, the fluctuation of the investigated parameters such as displacement and shear stress of the top of the tank attained less values which can show that the controlled tank has much stability along the earthquakes.

Due to the fact that some of the country's regions, such as Khorasan Razavi, Isfahan, Kerman, etc., are contaminated with arsenic (As), and on the other hand, most of Iran's soils are associated with different degrees of salinity and few agricultural management operations like plant selection or applying organic acids such as salicylic acid (SA) have been used, therefore, this research is conducted with the following objectives 1) Investigate the effect of Pseudomonas putida (P. Putida) bacteria inoculation in soil salinity stress conditions, 2) Investigate the effect of arsenic pollution in soil salinity stress conditions, 3) Investigate the effect of salicylic acid foliar application on cultivated quinoa plant in saline soil and 4) Dual and triunal effects of experimental treatments on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the quinoa plant (Titicaca cultivar).

A completely randomized design (factorial), including the first factor 1) control soil (no inoculation of Pseudomonas putida bacteria, 2) inoculation of Pseudomonas putida bacteria, the second factor: two levels of arsenic (0 and 40 mg/kg) and the third factor: foliar spraying of two levels of salicylic acid (0 and 0.5 mM) in total of 24 pots with a volume of 5000 cubic centimeters were prepared to apply the desired treatments in three replications. To provide saline soil without arsenic, samples are taken from the depth of 0 to 30 cm from Areh village located 45 km of Mashhad-Sarkhos Road. After air-drying and pounding, the samples are sieved with a two-millimeter sieve, and then part of it is moved to the soil science laboratory for preliminary analysis. After preparing the soil, 4 kg of soil is transferred to each pot. Then arsenic salt (Na2AsHO4.7H2O) is added to the pots with the amount of 40 mg/kg of soil. After quinoa plant cultivation, Titicaca variety, when the plants reached the two-leaf stage, the liquid culture medium containing Pseudomonas bacteria is added in three stages (with 5 days intervals). In the following, the plants are sprayed with salicylic acid solution at the 4-leaf stage in 5 stages (with 6 days intervals). Subsequently, the parameters of photosynthetic pigments’ (Lichtenthaler, 1987) antioxidant activity, (Brand-Williams et al, 1995), proline (Bates et al, 1973) and catalase (Dhindsa et al, 1981) of plants’ new leaves are carried out in the soil science laboratory of Ferdowsi University.

The results of the analysis of variance of the triple interaction effects of arsenic × salicylic acid × bacteria illustrate that the triple interaction effect on carotenoid is significant at the level of 1% (p<0.01), and the values of chlorophyll a, proline and antioxidant activity are significant at the level of 5% (p<0.05).The results of comparing the average of the triple interaction effects of arsenic levels, salicylic acid and bacteria show that at the zero level of arsenic + spraying solution 0.5 mM salicylic acid + the presence of bacteria can have a positive and significant role on the amount of chlorophyll a (10.76 micrograms per gram of fresh weight) equivalent to +25.11% and carotenoid (3.53 μg/g fresh weight) equal to +25.17 % compared to the control samples (soil with salinity stress). Also, the presence of arsenic (40 mg/kg) + 0.5 mM salicylic acid solution spraying + the presence of bacteria caused a significant increase in proline (8.23 μg/g fresh weight) equivalent to +22.29% compared to the control samples, which demonstrates the positive effects of spraying salicylic acid and bacteria in the conditions of salinity stress with arsenic contamination in the soil. Arsenic (40 mg/kg) + 0.5 mM salicylic acid solution + the presence of bacteria shows a significant rise in the antioxidant activity of quinoa plant (45.03 μg/g fresh weight) equivalent to +47.88% compared to the control sample.

The application of Pseudomonas putida bacteria and salicylic acid can enhance the tolerance of plants against salinity stress and heavy metals by regulating the levels of different metabolites of antioxidant enzymes, secondary metabolites, and metal-chelating compounds. In this research, salicylic acid under natural soil salinity conditions (8.16 dS/m) increases  chlorophyll a, carotenoid , proline , and antioxidant activity to +14%, +9.6%, +6.4% and +8.7%, respectively.  On the other hand, under natural soil salinity conditions (8.16 dS/m) with 40 mg/kg of arsenic contamination in the soil, it has significantly increased plant proline equivalent to 20.65%, which led to a significant rise in antioxidant activity equivalent to +38.02%. The inoculation of Pseudomonas putida bacteria in saline soil contaminated with arsenic significantly boost proline of the plant equal to +22.29% and antioxidant activity equal to +47.88%, which greatly improved the content of chlorophyll, carotenoid and photosynthesis of quinoa plant.

One of the ways to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and increase sustainability in rice cultivation is the correct application of irrigation water and cultivated cultivars. This research is conducted with the aim of the effect of irrigation management and different levels of phosphorus fertilizer on the yield and some agronomy traits of rice in Hashemi and Guilaneh cultivars in Guilan province.

