فصلنامه جاده
سال سی و یکم شماره 1 (پیاپی 114، بهار 1402)

The best method of efficient management in the field of transport infrastructure is to accurately predict the conditions and performance of pavement in the future. By reducing errors in estimating pavement failure, significant economic savings can be made by timely assessment and careful planning. The purpose of this research study is to develop a method for calculating the pavement status index (PCI) based on pavement failure data collected in the long-term pavement performance plan (LTPP) database. Prefabricated Excel software templates are used to transfer faulty data from databases and directly calculate PCIs for developed test units. The main pavement performance curve based on PCIs has also been analyzed and evaluated as part of this research. Analysis of LTPP data results for several case studies showed that the method of this research is reasonable and statistical parameters showed that the accuracy of this model is good to excellent. The above developed PCI models can be used in InfoPaveTM input data, so that users can calculate the PCIs of their desired road sections with the results of this research. PCI-based performance model development can also be added in future versions of InfoPaveTM. Although the present study has examined the sections related to asphalt pavement, but its method can be generalized to experimental sections with concrete pavement. The results showed that the developed model is closely related to the observed values and is suitable for the main performance curve, and it can be used to predict the performance of the pavement network.

This article will investigate the factors affecting the formation of depressions and the effect of soil type on its formation. Landslides can cause damage to irrigation systems and fertile agricultural soils, damage to wells in rural and urban subsidence areas, change the hydrology of the area and cause floods and typically damage caused by landslides and irreparable landslides. They are costly and destructive.After understanding the mechanism of sinkholes and providing sufficient data and information from the site, the necessary conditions for data analysis are provided. In these conditions, the collected data is the basis for interpreting and recognizing the different conditions and forms of work. Provides sinkholes are effective. This study is based on data collection through documentary, library, experimental sources, and content analysis methods. In general, the results indicate that in order to control this phenomenon, the pattern of water consumption must be changed. Wastewater is treated and re-used for agricultureStop farming in some places. The cultivation of irrigated crops should be prevented in low water areas. All illegal wells should be closed and sealed, groundwater abstraction should be prohibited in some areas, and a water storage maintenance program.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of various traffic, geographic, and environmental parameters on the vehicular emissions of HAPs (Hazardous Air Pollutants). In this case study, an arithmetic sequence was defined in the range of inputs to enter discrete independent variables into the IVE (International Vehicle Emissions) model. After simulating the results by the IVE model, a linear regression model was used to determine the sensitivity of the exhaust pipe HAPs emissions to the input parameters. The findings of the present study indicated that the passenger car fleet age is the most effective parameter on the emissions of 1,3-Butadiene, Acetaldehyde, and Formaldehyde with R2 (Coefficient of Determination) of 0.71, 0.68, and 0.66. In addition, this analytical study proved that the most important and effective parameters in increasing the emissions of Ammonia and Benzene are road gradient and the amount of benzene in the fuel with R2 of 0.90 and 1.00, respectively. According to the present research findings, by analyzing the changes in the emission rate of pollutants under the influence of different values of traffic, geographic, and environmental parameters, the optimum values of each of these parameters can be evaluated to minimize the vehicular emission rate. In conclusion, renovating the fleet of passenger cars, improving fuel quality, and building roads with a gentle slope should be considered as the solutions to reduce the emissions of HAPs in Tehran.

In recent years, due to reduced service life of road pavement and a significant increase in maintenance costs, roads to meet the needs, including transportation without delay in commercial and industrial products, reduced maintenance costs, safety, and good ride quality. Their pavement requires better performance and is more resistant to various damages such as rutting, cracking, stripping, and so on. Each of these failures is caused by different mechanisms in the pavement, and factors such as the properties of asphalt mixtures, bitumen, weather conditions, and traffic loading intensify and develop these failures. In recent years, researchers have developed various methods and strategies to improve the performance of pavements against rutting failure. In this study, different approaches to enhance the performance of asphalt pavement against rutting failures such as correction of aggregate grading and improvement of aggregate interlocking, use of additives and modifiers, use of semi-flexible pavement systems, and use of reclaimed asphalt pavement were investigated, and compared. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of each method were explained in detail. Overall, the results of this study and comparison showed that using various additives and modifiers and recycled asphalt pavement under special and controlled conditions can improve pavement performance against rutting failure.

