نشریه برنامه ریزی توسعه شهری و منطقه ای
پیاپی 23 (زمستان 1401)

Transportation is an important part of sustainable urban development. Tehran intercity passenger terminals carry millions of passengers throughout the year and make a significant contribution to urban transportation and management. Tehran city terminals, in addition to their special physical space, are dominated by a special social space that has led to the production and even reproduction of various social harms and instabilities. The sampling method of this research is qualitative and judgmental. This research intends to identify and model the problems, inefficiencies and social instabilities of Tehran's terminals with a qualitative-exploratory approach and using thematic analysis technique. The findings of this study show that the terminals of Tehran have become a place for social harms due to risk factors such as congestion, instability of elements and factors, high turnover, urban entry and exit, legal vacuum in management and even religious issues. On the other hand, due to poor supervision and lack of integrated urban management, these damages and instabilities have overflowed to neighboring neighborhoods and even inside the bus, which has finally reproduced the vicious cycle of unstable space and social damage to the terminals.

This article, with a theoretical lens made from the combination of "Good Urban Governance" and "Cultural Citizenship in the Age of Information", seeks to answer the question of how the two-way interaction of citizens and urban management can be understood through modern tools of information and communication technology. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of gaining an understanding of the public opinion flow in cyberspace, and finding a pattern of urban interactions in it. For this, 18095 Instagram posts and 48300 Tweets were collected, and their quantitative and qualitative classification was done by quantitative content analysis and thematic analysis method. Then, a model of urban interactions was drawn. According to the findings of this study, urban activist groups on Twitter and Instagram can be divided into five categories: "Urban Management", "Governing Actors Related to Urban Management", "Political Groups", "People" and "Mass Media". The comparison of Instagram and Twitter shows a significant difference in this regard, and it can be said that the focus on Twitter, due to the diversity of active groups in it, more than Instagram can reflect the state of urban interactions on social media. Unlike Instagram, Twitter is dominated by content with a negative orientation towards Tehran's urban management, and actor interactions sometimes take a hostile approach.

Empowerment has always been considered as one of the primary directions for improving the quality of life in local communities, and it may be accomplished in a variety of ways depending on the circumstances. Some disadvantaged urban areas with a significant need for empowerment offer the pristine natural potential for ecotourism. Ecotourism not only provides the proper quality of the environment for tourists, but also offers the greatest protection in the host society's different social, economic, cultural, and environmental domains. In this study, the meta-combination approach is used to combine the two ideas of empowerment and ecotourism, resulting in a set of benefits for empowering communities and the framework of Empowering Urban Ecotourism and its process and criteria had been explained by the relationship between, Empowering and Urban Ecotourism By means of using the Delphi method. The results of the research show that Empowerment ecotourism has social, cultural, economic, political, Psychology-perceptual, and, environmental domains. This approach follows step-by-step individual empowerment, increasing the ability to participate, social development and social effectiveness, social empowerment of the host communities.

The residence of foreign nationals in the city of Tehran and their coming and going in the new form of ambassador and adviser and the old form of merchant and tourist and the gradual movement towards the northern areas of the city with the king and courtiers and the acquisition of gardens and the construction of large houses and Luxury causes some changes and transformations in these areas and gradually in the whole city of Tehran. The purpose of this research is to enumerate the effects of foreign nationals and especially the ambassadors of different countries living in Tehran and to analyze the socio-spatial changes caused by their residence in the northern neighborhoods of Tehran during the Qajar period. To analyze how social and spatial changes occur in the historical background of Tehran city, we used the method of historical studies and descriptive-analytical method. The results of this research show that foreign nationals and especially ambassadors of influential countries during the Qajar era, with the benefit of the king's authority, appropriate financial resources and to some extent social acceptability, had the best residential areas of Tehran at different times. took and caused the expansion and strengthening of the phenomenon of socio-spatial Segregation in Tehran. By living in the best areas of the city (generally in the north of the city), they changed many of the common socio-economic relations and laid the groundwork for residential developments, the effects of which can be seen to this day.

Undoubtedly, privacy with the tool of spatial hierarchy has been one of the main criteria for designing and building Islamic cities. Islam's emphasis on privacy has caused this characteristic to affect all social and cultural aspects of which architecture is one of its manifestations. The architecture of buildings is designed to respond to the cultural and environmental needs of people. Since the model of the contemporary houses of Kermanshah is to some extent proof of the disregard for the principle of privacy in Iranian architecture and culture, providing a model for maintaining privacy in modern houses based on the typology of housing seems to be one of the necessities. This research aims to know the spatial hierarchy in creating privacy in the historical typology of houses. By investigating the spatial hierarchy in creating privacy, the evolution of these spaces in the houses of three eras was investigated. The research method is descriptive-analytical, with an emphasis on logical reasoning. The research findings show that in the historical houses (traditional and transition period) of Kermanshah, the hierarchy in entering the house has been proportional to the needs of the residents, and this proportionality is less in the priority of attention of today's designers. Therefore, by creating a hierarchy in the entrance space, in addition to creating privacy, it is possible to achieve a proper definition of private and semi-private spaces in contemporary (modern) houses and to prevent disruption in the use and identity of other spaces.

The aim of this research is the comparative analysis of relationships and arrangement (syntax) of space in the perception of the spatial configuration of housing in Pahlavi period and contemporary houses in Urmia city. The present research method, due to the extraction of measurable and quantifiable criteria, is a combination of quantitative and qualitative strategies, which was carried out by syntactic analysis of six examples of house plans of the Pahlavi period and contemporary plans of Urmia. The findings of the research show that the spatial depth in the contemporary plans is more than the relative depth of the three plans of the Pahlavi period. The amount of connection in contemporary plans is low, in the sense that these buildings are dense. The spaces in the three sets of the Pahlavi period have a higher connection and in the three samples of the plan of the contemporary period, the difference between the spaces and the system is more. The spaces in the three sets of the Pahlavi period have a higher connection and in the three examples of the plan of the contemporary period, the difference between the spaces and the system is greater, and the level of control of the entire set in the 6 study samples is almost at the same level, except for the example of the contemporary plan 1, which has a higher level of control.