نشریه بیوتکنولوژی و بیوشیمی غلات
پیاپی 4 (زمستان 1401)

Salinity is one of the unfavorable environmental factors for plants that affects their growth and fertility. Rice, as the second grain in the world after wheat, is a relatively sensitive plant to salt stress. Protein kinases are an important group of kinase enzymes that amino acids They phosphorylate a certain part in the protein structure. These enzymes play an important role in cell communication and inducing growth and proliferation messages. Therefore, the identification and evaluation of the function of protein kinase gene family genes in rice will help our understanding of the molecular mechanism of stress resistance.

Examining the expression pattern of SAPK2 gene in two rice varieties tolerant and sensitive to salinity in 1400 in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture of Lorestan University was carried out as a factorial experiment in the form of a completely randomized design in three replications. Decisions per meter and time factor were investigated at three levels (6, 12 and 24 hours after applying stress). Sampling of plant leaves at the seedling stage (5-6 leaves) was done to check the expression of SAPK2 gene and internal control gene 18srRNA. took.

The results of the analysis of the gene expression pattern using Real Time PCR showed that there is no difference between the tolerant and sensitive cultivars at the salinity level of 3 ds/m and under no stress conditions, but at the levels of 6 and 9 ds/m with increasing time after applying the stress, the expression level The SAPK2 gene increases and the maximum expression of the gene was at the salinity level of 9 ds/m 24 hours after applying the stress. The level of gene expression at the salinity level of 9 in the tolerant variety was very significant compared to the sensitive variety. 12 and 24 hours after the application of stress, the gene expression in the tolerant variety was about 4 times more than the sensitive variety and 9 times more than the non-stressed condition. Also, the examination of the melting curve of SAPK2 gene in both tolerant and sensitive cultivars showed that the melting temperature is about 81 degrees Celsius.

With increasing salinity level, the expression level of SAPK1 gene increases in rice plants. Also, investigating the effect of time after applying stress on the level of SAPK1 gene expression showed that in the early hours after applying stress, the level of gene expression was insignificant, but with increasing time up to 24 hours, gene expression increased.

Genetic erosion increases the vulnerability of plants to environmental and biological stresses. The wild relatives of cultivated plants are undeniably very useful for the modern agricultural breeders in the richness of their vast gene pool, which, according to this genetic diversity, forms the basis of breeding programs and makes it possible to improve plants with desirable traits and characteristics.

The effectiveness of ISSR and leaf soluble proteins markers in examining the genetic diversity of 12 Agropyron elongatum genotypes collected from different regions of Kermanshah province in the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Research and Education Center of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Kermanshah Province were investigated in 2019.

Based on leaf soluble proteins, 14 bands were observed for genotypes, the highest number of bands were related to genotypes 2G, 5G and 7G with 13 bands and the lowest number of bands were related to 4G with 9 bands. Soluble proteins did not show a high genetic diversity among the studied genotypes and a total 36% of bands were polymorphic. Grouping of genotypes based on soluble proteins showed that genotypes 1G, 5G, 12G and 10G were in the first group, 4G, 3G and 9G were in the second group and 6G, 7G, 8G, 2G and 11G were in the third group. The grouping obtained from the genotypes did not correspond to their geographical distribution and due to the high similarity of the genotypes, no favorable polymorphism was observed with regard to leaf soluble proteins. In total, the soluble proteins did not have the ability to suitable separation within the species for the species of Tall wheatgrass. Based on ISSR primers, a total of 73 bands were observed, of which 70 bands were polymorphic among genotypes. The average percentage of polymorphism among genotypes was 96.25%. The lowest number of bands was related to IS3 primer (3 bands) and the highest number of bands was related to IS5 primer (10 bands). Primers IS3, IS10, IS11, IS13, and IS14 were introduced as suitable primers for investigating the populations of Tall wheatgrass species. The grouping of genotypes based on ISSR data was highly consistent with the geographical distribution of genotypes. The first group included 8G, 9G and 10G, and the genotypes of this group belonged to two cities of Javanrood and Ravansar. The second group included 5G, 6G and 7G. The genotypes of this group belonged to Eslamabad-e Gharb region. The third group was 11G and 12G. This group was also from Harsin region. The fourth group included 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G. The genotypes of this group belonged to Kermanshah. Genotypes from Javanroud and Ravansar had the highest genetic distance with other genotypes, and the genotypes from Harsin had the least genetic distance similarity with the genotypes from Kermanshah.

The ISSR marker was more efficient than the soluble proteins in determining the intraspecies genetic diversity of the studied genotypes, and the genotypes of Javanrud and Ravansar (8G, 9G, and 10G) had the greatest genetic distance with the genotypes of Kermanshah (1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G).