Due to the growing demand for rail transport, one of the main problems of the rail transport system in most of the world's railway networks is the lack of capacity of railways, which depends on the parameters of infrastructure, fleet and operation. The actual capacity of a line is the maximum number of trains that can cross an axis in 24 hours and depends on factors such as the travel time of trains on the block, the amount of intersection delay and the quality of operation of the line. In this paper, the Mashhad-Tehran and Doroud-Andimeshk tracks, which have limitations for the smooth running of trains, have been studied. After the studies, it was found that it is possible to increase the useful length of station lines with improvements and technical and infrastructural techniques such as dividing two lanes, correcting curves, increasing platforms and acceptance lines and sending passenger trains, and upgrading the signaling system to reduce the time of arrival and departure of trains, increased the capacity of the line. From the observed results of the implementation of these measures, we can mention such things as smoother traffic than before, increased passenger traffic, increased commercial and freight speed, reduced fuel consumption and reduced working hours of officers.

In this study, the effect of penetration and temperature changes on the performance specifications of bitumen was investigated experimentally. In this regard, it was ensured that the bitumens were obtained from a constant raw material and oxidation process at different times from the reactor. Experiments were carried out on bitumen with different penetration grades of 35, 40, 50, 55 and 60 (1⁄10 mm ). The effect of changes in the penetration grades and temperature were investigated on various quality parameters of bitumen, including bitumen specifications at high and medium temperatures, after initial and long-term aging, using rheological behavior tests by dynamic shear rheometer, thin film oven and pressurized aging vessel and the corresponding comparison diagrams were drawn. The results show that the rutting resistance or permanent deformation of bitumen in both binder and residual bitumen of thin film oven test was decreased with increasing temperature in a bitumen with a constant penetration grade and also increasing the penetration grade at a constant temperature. The Fatigue cracking index in the residual bitumen of the thin film oven and pressurized aging vessel, was decreased with increasing temperature in a bitumen with a constant penetration grade and also increasing the penetration grade at a constant temperature.

Today, the policies of the Road Transport Organization of the country are implemented with the aim of identifying the elimination of accident hotspots on transportation roads and creating a safe point for the movement of goods and passengers and preventing the loss of resources. A policy is a path for moving and the purpose of implementing a policy is the activities that it performs directly. Numerous measures lead to the reduction of failure in the implementation of the organization's policy. In this research, these factors have been identified and ranked. This research is applied and in terms of strategy, it is a survey. The research community consisted of 12 managers of the organization who were selected through non-random and purposeful sampling. Data collection tools are interviews and questionnaires and FMEA technique and fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS approach have been used to analyze the data. According to the findings, effective measures to reduce the failure of the implementation of the policies of the Road Authority are: outsourcing, paying attention to the needs and conditions of each region in the policy development stage, effective training of policy makers, creating motivation among policy makers. According to the research findings, it is necessary that the organization pay more attention to creating and strengthening the structure of units with careful planning and changing the approach of managers.

Demand for travel in Tehran, in line with the movement of people to work, increases in the morning from different areas to the city center and in the evening from the center to other areas. Therefore, in the network of urban thoroughfares, one can find highways that are crowded in one direction in the morning and in the other direction in the evening. By allocating a lane from a not crowded to a crowded time at different times of the day, arrangements can be made to reduce the volume and congestion of highways. In this research, by implementing a part of Hemmat highway in Aimsun simulation software, it has been investigated to what extent this method improves the traffic situation. Input information to the software such as traffic volumes, vehicle dimensions, vehicle speed, number of lanes and lane width were obtained from the field study and output parameters including delay, speed, travel time, distance traveled and fuel consumption from the software output. To do this, the current state of the study area and the proposed scenario, ie assigning a band from not crowded to crowded, were implemented in the simulator software, and the results of their simulation were compared. Based on this, at the peak of the morning, the route changed to 5 lanes from 4 lanes and the return route changed from 4 lanes to 3 lanes and vice versa.

The growing trend of road accidents in different countries, despite endangering people's lives, also imposes a lot of financial costs. Quality of roads is one of the factors affecting traffic accidents. In this study, fuzzy logic has been used because fewer studies have used fuzzy logic to calculate the safety and quality of roads and fuzzy logic has appropriate flexibility and the ability to describe and model phenomena. It also suggested good accuracy for calculating the parameters identified in this study. The purpose of this research is to identify and examine the factors involved in the quality and safety of roads in order to calculate the effect degree of each of the factors in relation to road quality ranking and comparison. In this research, it has been detected and derived 9 components as the most important factors influencing on the road quality and safety using Delphi method in order to identify the relevant indexes to the actual conditions of road construction control in Iran on the existing national standards as well as use expert’s experiences in this field. Then, it was collected data related to each of 9 components in the selected main roads led to Zanjan city in Iran, by fuzzy method and roads were ranked by multi-criteria decision making using TOPSIS method and it was selected the best option. In the next step, we have investigated the relation of road quality to the statistics of driving accidents