This experiment was done in the form of split-split plots under a completely randomized block design with three replications during the years 2017 and 2018 in the research farm of the Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch, located in the village of Kateh-Shal (in the latitude of 37°12° N and longitude of 50°01E° with an average height of 34.2 meters above sea level). The treatments studied in this research included cultivar (Hashemi and Guilaneh rice) as the main factor, irrigation intervals (continuous flooding, alternating with an interval of 5 and 10 days) as a secondary factor, and the amount of phosphorus chemical fertilizer of triple superphosphate (50, 75 and 100 kg/ha) was as a sub-sub-factor.

The results showed that the solo effects of the factors and the interaction effects of their two and three factors were on paddy yield and relative leaf water at the level of 1% and on the chlorophyll index at the level of 5% significant. According to the interaction effect of irrigation management and fertilizer consumption and cultivars, the highest yield of paddy in the first year was 5362 and 5104 kg/ha in Guilaneh cultivar with irrigation intervals of 5 day and fertilizer levels of 50 and 100 kg P/ha, in the second year, Guilaneh cultivar with irrigation intervals of 5 day and fertilizer levels of 50 and 100 kg P/ha, an average of 5355 and 5104 kg/ha was obtained, respectively. The highest relative leaf water in the first year was in the Guilaneh cultivar and irrigation intervals of 5 day with fertilizer consumption of 50 kg P/ha with an average of 0.64, and in the second year was in the Guilaneh cultivar in irrigation intervals of 5 day and fertilizer levels of 100 kg P/ha with an average of 0.66. Based on the interaction effect of irrigation management, consumption fertilizer and cultivars, the highest chlorophyll meter in 2017 was in the Guilaneh cultivar with irrigation intervals of 5 day and fertilizer levels of 50 kg P/ha with an average of 41.7. In 2018, the highest chlorophyll meter was obtained in the Hashemi cultivar and under flooding management with 50 kg P/ha fertilizer, with an average of 40.7. The highest leaf area index in 2017 and 2018 were observed in Guilaneh cultivar with irrigation intervals of 5 day and 75 kg P/ha fertilizer, with an average of 4.2 and 4.4, respectively.

The Interaction effects of irrigation, fertilizer and cultivar in the studied years was showed that in Guilaneh and Hashemi cultivars, the highest yield of paddy were at fertilizer levels of 50 and 100 kg P/ha. Based on the results and with the criterion of rice yield, the use of the Guilaneh cultivar with in irrigation intervals of 5 day and fertilizer levels of 50 and 100 kg P/ha is suggested as the most suitable conditions for the study area.

There are always challenges of spatial and temporal resolution in-situ measurement methods of factors affecting drought phenomena, and the presence of human operators is required. However, due to remote sensing's ability to measure data on the entire surface of the planet with an acceptable spatial and temporal resolution, its use in controlling and observing drought has grown more than ever, and it has become a powerful tool in the hands of experts. In this study, based on two components of surface soil moisture and modified vegetation index (EVI) by applying remote sensing data, a new agricultural drought index named (SMADIN) is proposed.

To achieve the goal of proposing a drought index based on soil moisture, surface soil moisture data from the SMAP satellite of 5 cm depth was used. These data were validated before use against daily field measurements provided by the Iranian Meteorological Organization over a 250-day period. Validation step error was evaluated using the root mean square error method between satellite data and field measurements. Furthermore, the EVI index was calculated using data from the TERRA satellite and the MODIS sensor. Eventually, an analytical method is used to propose a drought index based on soil moisture. In order to compare the performance of this index in different weather conditions, two regions were chosen, one representing a dry climate and the other a wet climate. Then, the correlation matrix was plotted by the Pearson method for SMADIN agricultural drought index versus vegetation health index (VHI) and the results were discussed.

Validation showed that field data measured in land use similar to remote sensing had an average root mean square error of 0.05 .The results indicate that the new agricultural drought index correlates up to 96% with VHI in the humid climate and 98% in arid regions. In addition, a 5-year comparison of the new SMADI and VHI time series in the study area demonstrates synchrony in peaks, minimums, increases, and decreases.

An agricultural drought index based on soil moisture is proposed in this study. We believe that, in recent years, when the lifetime of the SMAP satellite data exceeds 7 years, it is possible to use this index in future studies. Considering the possible error of SMAP and TERRA data in providing drought index, it is suggested to use this index in future studies in dry regions such as the central and southern regions of Iran.

Reducing the water level of Urmia Lake and its effects on the environment around the lake has been one of the important national and international issues and challenges in the last two decades. In accord with the studies, one of the critical factors affecting this declining trend has been the rise in harvest, especially for agriculture. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to simulate the future status of water resources in the Urmia Lake basin, influenced by the area of agricultural land uses.