Triticale (X. Triticosecale Wittmack) was created by doubling the number of F1 hybrid chromosomes between wheat (Triticum spp.) as the female parent and rye (Secale spp.) as the male parent. Investigation of the plants reaction to water shortage is systematically considered by identifying features that are related to drought tolerance subjected to the physiological, cellular, biochemical, and molecular bases. One of the main subjects regarding plants damage under drought stress is the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Plants possess enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems to prevent oxygen free radical damage which are using them in an adaptive way under drought stress condition. Changes in the expressional level of antioxidant enzymes and the concentration of these enzymes, as well as increasing their activity, are among the very important changes occurring in the cellular level as the result of facing drought stress. Considering the role of the superoxide dismutase enzyme in regulating the amount of oxygen free radicals in plant cells, the aim of the present study was to investigate the gene expression of the superoxide dismutase enzyme with copper/zinc coenzyme under drought stress conditions.

Two genotypes of triticale (sensitive and tolerant) were subjected to drought stress conditions after establishment, and their aerial parts and roots were sampled at 0, 12, 36, and 72 hours after applying drought stress. Drought treatment was applied by weight based on the soil capacity of the pots and by daily weighing of the pots. Each time point repeated three times where the plant shoot was samples prior to plant root. This experiment was carried out in a factorial manner and with a completely randomized design in the greenhouse. The expression level of the superoxide dismutase gene with copper/zinc coenzyme was measured in the samples using the quantitative PCR method.

The results of the present study showed that the expression of the Cu/Zn-SOD gene is affected and changed under stress conditions. In general,, with the increase in the amount of stress severity and time of stress, the amount of immediate gene expression increased. The changes in the expression of this gene were greater in the shoots than in the roots, and the shoots responded faster to drought stress. Also, between the two sensitive and tolerant genotypes used in this experiment, the level of Cu/Zn-SOD gene expression in both roots and shoots was higher in the tolerant genotype than in the sensitive triticale genotype.

According to the changes in expression and amount in two sensitive and tolerant triticale genotypes, it was generally determined that the superoxide dismutase enzyme is an essential enzyme in the plant to respond to drought stress and also to create tolerance in the triticale plant. Also, according to the changes in gene expression related to the Cu/Zn-SOD isozyme in triticale, it was determined that this isozyme is probably one of the active isozymes of the superoxide dismutase enzyme, whose expression is increased under drought stress conditions.

Wheat is one of the main cereals in cultivated areas and production rate worldwide. This product is the primary source of carbohydrates and protein in the human diet, and almost half of Iran's agricultural land is under wheat cultivation. On the other hand, drought stress stimulates a wide range of plant responses, from physiological and biochemical to molecular, and causes oxidative damage in plants. Plants use antioxidant enzymes to deal with these stresses. Regarding the role and importance of antioxidant enzymes, the activity of these enzymes in irrigation and drought conditions was investigated in some wheat genotypes. In this research, the activity of peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase enzymes and grain yield for 20 advanced bread wheat genotypes under drought stress conditions was carried out. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications in two conditions, irrigated and rainfed conditions. The present research was carried out in the Research Field of the Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi university. Based on the simple analysis of variance, genotypes showed significant differences in the activity of all three enzymes, peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. The effect of environment, genotype, and the interaction effect of environment × genotype were significant for catalase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase enzyme activity, where the data were analyzed in the form of combined analysis. In irrigation conditions, the highest activity of peroxidase enzyme was observed in Genotype 12, catalase in Genotype 10 and superoxide dismutase in Genotype 15. In this condition, the lowest activity of peroxidase enzyme was observed in Genotype 11, catalase in Genotype 11 and superoxide dismutase in Genotype 7. Also, in dryland conditions, the highest level of peroxidase enzyme activity was observed in Genotypes 6, catalase in Genotype 2 and superoxide dismutase in Genotype 15, and the lowest level of peroxidase enzyme activity was observed in Genotypes 4, catalase in Genotype 8 and superoxide dismutase in Genotype 1. In terms of seed yield trait, the highest amount in irrigation conditions is related to Genotypes 10, 7, and 8, and the lowest amount is related to Genotypes 12, 13, and 11. In dryland conditions, the highest yield is related to Genotypes 4, 10, and 17, and the lowest level is related to Genotype 9. The results showed that the activity level of peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase enzymes is higher in drought environment than in irrigated conditions, and different genotypes show different responses to drought stress. In fact, the activity of antioxidant enzymes increased with drought stress. In fact, plants increase the activity of their antioxidant enzymes to deal with drought stress, eliminate oxygen free radicals, and deal with the oxidative stress that has occurred and affects the grain yield by spending energy. Based on this, knowing more about antioxidant factors and the factors affecting them, valuable solutions can be adopted to deal with drought stress in plants.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare), a member of the Poaceae family, is an important cereal grown in temperate climates worldwide. It was one of the first cultivated grains, especially in Eurasia 10,000 years ago. Globally, 70% of barley production is used for animal feed. This plant is reasonably tolerant of abiotic stresses. Environmental or abiotic stresses such as heat and cold can significantly affect crop production. Plants respond to these abiotic stresses by altering the expression of many genes involved in different biological and physiological processes.

