فهرست مطالب

فصلنامه هویت شهر
پیاپی 52 (زمستان 1401)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1401/12/06
  • تعداد عناوین: 8
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  • محمدرضا یزدان پناه شاه آبادی، حسن سجادزاده*، مهرداد احمدی، مهرداد کریمی مشاور صفحات 5-22

    یکی از محرک های احساس نسبت به محیط، منظر صوتی است که بر کیفیت فضای شهری نیز تاثیر می گذارد. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، شناسایی و ارزیابی نقاط مفصلی و ارتباطی بین دو مفهوم منظر صوتی و احساس تعلق به محیط است، تا شدت و رابطه بین این دو را در محله فرحزاد تهران تبیین نماید. جامعه آماری پژوهش، تمامی استفاده کنندگان این محدوده است که بر روی 385 نفر بررسی شده است. با روش پیمایش حسی با تمرکز بر حس شنوایی، 12 نقطه شاخص صدایی شناسایی و سنجش شد. جهت سنجش حس تعلق مکانی از ابزار پرسش نامه و برای بررسی نقش کیفیت منظر صوتی بر حس تعلق از ضریب همبستگی پیرسون استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می دهد که کیفیت منظر صوتی در سه بعد محیطی، فردی و اجتماعی در حس تعلق به محیط موثر می باشد؛ طوری که وجود عناصر طبیعی در بعد محیطی، ارتقاء سلامت روانی در بعد فردی و استماع نواها و اصوات اهالی محله و آشنایان در بعد اجتماعی تاثیر مهمی در احساس تعلق به محیط دارد.

    کلیدواژگان: منظر صوتی، احساس تعلق به محیط، کیفیت محیط، محله فرحزاد
  • حسین مهیاری، افسانه زرکش*، محمدجواد مهدوی نژاد صفحات 23-38

    این پژوهش به پوسته ی خارجی ساختمان، بعنوان یکی از مهم ترین بخش های ساختمان که می تواند میزان مصرف انرژی را کنترل کند، پرداخته است. هدف از این تحقیق دستیابی به راهکارهای تاثیرگذار کاهش مصرف انرژی در ساختمان بوسیله ی پوسته تطبیق پذیر و رویکرد بیومیمتیک است. روش گردآوری اطلاعات کتابخانه ای و سایت های اینترنتی و روش پژوهش توصیفی- تحلیلی و شبیه سازی می باشد. نرم افزار راینو6 و افزونه گرس هاپر و کامپوننت انرژی پلاس برای آنالیز نور روز و میزان مصرف انرژی استفاده شده است. آزمون نتایج با توجه به سیستم لید انجام گرفته است. با بررسی تاثیر پوسته خارجی بر فضای شبیه سازی شده مشخص شد که این پوسته ها بار حرارتی کل را %28 ، بار سرمایش را %56 و احتمال خیرگی نور روز را %23 کاهش دهد. با الگوبرداری رفتاری از گیاهان، بدلیل ماهیت ایستا و تطبیق پذیری با محیط پیرامون می توان به مکانیسمی در ساختمان مانند پوسته ای پاسخگو به محیط رسید.

    کلیدواژگان: پوسته ی تطبیق پذیر، مصرف انرژی، بیومیمتیک، سلول فتوولتائیک
  • فرید عابد، راما قلمبر دزفولی*، امیرحسین پورجوهری صفحات 39-50

