نشریه توسعه پایدار محیط جغرافیایی
پیاپی 7 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Paying attention to citizens' rights is essential in planning sustainable neighborhoods. So, sustainable planning in the neighborhood centered on citizens' rights can bring their satisfaction and a sustainable city by supporting and meeting the needs of the citizens.  From the point of view of citizenship, the stable neighborhood has various citizenship rights in different functional, spatial and physical, social and cultural dimensions. An issue that has been neglected in the residential contexts of Iran, and the rights of citizens of neighborhoods have been ignored. This research aims to identify the dimensions and criteria of citizenship rights in the neighborhood from the perspective of urban planning, which was carried out with the text content analysis research method with an interdisciplinary strategy.

The current research is based on descriptive-analytical methods in which data is collected through documentaries, library reviews, and field observations. First, the research components have been clarified according to the topic, and then the indicators of each component have been compiled in a diagram format. Case samples, including Maqsodieh and Manzarieh neighborhoods, have been introduced and the research framework in the samples has been tested and evaluated through the distribution of questionnaires. Based on this, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through an interview with ten urban planning experts, and the adequacy of the number, or the distribution to the extent of the result, or the number of 384 questionnaires was obtained through Cochran's formula and distributed among 500 families of residents in each neighborhood. In order to make a comparative comparison of these two case samples, the questioning process is such that 384 questionnaires have been distributed in each neighborhood (Maqsodieh and Manzarieh). Moreover, in this questionnaire, 14 indicators have been asked. The respondents who are families and residents in the mentioned neighborhoods should rate these indicators between 1 and 5. In the end, a question has been asked about the quality of life in the neighborhood, the evaluation score of which is 100.

The results obtained from the questionnaire have been prepared in the form of a diagram, and the percentage of each index has been shown separately in each neighborhood. Manzarieh neighborhood in terms of indicators of livability and climatic comfort, health and cleanliness of the environment, health and sports of the family, stability and natural vitality, comfort and peace of the family, compatibility - stability and responsiveness, safety and security, fun and entertainment of the family, satisfaction, the sense of place and the quality of life of the neighborhood is ranked higher than that of Maqsoodiyeh. Maqsoodiyeh neighborhood is also ranked higher than the neighborhood in terms of walkability, economic prosperity, quality of life, family participation and neighborhood, attendance, and children's education. Due to its proximity to the Tabriz Bazaar as the city's economic heart, Maqsoodiye neighborhood has a relatively favorable economic prosperity and quality of life compared to Manzarieh. Manzarieh neighborhood has good permeability because it is one of the newly built neighborhoods of Tabriz city, and there are more green spaces and sports per capita in this neighborhood than Maqsoodiyeh neighborhood. According to the theoretical and field studies of the current research, the rights of citizens in the sustainable planning of a neighborhood are in different dimensions and have various indicators. According to the Iranian-Islamic culture, each neighborhood can create patterns and have various manifestations. In this regard, we can mention the Iranian garden, and it can also be said that the climate of each neighborhood plays a special role concerning the different patterns presented in each neighborhood. Therefore, cultural, religious, climatic, and other factors should be considered in the designs.

In this research, neighborhood planning components based on citizenship rights include environmental and health, functional, social, economic, and cultural. Related indicators also include livability and climatic comfort, health and cleanliness of the environment, sustainability and natural vitality, family health and sports, walkability, family comfort and tranquility, adaptability, efficiency and responsiveness, safety and security, family fun and entertainment, economic prosperity, and quality of life, sense of place and satisfaction, presence and education of children, social participation and neighborhood of families, and neighborhood quality of life. The case study includes two neighborhoods of Maqsoodiyeh and Manzariyeh, in Tabriz, which Maqsoodiyeh neighborhood is located in the District 8 of Tabriz, and Manzariyeh in the District 3 of Tabriz. The final result of the field survey on the quality of neighborhood life shows that Manzarieh neighborhood has a significant superiority in terms of sustainable neighborhood planning indicators, with a score of 73.6% over Maqsodieh, with a score of 38.5%.