The microarray data of two experiments were analyzed to identify responsive genes related to cold and heat stresses in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). This research was analyzed and investigated using the raw data in the ArrayExpress database, which is related to two separate experiments in heat and cold stress in 2 and 3 replications, respectively, in the barley plant. The desired analysis was performed using FlexArray software, and the differential genes present in the stresses were identified. The examined genes were normalized using the Robust Multiarray Average (RMA) method, and the genes with a P-value equal to and less than 5% were selected, and the fold change of genes above two was also selected. Gene ontology analysis was done using the AgriGo website, and their functional groups were categorized into three parts: biological processes, cellular components and molecular function. The sequence of 1500 nucleotides upstream of the effective genes in response to heat and cold stress was extracted from the Ensembl Plants site. Regulatory elements of effective functional genes in response to heat and cold stresses were identified and presented using the PlantCare site.

 The results demonstrated that 338 and 291 genes were differentially expressed in response to cold and heat stresses, respectively. The gene ontology analysis revealed that differential expressed genes (DEG) were mainly involved in cellular compounds, biological processes, and different molecular functions. Transcription regulator activity has a critical role in the regulation of genes against stresses. Moreover, 1500 bp upstream of the DEGs were identified to find the most represented regulatory elements.

 Consequently, light and hormonal-related cis-regulatory elements, especially those related to methyl jasmonate, play an important role in controlling the gene expression against the studied abiotic stresses. This high-throughput comparative analysis provided insight into genes and cis-regulatory elements involved in response to heat and cold stresses in barley.

The world's population is increasing, and the area of suitable agricultural land is not enough to supply food. Considering the nutritional value of wheat and its role in the food supply, poor soils and salty waters must be used for agriculture to solve the problem of food shortage in the world, so the use of salty waters for irrigation is inevitable in these conditions. Recently, special attention has been paid to the use of growth-promoting bacteria to moderate the effects of salinity. Microbial inoculation is better than other methods to reduce salinity stress because it minimizes production costs and environmental damage. This research was performed to investigate the effect of B. amyloliquefaciens inoculation on proline content, catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPx) activities, and protein expression in control and treatment plants. A factorial experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse of the School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, to investigate the effect of Bacillus bacteria (PGPR). The first factor was salinity levels (0 and 200 MM), the second factor was an application of bacteria (inoculated and non-inoculated), and the third factor was wheat genotypes (susceptible and resistant). The suspension containing Bacillus bacteria was injected into the soil during the application of salt stress. Twenty-four hours after salinity treatment, the leaves were sampled and used for all laboratory tests, such as measuring the activity of peroxidase enzymes, the amount of proline, and protein concentration. The data were analyzed using SAS software, and protein band pattern comparison was made by the SDS PAGE method. The results showed that using bacteria under salt stress increased the proline and catalase enzyme activity in both sensitive and resistant genotypes. Nevertheless, the peroxidase enzyme did not increase under stress conditions in the resistant cultivar. It also increased the amount of total protein in the susceptible variety. The effect of bacteria on the one Hundred-Seeds weight was not significant, but since the weight of one hundred seeds is one of the growth parameters that hardly changes, the slightest change in it can be effective, which was observed in this project. Finally, applying this bacterium caused changes in the pattern of protein bands in susceptible and resistant cultivars under salinity stress and non-stress conditions. These changes included the removal of the protein band or its higher expression in different stress conditions compared to normal conditions. The plant inoculation by bacteria and its use several times in the roots region of sensitive and resistant wheat has positively affected biochemical properties. Applying these types of bacteria without harming the environment can be a practical method to control salinity stress and maintain optimal yield in salt soils. Control the signals received by the bacteria from the plant and the effects of the bacteria on the growth of the plant by manipulating the bacteria. It can be used as a suitable alternative to the complex and time-consuming methods of gene transfer to the plant.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is one of the first domesticated crops in the old world agriculture that has created from its wild relative, H. spontaneum (C. Koch.) Thell. due to consecutive selection processes by farmers in different parts of the world. It has been reported that barley received the second and fourth ranks after wheat, rice, and corn in Iran and the world, respectively. The high content of fiber as well as the low amount of protein in the aboveground organs has caused this plant to be especially considered as a silage fodder in the livestock industry. On the other hand, seeds of barley have a critical role in supplying human nutritional needs due to their phosphor, calcium, protein, and B vitamins contents. In addition, barley malt and its extract are also used in food formulation, especially in the beverage industry, due to its enzymatic properties, flavor, coloring, and nutritional value. Considering the importance of barley in providing an important part of human nutritional needs, the comprehensive investigation of its nutritional value can play a significant role in increasing of the cultivated area and improving the genetic base of the existing cultivars. In this review, the main aspects of the nutritional and technology of seed barley are discussed. Hence, it seems that the presented information can plays a key role in improving the status of barley in the country.