    اوقات فراغت و نحوه گذران آن یکی از شاخص های اساسی سبک زندگی به شمار می رود. جنسیت یکی از ویژگی های فردی می تواند باشد که بر نحوه گذران اوقات فراغت تاثیر گذار باشد. حال سوال اصلی در این پژوهش این است که جنسیت چه تفاوت هایی را می تواند بر نحوه گذران اوقات فراغت و همچنین انتخاب مکان های فراغتی ایجاد نماید. در پژوهش حاضر با بهره گیری از راهبرد کیفی و استفاده از مطالعات کتابخانه ای در جامعه آماری 384 نفر از ساکنان منطقه 2 تهران، تفاوت های جنسیتی در 9 موضوع انواع فراغت و 18 مکان تفریحی شاخص منطقه 2 مورد تحلیل قرار گرفت. نتایج آزمون ANOVA در مورد جنسیت افراد و ارتباط آن با ارجحیت موضوعی گذران اوقات فراغت نشان داد که بین دو گروه جنسی تفاوت معناداری در تمایلشان به خرید رفتن، فعالیت هنری، رستوران و کافه گردی، پیک نیک و فعالیت های مجازی وجود دارد.

    کلیدواژگان: اوقات فراغت، تفریح، ترجیحات مکانی، جنسیت
  • فرهاد کاروان* صفحات 51-62
    در طراحی محیط های یادگیری کلاسی براساس اصول و فرض های سازنده گرایی باید به فرایندهای شناختی مرتبط با دانشجو توجه کرد. هدف پژوهش، تبیین ادراک از محیط یادگیری سازنده گرا بر اساس توانایی شناختی دانشجویان معماری در آموزش کارگاه های طراحی بود. روش این پژوهش توصیفی-همبستگی بود. جامعه ی آماری پژوهش دانشجویان معماری دانشگاه فنی و حرفه ای دختران همدان به تعداد 600 نفر بود. نمونه با حجم 120 نفر با استفاده از نرم افزار محاسبه حجم نمونه بصورت در دسترس انتخاب شدند. جهت جمع آوری اطلاعات از پرسشنامه های ادراک از محیط یادگیری سازنده گرا و توانایی های شناختی استفاده شد. آزمون همبستگی پیرسون و رگرسیون چندگانه جهت تحلیل داده ها محاسبه شد. نتایج رگرسیون به روش همزمان نشان داد که توانایی شناخت اجتماعی و توانایی شناخت غیراجتماعی نقش مثبت و معناداری در پیش بینی ادراک از محیط یادگیری داشتند. از ابعاد توانایی شناخت غیراجتماعی فقط تصمیم گیری، برنامه ریزی، توجه پایدار و انعطاف پذیری شناختی نقش مثبت و معناداری در پیش بینی ادراک از محیط یادگیری داشتند.
    کلیدواژگان: آموزش معماری، تحلیل ادراکی محیط، توانایی شناختی، توانایی غیرشناختی، سازنده گرایی
  • حبیب شاه حسینی*، فاطمه اسدزاده صفحات 63-80

    راه آهن به عنوان دروازه ای برای ورود به شهر و دستاوردی از تکنولوژی، نشان دهنده ویژگی های فرهنگی هر جامعه بوده که در معماری ایستگاه-های آن نیز نمایان گشته، بااین وجود گونه شناسی فضای معماری ایستگاه های قدیمی راه آهن در ایران کمتر مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. با استفاده از روش تحلیلی-توصیفی با جمع آوری اطلاعات از اسناد و مشاهده میدانی از شاخص های فضای معماری 116 ایستگاه راه آهن شمال غرب ایران در چهار دوره (قاجار تا جمهوری اسلامی) شاخص های کالبدی هر دوره تحلیل شده است. نتایج حاکی از کاهش تنوع شاخص های به کار رفته در گذشت زمان می باشد، به گونه ای که به غیراز تعداد طبقات، نوع مصالح، سقف، تیپ، تناسبات پلان و میزان تزیینات تنوع خود را در دوره ی جمهوری اسلامی از دست داده و ساختار ایستگاه های راه آهن در این دوره به سمت سقف های تخت، یک تیپ پلانی و عموما بدون تزیینات گسترش یافته است.

