نشریه زبان و فرهنگ ملل
پیاپی 8 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Ashura or the 10th of Muharram in the year 61 AH, an incident happened in the Islamic world, which in a short period of time spread not only on the Islamic lands, but also on all the corners of the world and made the name of Karbala popular. Today, the fame of the bloody movement of Karbala and the greatness and sanctity of this courageous act are known to all the people of the world as one of the most sublime manifestations of the human spirit and anti-tyranny. Poems, eulogies and elegies of great Persian poets about Imam Hussain and the people of Ashura have a great contribution in making this event known and perpetuating. This article examines Ashura, Karbala and the martyrs of Karbala in the Mirza Mohammad Taqi Hojjat al-Islam known as "Nayyir" Tabrizi’s poetry through an analytical and descriptive approach. Considering the fact that Nayyir was a jurist and a scholar of Islam, his poetic description and analysis of this incident is worthy of consideration and he was able to look at this issue with a special perspective; and although some of his narrations is in need of more investigation, he has tried to express the incidents mainly based on reliable sources.

In the 9th and 10th centuries, Persian poetry had its greatest geographical spread. Persian poetry was supported by the Uzbeks in the northeast, the Ottomans in the west, the Babarians in the east, and the Safavids in the mainland Iran. The poem is in its transition period from Iraqi to Indian style. During the Timurid era, Herat art school was founded and started attracting artists from the surrounding areas to Herat. This period is called the resurrection of Iranian art and the renaissance of art. Literary works of the Herat School have stylistic indicators and distinctive appearances compared to the periods before and even after them. Until the end of the 10th century, Persian poetry showed a conscious moving towards some kind of innovation or transformation. Hilali Jughata’i, like other poets of this era, is influenced by the poetry of the 9th century, and has also some manifestations of the innovations of the school of occurrence. However, some consider him to be one of the guardians of the poetry of the Timurid period. Religiously speaking, Hilali was a Shia. The Timurid government was not religiously strict. They respected the beliefs of the Shias - they even engraved the names of the Shia Imams on the coins instead of the names of the Sunni caliphs. With the formation of the ideology of Safavid Shiism, the ground was paved for religious challenges; a ground in which did not spare the lives of Shia poets such as Hilali and Sunni ones like Banai Heravi Sunni. He has poems describing the Prophet and praising Imam Ali, Imam Hasan and Imam Hussain. Hilali Poetry includes his sonnets, poems, pieces and quatrains. The Mathnavi of the Shah and the Beggar and The Lovers’ Features were also composed under the influence of Nizami's works. He should be considered one of the pioneers of the change of style and the forerunners of the school of occurrence, whose poems were influential from Transoxiana and India to Iran, Ottoman Empire and Mesopotamia.

The West African region, as the largest Muslim-populated region of the African continent, can play a significant role in the developments of the Muslim world. In this context, the West African region has become a new arena of competition between Saudi Arabia and Iran in cultural fields, and the cultural movements in both countries have long focused on this part of the Black Continent. Focusing on the vitality of ideological representations in West Africa, this research tries to provide an analysis of the role of the West African region in the rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran. From this perspective, the typology of Boko Haram's performance as one of the most active terrorist groups in the West African region, which claims to establish an Islamic caliphate with the spiritual and material support of Saudi Arabia, has important strains for a cultural movements study. Applying a descriptive-analytical post-event method, this study evaluates the data based on process analysis. This research examines the effects the territorialism of Iran and Saudi Arabia has had on the Islamist movements in the West African region and evaluates the hypothesis that Iran and Saudi Arabia, using the aligned forces in West Africa, have formed a new region for Intellectual competitions. The findings of the research also show that the competition between Iran and Saudi Arabia in West Africa has significant similarities with the same competition in West Asia. Despite some undeniable achievements of Iran's soft power and cultural diplomacy in West Africa, relying on rich oil revenues, Saudi Arabia has so far managed to have the upper hand in this competition.