This article analyzes the demand for passenger air transportation in Iran. In analyzing passenger demand, the effect of geographic, socio-economic, and competitive factors has been explored. A data set on landings and takeoffs from the Kerman Airport has been collected for this purpose. An econometric model is first used to predict demand. The significance of all variables is investigated in this study. Once the variables that are of little significance are deleted, a new set of information is created. This information is then processed by the K-Means clustering algorithm and then used as training data for neural network learning. The neural network used for this analysis is an LSTM Deep Learning Network, which has been used to predict passenger demand for years. Finally, with economic and social variables including GDP, income, population, inflation, exchange rate, gasoline prices and oil prices for the coming years, the percentage change in the number of passengers for each year compared to the previous year has been predicted. Based on the inputs of the neural network, changes in air travel demand are determined based on the variables of gross national product, average Kerman income, gasoline price inflation, and oil price inflation. The most important variable is gross national product, which has a profound influence on air travel demand. The accuracy obtained in this method is 83%, which is a very good accuracy for air travel demand.

One of the most fundamental issues in road construction is to increase the density and strength of the layers of stone materials to the desired level;. For this purpose, the different layers of the pavement should be compacted to an acceptable extent by means of asphalt rollers. On the other hand, the performance of the pavement aggregate layers, which is highly effective on the performance of the entire pavement, is influenced by their compaction. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the factors affecting the field compaction of the pavement layers including the base layer. As a result, this research aims to examine the effect of the characteristics of the base layer materials on their relative compaction using the response surface methodology. For this purpose, the characteristics of stone materials including moisture content, dry density, optimal moisture content, the thickness of the base layer, maximum ambient temperature, minimum ambient temperature, the plasticity index, the sand equivalent value, and uniformity coefficient were extracted from the laboratory sheets related to Dahaghan, Kohpayeh and Shahrekord projects and then analyzed using Design Expert and SPSS software. The results show that the relative compaction has an inverse relationship with laboratory dry density, layer thickness, maximum temperature, the plasticity index and the sand equivalent value. Furthermore, we show that there exists a direct relationship between relative compaction and the minimum temperature and the uniformity coefficient.

human labor is considered as the most important capital of any country, for this purpose the effective and optimal use or in other words effective productivity of this capital is one of the main goals and plans of countries at the macro level. Considering the importance of this issue and since human capital as one of the most important types of capital can play a significant role in the economic growth and development of the road transport sector, in this study the role of adult human labor in the productivity of the country's road transport sector has been examined. For this purpose, by collecting annual data and using the autoregressive Distributed Lag model and error correction model with the help of EVIEWS10 software, the model was estimated and the results were interpreted. The results show that both in the short term and in the long term, the working experience of people over 50 years old in the road freight transport sector, as well as the training of people over 50 years old in the road freight transport sector, in the productivity of the road freight transport sector. It has a positive effect. Finally, according to the error correction coefficient in the ECM model, it can be stated that the speed of adjustment towards the equilibrium and long-term value was appropriate. So that in each period about 0.227 the imbalance error is adjusted and the short-term value tends towards its equilibrium and long-term value exponentially.

The increase in traffic accidents is one of the most important life-threatening dangers in the world. Heavy vehicle accidents have also been focused of attention in recent years. Because heavy vehicles play an important role in the economy of countries especially in Iran. Recent research shows heavy vehicle accidents are on the rise, so investigating the causes seems necessary. In many studies, fatigue, drowsiness, anxiety, and anger are important factors in heavy vehicle accidents. In Iran, lack of road amenities and lack of suitable reast area, inappropriate spacing and time of rest area are some of the most important causes of drivers' behavioral problems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the time and location distance between heavy vehicle rest area and traffic accidents on intercity routes (Case Study: Zanjan-Mianeh main Road and Zanjan-Tabriz Freeway). The statistical population of the study is all drivers of heavy vehicles in this freeway. The sample size was estimated to be 170 people using Cochran formula. The data were categorized and analyzed using descriptive statistical methods. In order to test the research hypotheses, Kolmogorov-Smirnov's inferential statistical methods and correlation and regression tests were used. The results indicate that the time and location distance as well as the facilities of rest area have a significant effect on reducing road accidents. Also a model was fitted based on the spatial and temporal distance of the rest area.