    کلیدواژگان: ایستگاه های راه آهن، ایستگاه های راه آهن شمال غرب ایران، شاخص های کالبدی، تزئینات، دوره قاجار، دوره جمهوری اسلامی
  • امین الله احدی* صفحات 81-92
    غالب ساختمان های امروزی به علت نداشتن طراحی اقلیمی، ناگزیر از مصرف بالای انرژی جهت تهویه، گرمایش، سرمایش، روشنایی و آسایش حرارتی هستند. این پژوهش به این سوال پاسخ می دهد که در بین مصالح و جزییات اجرایی رایج نماسازی در شهر تهران، حالت بهینه در کاهش مصرف انرژی ساختمان های مسکونی چیست و تاثیر جهت گیری نما در مصرف انرژی ساختمان های مسکونی چقدر است. به این منظور، شبیه سازی با نرم افزار Energy plus v8.6 جهت تحلیل حرارتی و مصرف انرژی ساختمان انجام شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می دهد که در میان 13 نوع نمای رایج، بهترین مصالح نما در میان مصالح متداول، آجر و پانل بتنی و بهترین نحوه اجرا، اجرای خشک این مصالح می باشد. واحدهای جنوبی کمترین مجموع بار سرمایشی و گرمایشی مصرفی رادارند و بعدازآن به ترتیب واحد های شرقی (16% بیشتر از واحدهای جنوبی)، غربی (15 تا 17% بیشتر واحدهای جنوبی) و شمالی (18 تا 20% بیشتر از واحدهای جنوبی) قرار دارند.
    کلیدواژگان: ساختمان های مسکونی، جداره های خارجی ساختمان، کاهش مصرف انرژی، شهر تهران
  • ناصح یوسفی، اسدالله شفیع زاده*، محمدرضا پاکدل فرد صفحات 93-104

    هدف این پژوهش بررسی نقش «خیال» در هویت بخشی به مکان در معماری است. روش پژوهش به صورت آمیخته است. تعداد نمونه در بخش کیفی 15 مقاله و 9 خبره در امر معماری شهری است و از روش نمونه گیری هدفمند منابع و گلوله برفی خبرگان انتخاب شدند. نمونه در بخش کمی برای تکنیک دیمتل 9 نفر بر اساس روش گلوله برفی انتخاب شدند.. برای تفسیر در بخش کیفی از روش تحلیل مضمون برای استخراج مضامین از نرم افزار مکس کیوآدا 12 استفاده شد. در بخش کمی از تکنیک دیمتل از نرم افزار اکسل استفاده شد. نتایج نشان داد که مکان، هویت و اعتبار خود را از معانی و مفاهیمی که ناظر و کاربر آن در ذهن می پروراند، می گیرد. خیال یکی از مهمترین قابلیت های انسانی است که با توانایی هایی که دارد، می تواند بسیاری از رویدادهای ذهنی در جهت هویت بخشی به مکان را ایجاد نماید.

    کلیدواژگان: خیال، عالم خیال، مکان، فلسفه، معماری
  • پیمان بهرامی فر، وحید قبادیان*، مهناز محمودی صفحات 105-120

    ساخت وسازهای جدید در بافت تاریخی قبل از آنکه صرفا یک بنای معماری باشد، به عنوان بخشی از شهر معرفی می شوند که باید برای حفظ انسجام و تداوم با بخش های تاریخی پیرامون از قواعد و ضوابط خاصی پیروی کند. هدف پژوهش بررسی چارچوب طراحی بناهای میان افزا در بافت تاریخی و نحوه ساخت وساز آن می باشد؛ بنابراین با استفاده از روش توصیفی- تحلیلی در جهت رسیدن به اهداف پژوهش اطلاعات گردآوری و از طریق کیفی مورد تجزیه قرار گرفتند. نتایج نشان می دهد که چارچوب پیشنهادی طراحی بناهای میان افزا در بافت تاریخی ثابت نیستند. بدین منظور ارزش های معنایی متعدد، به صورت عینی (مفاهیم موجود در کالبد) و ذهنی (مفاهیم موجود در ذهن) در کالبد بدنه های تاریخی قابل ادراک بودند. مدل پیشنهادی این پژوهش پس از تحلیل و ارزیابی شاخص ها در کلان شهرهای مرکزی ایران (تهران، اصفهان، شیراز) نشان دهنده کشف راهکارهایی است که معماران آن ها در مراحل خلق اثر به کار می بستند.