  For this purpose, Landsat satellite image data for the period 2000 to 2020 are firstly classified using the SVM algorithm in ENVI5.3 software and the classification accuracy is analyzed using the Kappa Coefficient algorithm.In the following, the statistics and information related to the change of cultivation pattern (from arable to garden) and water sources discharging Lake Urmia are calculated. In the next step, the simulation of land use changes for 2030 and 2040 is done using two LCM and CA-MARKOV methods. And finally, after determining the amount of changes in each land use, the amount of water required for agricultural affairs in the catchment is simulated using NETWAT model.

The results show that the area of two uses, irrigated agriculture and garden will increase from 1450 and 395 square kilometers in 2000 to more than 3600 and 1650 square kilometers in 2040, respectively, This will increase the amount of water Needed or agriculture from 1,500 million cubic meters in 2000 to more than 4,100 million cubic meters in 2040.

From 2000 to 2020, water consumption in irrigated agriculture has increased by 1253.05 Km2; which according to Markov's prediction method, this amount will reach 2049.54 Km2 in 2040 that raises the amount of water consumption by 1 billion and 473 million cubic meters. The gardens land use has increased by 688.02 Km2 from 2000 to 2020, and according to Markov's prediction method, this amount will reach 1276.14 Km2 in 2040, which raises the amount of water consumption by 703 million cubic meters. From 2000 to 2020, 367.06 Km2 has been added to the drayland farming, which according to the prediction of Markov method, this amount will reach 531 Km2 in 2040, which soars the amount of water consumption by 253 MCM.

Soil is one of the most important natural resources that provides more than 97% of human food needs. Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important soil quality factor that greatly affects soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties. Modeling and mapping of soil properties are critical in many environmental, climatic, ecological, and hydrological applications. The main objective of this study is to model the distribution of soil organic matter and organic carbon using satellite images and random forest and kriging models in Lenjan County.

In this study, digital maps of four main soil parameters including soil organic carbon, soil organic matter, electrical conductivity, and pH are prepared using random forest and Kriging methods in Lenjan County. Based on homogeneous land units, a total of 110 points in the study area are determined, and in these points, samples are taken from a depth of 0 to 30 cm of soil surface. Sampling is done in July 2021 and Sentinel-2 satellite images are acquired from the same month because better information is available this month due to fewer clouds and increased direct reflection from the soil surface. In addition, 16 environmental variables affecting the distribution of soil parameters are used. Various auxiliary variables such as NDVI, NDWI, DEM, and Slope are used for prediction, which are all directly or indirectly extracted from satellite images.

The maps obtained by the random forest method showed more accuracy than the kriging method. The zoning map prepared using the random forest method displays much more details than the map prepared by kriging method. The output of the random forest model with the combination of different auxiliary variables showed values ​​equal to 0.312, 0.54, 0.73 and 0.16 of the modeling error for soil organic carbon, organic matter, electrical conductivity and pH, respectively. In the study area, the maximum values of soil organic carbon and organic matter were observed in urban areas and the highest values of electrical conductivity and pH were observed in agricultural lands. The most important variables affecting the spatial distribution of organic carbon and soil organic matter are clay, slope and silt. While in modeling electrical conductivity, silt BI and Aspect and in modeling pH, MNDWI, NDWI and DEM variables are recorded as more important than other variables.

In general, this study demonstrates that land use regression models based on random forest method can help mapping soil parameters faster and more efficiently. There is a strong need for efficient and accurate methods, including land use regression, for continuous monitoring of changes in soil quality in different landscapes. Land use regression contributes developing advanced maps of soil quality parameters using cost-effective and accessible spatial information.

Agriculture is the main and most important source of food supply in the world; therefore, it is an important role in creating a balance in the food, social and even political security of the countries of the world. One of the most effective solutions to deal with the water crisis and increase the quantity and quality of production in the agricultural sector is to pay serious attention to the productivity of agricultural water and improve it by applying wise and efficient methods and policies. Improving water productivity requires a smart management that identifies the tools and methods well and selects the best ones according to the conditions and provides the necessary efforts in their use. Irrigation management with the approach of appropriate use of water resources can help to increase the area under cultivation and optimal consumption as a type of water management in the field. In Iran, pulses are a significant role in providing energy to the people of the society, and it has been tried to increase the water use productivity in proportion to the production and self-sufficiency of the country. Determining and analyzing the indicators and capacities of water productivity can be a suitable solution for making the right policies for the production of peanut in order to achieve maximum profit, sustainable development, production and employment security and export and currency earning considering its high potential. But in the meantime, it is not possible to be satisfied only with the water use productivity in order to determine the consumption. The current research is about the relationship between the amount of water consumed and the yield of the crop, the effect of deficit irrigation on the yield and the effect of different irrigation methods and the water use productivity in peanut, the harvest index in the conditions of full irrigation and water stress as well as the importance of different irrigation managements in the time of water shortage in peanut is presented in a complete manner.