The central part of Yasuj city has heavy traffic for reasons such as population density, density of commercial centers, increase of vehicles, lack of proper urban planning, etc. The method of this study is descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population includes all citizens present in the central area of ​​Yasuj. Sampling was done randomly from among the citizens who entered the central area of ​​the city by different vehicles, using Cochran, 151 questionnaires completed by and 50 questionnaires completed between managers and traffic experts at the level of Shahriasuj subordinate offices. Was obtained. Findings indicate that most experts (80%) consider commercial and service centers as the most important factor in traffic. According to a survey of citizens living in Yasuj city about the most important traffic factors in the city center, it indicates that non-compliance with laws and regulations, lack of parking, poor management and traffic control, congestion of administrative-service and commercial centers, inadequate communication network infrastructure are important factors. Intensify traffic. Unlike the old cities, the communication network of Yasuj city has a checkered texture, which indicates that the city is new. On the other hand, the width of the streets and alleys leading to it is narrow and lacks special coherence. The results of research and studies show that the commercial-service and administrative factors in the city center are more effective than other factors in creating traffic in the city center.

Foam concrete pavement can be used as a suitable alternative to other pavements in light urban traffic. In order to develop the use of this type of pavement, recognizing its features is necessary and important. Since the permeability of spongy concrete pavement is the most important functional feature of this type of pavement, further understanding of this feature and how it is affected by the parameters of the mixing design is the aim of this study. For this purpose, suitable combinations of foam concrete samples with granulation and different water-to-cement ratios of 36 samples have been made and tested. The ratio of water to cement for making experimental samples in the range of 0.28 to 0.34 in combination with aggregates with maximum nominal size of 9.5 mm, 12.5 mm and 19.5 mm has been selected. In order to select the appropriate model for predicting permeability changes, a comparison has been made between artificial neural network techniques and linear regression. Using the data obtained from laboratory activities and examining the fit of the models, the optimal model is proposed. Comparison of models showed that linear regression produced closer results in predicting changes in the permeability of sponge concrete. The use of linear regression can reduce the number of test specimens to achieve the optimal mixing design for foam concrete.
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Floods, compared to all other natural disasters around the world, are often devastating and cause the highest number of casualties and the greatest economic damage. One of the important development tools is the use of various technologies in disaster management to protect infrastructure. The use of technologies in disaster management (especially natural) in transportation networks is discussed in all three areas of prevention, during and after the occurrence. These systems can be classified into software and hardware or separately into engineering or management actions in different stages. These equipment help to monitor the condition of transport infrastructure to prevent these problems before an accident occurs. Another application of related technologies is to properly inform users and help manage traffic properly, as a result of which traffic congestion or bottlenecks or confusion of users can be prevented. In this article, a variety of new strategies, concepts and initiatives, including protection in against floods, environmentally friendly solutions, structural measures, non-structural measures, software measures, hardware measures, integrated management, flood control, have been examined. To use any technology or method or program. To manage an accident such as a flood, by analyzing the problem tree, solutions based on criteria including: need, priority, cost, feasibility and available resources, selection of appropriate management and engineering action is done.

An industry 4.0 concept has received global concern as a research focus in recent years. Following an increasing interest in the area that merges digital /industry 4.0 technologies in the maritime field, this paper aims to identify the technologies of industry 4.0 and find out how they are connected in the maritime domain. To do this a bibliometric analysis of keyword co-occurrence was applied in this paper. VOSviewer software package was adopted as a bibliometric analysis tool and the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was used as the primary source for data collection. The research population consists of scientific products indexed in the WebScience database from the period of 2000 to 2021. The findings indicate that industry 4.0 is a new concept in the maritime domain. Furthermore, among industry 4.0 technologies big data and artificial intelligence had been widely studied keywords in the maritime context. While this research didn’t provide strong evidence for the emergence of 3D printing in the maritime domain which requires further research.

The purpose of this study is to design a Brand Associative Network of Insurance Covering Transport Risks using the brand concept mapping technique. Identifying how valuation and the formation of concepts related to the brand concept in the minds of customers is a guide to achieve this goal. The statistical population of the study is the customers of these two insurance brands in the western region of Tehran and the available sampling method has been used to collect data. The present study is an exploratory or hybrid mixture. The data collection tool in the first stage of the interview was theoretical adequacy and content analysis method was used. In the second stage, data collection was self-evaluated and analyzed using the brand concept map method. As a result of this study, the final map of Iran Insurance brand concept with ten main associations including: Iran, risk, money, government, fire, death, agency, traditional system, antiquity and accident and also the final map of Pasargad insurance brand concept. They were drawn with ten main associations including: deposit, risk, money, cost, driving, premium insurance, Pasargad Bank, newness, privacy and concern.