    کلیدواژگان: بافت تاریخی، بدنه های تاریخی، بناهای میان افزا، معنا
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  • Mohammadreza Yazdanpanah Shahabadi, Hasan Sajjadzadeh *, Mehrdad Ahmadi, Mehrdad Karimimoshaver Pages 5-22

    Man recognizes and perceives the environment not only through the sense of sight but also through all his senses. Therefore, paying attention to non-physical dimensions in the environment can lead to the creation of spaces with higher environmental qu-ality and better sensory richness. One of the drivers of sense of belonging to the environment is the soundscape, which also affects the quality of urban space. The concept of soundscape refers to the profound effect of natural sounds and tunes on a person's sense of the environment and thus the effect on sensory richness and belonging to the environment. The main goal of this research is identify and evaluate the points of articulation and connection between the two concepts of soundscape and sense of belonging to the environment, in order to explain the intensity and relationship between these two variables in Farahzad neighborhood, that located on the northwest side in District 2 of Tehran, which is also one of the entertainment centers in Tehran. The statistical population of this study includes all residents and users of this site. This research is done on 385 people living or visiting this neighborhood through Sense Walking method. Pleasure is considered as the overall quality of the soundscape of the area from the people's point of view. In this method, people were asked to mark the sound index points in the map by holding a site map and focusing on the sense of hearing, and to determine its pleasant and unpleasant levels between 1 and 5. Accordingly, the number 1 indicates complete unpleasantness and the number 5 indicates the complete pleasantness of the soundscape and the numbers between them express the intermediate qualities. Then, we have considered the average level of pleasantness of different points expressed by people as the overall quality of the soundscape of the area from their point of view. A questionnaire was used to assess the sense of belonging to the area and Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analysis the correlation between the sense of belonging to the environment and the quality of the soundscape. The result of this study with respect to the correlation coefficient of 0.603 indicates a significant relationship between the quality of the soundscape and the degree of sense of spatial belonging in Farahzad neighborhood. On the other hand, the correlation between A-weighted equivalent continuous sound level (L_Aeq) in different spaces studied in Farahzad neighborhood and the average level of satisfaction announced by the respondents is equal to -0.739, which shows a significant and inverse relationship between sound intensity and the quality of the soundscape. The results of research show that the quality of the soundscape in three dimensions of environmental, individual and social is effective in the sense of belonging to the environment, So that the presence of natural elements in the environmental dimension, promoting mental health in the individual dimension and finally listening to the sounds and voices of neighborhood residents and acquaintances in the social dimension has an important effect on the sense of belonging to the environment.

    Keywords: Soundscape, sense of belonging to the place, qulity of environment, Farahzad neighborhood
  • Hossein Mahyari, Afsaneh Zarkesh *, Mohammadjavad Mahdavinejad Pages 23-38