In each field of knowledge or each subject, without theory one cannot know the problems exactly or solve them properly. If the scientific community accepts a special understanding of a problem or the offered solution for it (not supported by a specific and qualified theory), it is because they think there should be some supplementary theory (although briefly) in the mind of the knower (subject) or the presenter of the solution. Or perhaps the scientific community considers keeping it is better than leaving it. In order to do pathology or develop the culture of each society, we need to theorize in detailed or at least briefly efficient macro theories and micro theories, through knowing the components of the theory and explaining them. Political culture needs a theory and the components of the theory include: observing justice (and equity when there is equal merit; enjoying equal opportunities, observing the rights of the individuals, groups and society, including public consent from the society’s structures, processes and different components, dimensions and lack of irrational economic gap); observing expediency, actualizing real democracy (democratizing all affairs and paving ground for public participation), freedom, scientocracy, spirituality orientation in education, rejuvenation, social solidarity, brotherhood and unity, cooperation, dignity orientation, being revolutionary, individual and national self-confidence, public guardianship (enjoining right and preventing from wrong) and effectually institutional guardianship, all types of security, citizen dignity and national dignity (in the level of the international system) and meeting different needs of the nation.

Sociopolitical developments after the Islamic Revolution of Iran formed a new cultural and identity discourse that changed the set of values, insights and attitudes of the society, and this identity and value discourse governs the principles, policies and educational programs in Iran. We discuss the nature and dimensions of the discourse of Islam. Since Islam is a great world religion, there is no need to provide a definition of this heavenly and universal religion, but it can be acknowledged that Islam is a discourse that has floating signifiers or "fluid concepts" such as Sharia, Divine law, God-centeredness, reason and metaphor, Islamic government, religious politics, justice, ummah, peace and security. These signifiers are placed in the chain of the main discourse which is "Islam" and gain meaning by referring to this discourse. In this article, the basics of policy-making based on the discourse of the Islamic Revolution have been discussed very precisely.

The present study deals with the metaphoric aspect of Romantic poetry from Roman Jakobson’s point of view. The romantic poetry is distinguished and stands remarkable through the language picked by the poet. The potency of language of romantic poetry owes to the collection of the words that have been selected not only out of intelligence but also pure feeling. The enchanting and magical language of the romantic poetry is the product of metaphoric matter that requires elaboration. Romantic literature is distinguished by the unique language which is used within it. The language that the romantics use is filled with emotion and feelings since it conveys the real feelings of the author in a tangible way through metaphors and other figurative devices. The result would be a poetic or prosaic language which is suitable for writing poetry. Consequently, the dominant genre becomes poetry in this literary movement and many great poets of England belong to this era. This thesis studies Jakobson’s metaphorical aspects of selected British Romantic Poets. The research investigates the manifestation of metaphors within romantic verses to depict how the romantic poet has been able to grasp the reality of an object and transform it into a far-fetched idea throughout the similarity of relations. To do so, the researcher would use Jakobson’s theory of language regarding metaphoric and metonymic aspects of language. Jakobson’s notions of metaphor and metonymy are investigated in selected British Romantic Poetry to show why the dominant genre for romantics is poetry not prose and metaphor is the basis for poetry in comparison to the realists for whom metonymy is the basic form. Moreover, the researcher studies syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationship within Romantic poetry to show how meanings are created through association of meanings and displacements.

Globalization is a fundamental yet transformative concept that includes various areas of international relations. The referred concept, as a moderator or organizer element in the underlying context of international relations, has provided a platform for interactive/confrontation interactions. The importance of globalization, especially in this research, is one of the changes it has made in the redistribution of power at the structural level. In this paper, alongside with the analysis of the conceptual dimension of globalization, the effects of this phenomenon on the relations between Iran and India has been surveyed. Then, beside the evaluation of the overviews of these two countries toward globalization, the capacities and limitations of the context resulting from this situation for Iran and India have been explored. in next stage, by examining the capacity provided by the globalization and other correlated factors in foreign policy and diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially in the field of Iran-India relations, the level and dimension of India-Iran interaction have been discussed. This article also examines existing factors by dividing them into two main categories of convergent and divergent, reviewing their impact and measuring their effects on Iran-India relations. Based on the findings, the factors of Iran-India convergence in the globalization environment, given India's perspective on redistribution of international power, have been meaningfully more important than the other part. However, there exists a deep uncertainty in the implementation of convergent factors in the structural level.