Accidents at horizontal arches often involve one of the situations in which the vehicle veers off the road and collides with roadside obstacles, losing control and rolling out, colliding head-on or side-by-side. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes of accidents in horizontal arches on two suburban roads in the Yasuj-Babamidan axis. This research is applied in terms of type and purpose and analytical-descriptive in terms of nature and method. In this research, the axes of Yasuj to Babamidan in the period of 1400 have been studied. The method of data collection was library, text and field and also using exploratory interviews with experts, as well as engineers, consultants and also the preparation and preparation of questionnaires. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the factors of vehicle derailment and collision with marginal obstacles can explain the variance of accidents in horizontal arches by 47%, loss of control and rolling out by 23% and horn-to-horn collision or Side-by-side by 19% and finally the design inconsistent with the driver's expectations about the intensity of the degree of arc have the ability to explain the variance of accidents in horizontal arcs by 25%.

Today there are numeral methods for supporting an excavation. Using of helical multiple anchors as excavation support has speared recently. Because of wide range of applications of helical anchors, a massive number of experimental, numerical, and field studies have been carried out. This study works on the pullout capacity of helical multiple anchors by using FLAC 3D software. First, a verification test is carried out in order to confirm the method of simulation. Then, with the help of an extensive parametric study, the effect of different parameters on pullout capacity is observed. This study indicates that sharp growth in loading capacity is observed due to an increase in density of soil and diameter of helical plates. In addition, the results show that changes in the cohesion of soil have a few effects on the loading capacity of helical anchors. Moreover, the share of loading on the plates keeps remain if the space between plates is five times of helical plate diameter and more. In this situation, the failure mechanism is individual plate. Nevertheless, if the space between plates is less than five times of helical plate diameter, the share of loading on the first helical plate (near to excavation) goes up, but the share of loading on the rest helical plates drops dramatically. In this situation, cylindrical shear is the main failure mechanism. Therefore, the current study results demonstrate that the critical space between helical plates is five times of helical plates diameter.

Changing the rheological and mechanical behavior of pure bitumen is one of the most important reasons of usage of bitumen modifiers. Polyphosphoric acid is newer additive compared to other additives used in the road construction industry. This additive is used to improve the performance behavior of bitumen and improve bitumen rheological properties such as rutting. In this article, the effect of polyphosphoric acid on performance behavior of bitumen and asphalt mixtures with similar mechanical and chemical properties, but with different chemical compositions, is discussed. Various experiments have been conducted in the field of bitumen and asphalt mixture modification with polyphosphoric acid polymer. The results showed that the addition of PPA can improve the high temperature performance and reduce the temperature sensitivity of the modified bitumen, but it has a slight effect on the low temperature performance. According to the results, bitumens modified with polyphosphoric acid have better fatigue resistance compared to bitumens modified with SBS. Modifying bitumen with PPA leads to an increase in softness, a decrease in permeability, and a decrease in temperature sensitivity. The combination of PPA/SBR has the best rutting resistance in the asphalt mixture due to the highest strength and the smallest rut depth.

Nanomaterials have indicated a hopeful capacity in improving the behavior of pavement. As hot mix asphalt is a viscoelastic material, several distresses were occurred during their life time. Furthermore, steel slag was used to enhance the properties of mixture because of its outstanding physical properties. This research evaluated the effect of nanoclay and Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) on performance behavior of bitumen and high and intermediate temperature performance of SMA mixtures containing steel slag aggregate. Through this paper, the AC-60/70 and AC-85/100 penetration grade bitumen’s were used as base bitumen. Moreover, SBR (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% by weight of binder), and nanoclay (0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% by weight of binder) were used as a mixture modifier. For evaluating the performance behavior of bitumen, the rotational viscosity, Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), and Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR), Multiple Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR), and linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) tests were implemented. Moreover, Resilient Modulus (Mr), Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS), dynamic creep, wheel track, and Four Point Beam Fatigue (FPBF) tests were performed to investigate the performance of mixture samples. To analyze the data statistically, two-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) is evaluated. The rheological behavior test outcomes showed that the utilization of NC/SBR additive results in an enhancement in the rutting and fatigue resistance of binders. The utilization of NC decreases the low-temperature resistance of binders, while SBR improves the bitumen’s low-temperature resistance. Storage stability test outcomes reveal that utilization of NC enhances the storage stability of binders. Also, the application of SBR leads to enhance phase separation. The MSCR test results demonstrate an enhancement in the high-performance temperature of the virgin binder at different stress levels by the addition of NC/SBR. Moreover, the utilization of NS improves the rutting strength of samples. Based on the LAS test outcomes, the utilization of NC/SBR additives improves the fatigue properties of the asphalt binder. The mixture test results reveal that using NC/SBR increases the permanent deformation resistance, MR, ITS, fracture energy, and intermediate temperature properties of specimens.