    One of the challenges facing human beings today is the excessive consumption of fossil fuels, which has led to the depletion of non-renewable energy sources and greenhouse gas emissions, as well as global warming and climate change. This challenge has led to the search for solutions to reduce fossil fuel consumption, such as optimizing and reducing energy consumption and the use of renewable energy. One of the most important areas of energy consumption is man-made in the field of architecture. On the other hand, one of the most important parts of a building that interacts with the outside environment is its outer skin. In this study, the need to pay attention to the outer skin of the building, as one of the most important parts that can manage and control the amount of energy consumption in a building, has been addressed. Its purpose is to achieve appropriate and effective solutions to reduce energy consumption in the building by the adaptive skin. One of the sources of modeling is the study of the process of reaction of living organisms to their external conditions. In this research, general solutions to reduce building consumption in the field of outer skin as well as the convergence of challenges of a building skin and mechanisms in nature for survival are discussed. It can be said that one of the most similar living organisms to adapt behavior to the facade and skin of a building are plants. Because while they do not have much mobility, they have to manage their challenges such as receiving sunlight. By modeling plants, the challenges of using and protecting sunlight in the building can be managed. The method of collecting information and data from libraries and Internet sites and the research method is descriptive-analytical and simulation using simulation software and measuring its efficiency in controlling the entry of sunlight into the inside by climate analysis and light analysis software. By modeling the behavior of a special type of plant called Oxalis oregano and abstracting from it, a concept has been reached whose structural principles have been simulated by GrassHopper plugin in Rhino software 6. This module can be generalized on the facade and can control the amount of sunlight entering the building mass by opening and closing it. Transparent photovoltaic cells (TPV) are used in the body of the module, which in addition to providing energy for opening and closing the modules, does not impede visual vision. Examining the effect of the outer skin on the simulated space, it was found that these skins reduce the total heat load by 28%, reduce cooling load by 56% and the probability of glare from daylight by 23%. By modeling plants due to their static nature and adaptability to their surroundings, a mechanism in the building such as responsive skin can be achieved that control the impact of environmental variables such as sunlight into the building and thus provide visual comfort to residents in the glare of daylight reduced the use of building cooling energy.

    Keywords: Adaptive skin, Energy consumption, Biomimetic, photovoltaic cell
  • Farid Abed, Rama Ghalambor Dezfooly *, AmirHossein Pourjohari Pages 39-50

    Leisure time and how to spend it is one of the basic indicators of lifestyle. In other words, people's lifestyle usually shows itself in spending free time. Gender can be one of the individual characteristics that can affect the way of spending free time. In general, men and women have many differences; Now, the main question in this research is what gender can create differences in the way of spending leisure time and also the choice of leisure places. In the current research, using the qualitative strategy and using library studies to answer this question, after reviewing the theoretical texts of 9 topics of leisure space, which include going to the park, light sports, professional sports, shopping and visiting the commercial complex, art ; Going to a religious place, going to a cafe and restaurant, having a picnic in public open spaces and virtual entertainment were identified. Using a questionnaire, in the statistical population of 384 people in the region, the opinion of the residents was evaluated on the degree of desire to spend their leisure time and also the degree of preference in using 18 places of leisure index at the level of region 2. The results of the ANOVA test on the gender of people and its relationship with the subjective preference of spending free time showed that there is a significant difference between the two gender groups in their willingness to go shopping, artistic activities, restaurant and cafe visits, picnics and virtual activities. Equally, men and women prefer to spend their free time in local parks or go hiking in the mountains. But the most preferred place for men to spend their free time is local parks and for women Golestan business complex. In general, the local preference of women to spend their free time in shopping centers is more than that of men.ups in their willingness to go shopping, artistic activities, restaurant and cafe visits, picnics and virtual activities. Equally, men and women prefer to spend their free time in local parks or go hiking in the mountains. But the most preferred place for men to spend their free time is local parks and for women Golestan business complex. In general, the local preference of women to spend their free time in shopping centers is more than that of men.n general, the local preference of women to spend their free time in shopping centers is more than that of men.ups in their willingness to go shopping, artistic activities, restaurant and cafe visits, picnics and virtual activities. Equally, men and women prefer to spend their free time in local parks or go hiking in the mountains. But the most preferred place for men to spend their free time is local parks and for women Golestan business complex. In general, the local preference of women to spend their free time in shopping centers is more than that of men. In general, the local preference of women to spend their free time in shopping centers is more than that of men.