Textbooks are one of the appropriate tools for instilling cultural identity (national, ethnic and religious) in the course of education and there is no question that one of the most important aspects of the identity of the people in any society is their ethnic and religious identity. The appropriate and timely reflection of the cultural characteristics, religious and national identity of different ethnic groups in Afghanistan in textbooks can affect the national unity and eliminate the feeling of being a marginalized ethnic group. They also represent ethnic, identity, cultural and social diversity. Hence, the researcher seeks to examine how "ethnic identity of Hazara people" is represented in Afghanistan's middle and high school history textbooks, in terms of convergence and divergence.In this study, the history books of the middle school and high school published by the Ministry of Education of Afghanistan in 2013 SH were examined and analyzed, and the components and elements of the "Hazara" ethnic identity and how it is represented in these books were shown. This research shows that despite all claims in the republic government, there was no sign of democracy and respect for the rights of ethnic groups and minorities; rather it is a sign prevalence of the spirit of ethnocentrism and prejudice. To show this, different methods and techniques can be employed, among which is the content analysis method. Therefore, quantitative content analysis method has been applied in the present research to analyze the data.

The interpretive approach is one of the principles of mystical literature in understanding abstract phenomena. "Appearance" and "Batin" are very important as two fundamental principles in Sharia and Sufism. Interpretationalism is one of the characteristics of Ismailia, and Naser Khosrow, as the preacher of this faith, emphasizes this issue and considers Sharia and religious teachings to be both external and internal. As a mystic and an innovative theorist, Azizuddin Nasfi has used a mixture of philosophy and mystical intuition in the matter of interpretation. The present article was written based on the importance of these two terms and with the aim of explaining the religious and mystical attitudes to "exterior" and "interior" according to Nasir Khusraw and Azizuddin Nasfi, and while examining examples of the works of these two, it makes statements, even though according to Nasir Khusraw, the inner is defined in the first place. It precedes the appearance, and according to Nasfi, the exterior and interior have no meaning without each other, and sometimes the appearance becomes more important because it is a template for the inside. They are right.

The intellectual and religious context of Muslim countries during the last two centuries has been the focus of the emergence and ups and downs of numerous intellectual and religious orders and movements that have emerged in the intellectual geography and theoretical framework of these societies and have turned into a social reality managing to have a part of society come along with them. In the meantime, Deobandi is one of the most important contemporary Sunni movements, which has an influential role in the political and social developments of the region, and is considered the birthplace of various religious currents. The proper recognition and investigation of this issue in the wide scope of its activities in various scientific and cultural, propagandistic, political and possibly military fields, and knowing the extent of the influence of this movements and the related ones in directing the past and present developments of the region, can certainly play an important role in the way we look at the current developments of this geographical area, have a future perspective of these developments and a more realistic planning to face the issues of the day.

Twelver Sunnism refers to a belief and trend based on which a person, while practicing any of the Sunni jurisprudential schools (Hanafi, Shafi'i, Maliki, or Hanbali), holds the fragrance of his heart towards the authority of the Imams of Ahl al-Bayt. This has appeared in a variety of forms such as: expressing personal devotion to the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt (a.s.), standing in positions aligned with the intellectual and religious foundations of Shia, or frequent references to the traditions transmitted by the Imams of the Ahl al-Bayt (a.s.) in their works. This article firstly proved the existence of "the Twelver Sunnis" throughout the history of Islam, and then it explains and evaluates this trend as a living movement and a common and constructive ground in the rational coexistence of followers of Shiism and Sunnism within the Muslim societies in general, and in Afghanistan in particular.   The author claims that the Twelver Sunni is a respectable and popular movement among the Sunnis and among the elders of the Sunnis. However, because it poses in the purgatory between Sunni and Shia, it has not been noticed by either of them. And this requires that it be studied and investigated in terms of historical and cultural special subjects.

In Islam, man is known as the main element in the development of civilizations, and according to the teachings of the Qur’an and Sunnah, the basis of social transformations and changes in human societies is the psychological and spiritual basis of man, so man can be considered the main and only factor in the emergence and collapse of civilizations. Making Islamic civilization is based  on Islamic knowledge and the human being who believes in God, is the builder of civilization. The purpose of this research is to explain the characteristics of the person who builds civilization from the perspective of Islam. Our methodology in this research is descriptive and analytical, and it was collected and documented with the sources and references available in the libraries. Then, through the investigations, the critique of the foundations of humanism and its view of religion and man in building civilization, the relationship between the prosperity of this world and the hereafter, and the relationship between the message of the prophets and their educational approach and the building of civilization becomes clear. The result of this study shows that building civilization is a process based on the beliefs of the person who believes in God. In this article, we try to answer the following four questions:What are the characteristics of the human being who built civilization from the perspective of Islam?What are the characteristics of the human being who built civilization from the perspective of humanism?What are the common denominators and differences for each of these two theories?What are the important discussions that respond to the humanization perspective in the characteristics of the human being who built civilization?.