    Keywords: Perefience, liesure, perefience the Leisure, Recreation, Gender
  • Farhad Karvan * Pages 51-62
    Attention to abilities as cognitive sciences in this study was very important. First, the principle that education is not merely focused on knowledge transfer, but on the actual learning of learners, attention should be paid to cognitive and non-cognitive abilities; Second, cognitive science emphasizes the activity and perception of learners of the learning environment in the educational process.Constructivist educators designed classroom learning environments based on the principles and assumptions of constructivism.In designing classroom learning environments based on the principles and assumptions of constructivism, attention should be paid to student-related cognitive processes. The purpose of this study was to explain the perception of constructive learning environment based on the cognitive ability of architecture students in teaching design workshops. The method of this research was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the study was 600 students of architecture students of Hamedan Technical and Vocational University. A sample of 120 people was selected using GPower software. Constructivist learning environment and cognitive abilities questionnaires were used to collect information. Pearson correlation test and multiple regression were calculated to analyze the data. Simultaneous regression results showed that social cognition ability and non-social cognition ability had a positive and significant role in predicting perception of learning environment. From the dimensions of non-social cognition ability, only decision-making, planning, sustained attention and cognitive flexibility had a positive and significant role in predicting perception of the learning environment. Inhibitory memory and control and selective attention did not play a significant role in predicting perception of constructive learning environment. Whereas in a constructive learning environment, emphasis is placed on teaching itself rather than on how it is taught; Therefore, this training is guided in two contexts of learning and focusing on the student's cognitive ability is emphasized. The required level of scotting is also provided by the learner in two stages of scotting with the instructor with challenging activities and scotching. Given that the real world often presents complex issues and situations to learners, educational environments should provide learners with such issues and situations. At the same time, educators should strive to teach learners the ability to deal appropriately with complex environments.Based on the research findings, the importance of social and non-social cognition abilities on perception of constructive learning environment was proved; Therefore, in this regard, it is suggested that these variables be seen and emphasized in educational planning, and if necessary, they should be taught with the help of psychological and educational strategies. It is also necessary that a coherent and comprehensive training protocol and program be developed to improve and improve cognitive and non-cognitive abilities in the context of experimental and experimental research. Also, considering that constructivism-based education emphasizes most of the cognitive efficiencies of student learning, so teachers should use this educational method as one of the effective teaching-learning strategies to design and draw architectural plans. Instructors can use functional assignments based on cognitive ability as a teaching strategy in different stages of education. These programs provide instruction for educators to enhance learners' learning in all cognitive-non-cognitive abilities.
    Keywords: Architecture education, perceptual analysis of the environment, cognitive ability, non-cognitive ability, constructivism, cognitive sciences
  • Habib Shahhoseini *, Fatemeh Asadzadeh Pages 63-80

    The railways, as a gateway to urban life and an achievement of technology, reflect the characteristics of the culture and identity of each community, which are also presented in the architectural styles of its stations. Railway stations have been of great historical importance by changing the intellectual horizon of the people. Today, railway stations do not only serve as a mean for people to travel and transport, but also, they are being constructed for their aesthetic and symbolic values. In this regard, old railway stations are the most significant ones as they increase the value of their surroundings and are capable to help practice sustainable architecture. The initial stations were mainly derived from endemic architecture styles and materials, resulting in enduring buildings. However, the typology of the architecture of the old railway stations in Iran has not been studied adequately especially in different periods of time and consequently, the need for a comprehensive study in this matter is striking. Therefore, by using the qualitative-analytical method and collecting data from various documents, old books, and field observations, this research aims to study and analyze the physical characteristics of 116 Iran’s northwestern railway stations (Tehran - Tabriz) in four periods of Qajar, first and second Pahlavi and The Islamic Republic to identify the physical patterns of the railway stations of each period. The main question that this paper tries to answer is: “what are the differences between railway stations’ architectural body during various periods of time in the northwestern line of Tehran-Tabriz?” First of all, railway stations of each period in the research area were identified one by one, and afterward, by a detailed analysis, the typology of the identified stations’ architectural body was classified for each period. The identified factors for evaluation were the plan’s type, number of floors, type of roof, the used materials in the station’s facade, and the number of ornaments. These factors were considered separately in the railway stations of each of the four periods. The results of the research indicate a significant reduction in the variety of patterns used over time, except for the number of floors in the period of the Islamic Republic with two and three-floors stations with more variety of uses, the type of materials used, roof type, type and proportions of the plan and the number of decoration patterns studied in this period, have lost their variety during the time. To construct railway stations in the period of the Islamic Republic, there has been a tendency towards flat roofs and a plan type that has a relatively monotone structure without decorations. The current research identifies the architectural body of historical railway stations, in order to plan for future development and reuse them while preserving their originality and historical identity, as part of the cultural heritage of Iranian society. Additionally, future studies can focus on a more detailed analysis such as determining differences between the various materials in each part of the building like façade, floor, walls, and ornaments during time periods.

    Keywords: Decorations, Islamic Republic period, Iran&rsquo, s northwestern railway stations, Physical patterns, Qajar Period, Railway stations
  • Amin Alah Ahadi * Pages 81-92
    In this research, focusing on the East, West and South regions of Tehran, the cooling and heating load in residential buildings in different geographical directions has been compared, and concerning the building façade material and construction details, optimal choices have been proposed. This study answers these questions, which of the typical façade materials and construction detail in Tehran city have the best performance in reducing the energy consumption of residential buildings, and what is the effect of facade direction on heating and cooling energy consumption of residential buildings. For this purpose, the simulation tool has been utilized using Energy plus software with a design-builder interface for thermal analysis. The results of this study show that the heating load of residential buildings in Tehran is higher than the cooling load in the western and northern units and the cooling load of the building is higher than the heating load in the southern and eastern units. In this regard, the heating load in the west facing units is 8%, and in the north units, it is 15 to 26% more than the cooling load. In south-facing units, the heating load of the building is 11 to 30%, and in east-facing units, the heating load of the building is up to 20% less than the cooling load. Comparison of heating load in southern, northern, eastern and western units shows that the best orientation of the building in Tehran to reduce the heating load of the building are respectively south-facing, east-facing (19 to 22% more than the southern unit), west-facing (20 to 25% more than southern units) and north-facing (30 to 40% more than southern units). The best orientation of the building in Tehran to reduce the cooling load of the building are the units facing south, north (0.5 to 7.5% more than the southern unit), west (6.5 to 7% more than the southern unit) and east (10.5 more than the southern unit) respectively. Regarding total cooling and heating load, the best orientation of the building in Tehran to reduce energy consumption are respectively south and then east facing units (about 16% more than southern units), west (15 to 17% more than southern units) and north (18 to 20% more in different views than southern units). The priorities of selection of facade materials and construction details in southern facades are brick facades with dry connection method, concrete panels with dry connection method and stone facades with dry connection method. In north-facing units, this arrangement includes a brick facade with a dry connection method, concrete panels with a dry connection method and stone facades with a dry connection method. In the west facing units, concrete panels with dry connection method, brick facades with dry connection method, and stone facades with dry connection method are the best. In the east facing units, brick facades with dry connection method, stone facades with dry connection method, ceramic facades with dry connection method and concrete panels with dry connection method have better performance in reducing the energy consumption of the building.
    Keywords: Residential buildings, buildings envelop, saving energy consumption, Tehran city
  • Nasseh Yousefi, Assadollah Shafizadeh *, MohammadReza Pakdel Fard Pages 93-104

    The word "Imagination" has been introduced in different meanings in different sciences. Imagination is one of the special abilities of human beings, which includes a significant field in Islamic philosophy and wisdom. And can play an important role in the analysis, cognition and creation of many phenomena; To guide man to the land of the unknown and truths with imagination and mental abilities.Also, in relation to the subject of the place of research, many different psychological, phenomenological, etc. angles have been done;Place is the mathematical space that has meaning. The place derives its identity and validity from the meanings and concepts that the observer and its user cultivate in their minds. These concepts include several factors such as: physical and physical factors of the place, human behaviors formed in it and finally the mental events of observers and users. Imagination is one of the most important human abilities that with its abilities, it can create many mental events in order to identify the place. In connection with the word "fantasy" in philosophy, valuable topics can be found in various ways. It has been researched with various approaches such as Eastern and Western views as well as views of various religious sources and sciences. Man's presence in space, his data and sensory perceptions, his experience of space, his fantasies and imagination, his presuppositions and presuppositions, and even his mental myths and legends are discussed. By examining the past works of architecture and urban planning, one can see the traces of the manifestation of the world of illusion and imagination in works of art.in this study, the "Domnareh" mosque from the valuable and old buildings of the Afshari period in the ancient city of Saqez was selected as a case study in relation to the subject of research and was analyzed and evaluated.In this article, we want to answer the following questions: What is the role of imagination and fantasy in identifying and giving meaning to a place? And to what extent can the imaginative minds of designers before design, and users after execution, be effective in giving meaning to a place?The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of "imagination" in identifying space in architecture. The research method is mixed. The number of samples in the qualitative section is 15 articles and 9 experts in urban architecture and experts were selected from the method of targeted sampling of resources and snowballs. Samples were selected in the quantitative part for the Demetel technique based on the snowball method. For interpretation in the qualitative part, the content analysis method was used to extract the themes from MAXQDA12 software. In a small part of the Demitel technique, Excell software was used. The results showed that the place derives its identity and validity from the meanings and concepts that the observer and its user cultivate in the mind. Imagination is one of the most important human capabilities that with its abilities, it can create many mental events in order to identify the place.

    Keywords: imagination, fantasy world, place, Philosophy, architecture
  • Peyman Bahramifar, Vahid Qobadian *, Mahnaz Mahmoudi Pages 105-120

    The monuments of each land are the cultural identity card of the land. In the meantime, urban textures and bodies have emerged as a result of particular circumstances, undergoing changes in various periods of history to become present, and thus becoming unique and unrepeatable entities and entities. In our country, this unparalleled, in the contemporary era, due to various factors, has undergone metamorphosis and collapse. It has taken place in a disruptive, unregulated tether, and has completely transformed the image of many of our historic cities. New buildings, in the historical context, before being merely an architectural monument, are introduced as part of the city that must adhere to particular rules and regulations to maintain consistency with historical sections. Extensive research on the topic of the body in a historical context indicates the importance of this topic among other issues related to architecture and urban planning. Moreover, learning the implications of semantic values embedded in past architecture and utilizing them in contemporary patterns. How Iranians have been thinking of old buildings and bodies for a century and a half now, because of their historical value, and the use of its components, and from what perspectives they organized it, is a fascinating and fascinating subject. And it's a secret. In this regard, the present study aims at explaining the concept of the body as a visually and conceptually communicative space, which is often a criterion for recognizing the value and identity of cities' architecture, and with the help of this framework, it is possible to identify dimensions and angles. And hidden values and their role in the design of the body architectures of old areas, and by exploiting and preserving these patterns and upgrading existing values in the historical context, one can recreate discolored semantic values in interstitial buildings and with identity. Its appearance harmonized. The purpose of this research is to investigate the design framework of interstate buildings in the historical context and how it is constructed. Therefore, data were collected and analyzed using the descriptive-analytical method to achieve research goals. The results show that historical bodies with multiple semantic values in different layers were objectively perceptible (concepts in the body) and subjective (concepts in the human mind) in the context of historical bodies. The proposed model of this research, after analyzing and evaluating the indicators in the metropolitan areas of central Iran (Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz), reveals the strategies that their architects used in the process of creating the work. According to the results obtained from this research in the field of semantic concepts embedded in the historical contextualization and prioritization of the different value levels of those concepts, more criteria can be used to qualify the construction of interstate buildings in the body. Designed and formulated historical texts. From the author's point of view, the priorities of the semantic values that can be easily reproduced in interstate buildings include connectivity/cohesion, rhythm, the order of flexibility, identity, harmony, and other values obtained in subsequent priorities. They can be represented.

    Keywords: Historical Context, Historical bodies, Interstate buildings, Meaning, Iranian metropolis