Considering the critical importance of the location factor in the interpretation of various phenomena, the discussion of spatial data mining is relevant. The spatial and geographical distribution of Brucellosis incidence, some of the most important studies are as follows:Abbasi et al. (2019) explored the dependence laws of Brucellosis occurrence in humans using data mining of spatial features. The research results show that temperature and altitude factors had more effects on the discovered laws; hence, areas with higher temperatures and lower altitudes than other areas included more sick people. Azad Khani et al. (2018) analyzed Brucellosis's spatial and temporal analysis in Iran from 2011 to 2015 using GIS. The results of this study indicate that the incidence of the disease does not follow a linear process (P <0.001) was the highest and lowest incidence of disease in mid-summer and winter. Ren et al. (2013) examined Brucellosis's spatial and time clusters in Ecuador. This study found meaningful spatial clusters in the north and south highlands and the Amazon parts of Ecuador. Finally, Abdullah Yu et al. (2012), in a study, analyzed the temporal and spatial distribution of human Brucellosis in Azerbaijan from 1995 to 2009 using spatial and temporal statistics.

In this research, with spatial analysis and spatial data mining, to the analysis of geographic dispersion, the relationship between the prevalence of Brucellosis in humans with environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, pressure, and precipitation in the villages and cities of Ilam province has been discussed. The statistical population of this research is people suffering from Malt fever during the years (2015-2021) in Ilam province.Spatial data were obtained from climatic conditions (temperature, humidity, rainfall, and pressure) in the study area of the Ilam meteorological organization.

In the province's urban areas, the highest density of Brucellosis patients is found in Ilam city and the lowest in Malekshahi. In the meantime, the disease cases in the village have been significantly higher than in the city in all years. The lowest number of cases of the disease was observed in 2016, and the highest number of cases was observed in 2022, of which the highest frequency belongs to men (56.3), and the lowest number belongs to women (43.7). The highest density of diseases shown as a hot spot is in the northern and western parts of the province; although in some southern cities of the province, the density of the studied diseases was high, it was not shown as a hot spot in the final map.

The results of this research indicate that the spatial distribution of the disease during the studied statistical period in Moran's statistical index indicates the clustering of the geographical distribution of Brucellosis in the province. Also, the analysis and spatial distribution of hot spots showed the number of people suffering from this type of disease that the northern counties of the province as areas with high rural and urban populations, are in hot clusters, and the western counties as areas with less rural and urban population are in cold clusters. The findings show a relationship between the incidence of Brucellosis with temperature, precipitation, etc., the patient's occupation, the history of contact with livestock, and the type of place (urban-rural).

During recent decades, fair urban planning has always been considered by urban thinkers, and urban development without justice has been discussed as a source of inequality and class differences. In this regard, one of the basic roots of the emergence of injustice in cities is considered to be the production and distribution of rent, rent seeking and rent generation of urban planning systems. In Iran, the existence of rent as one of the main factors causing inequality has been considered by urban experts. Although there have been many researches about rent in connection with urban issues in Iran, these researches have partially dealt with the issue of rent in cities and there is a need for a research to achieve a macro view in relation to rent in the urban planning system of Iran. Therefore, the present research has dealt with the qualitative meta-analysis of articles related to rent in Iran's urban planning system.

 The current research has analyzed the content of the rent issue in general by using qualitative research methods. In the present research, at first, by using documentary and library reviews and by using the meta-analysis method, it was tried to investigate the researches about rent in the urban planning system of Iran. To determine how much research has been done on rent and how it appears in the urban planning system of Iran, and also to determine what deficiencies and issues exist in this connection. To determine how much research has been done on rent and how it appears in the urban planning system of Iran, and also to determine what deficiencies and issues exist in this connection.In this regard, first, all the content of the articles was carefully read and coded in MAXQDA software with open coding method, which resulted in the extraction of more than 1300 codes related to rent in the urban planning system of Iran. Then, all thecodes were labeled and analyzed in relation to the urban planning system of Iran. Then, DPSIR method was used to analyze the codes and obtain the macro-components and mechanisms of rent-generating activities and the effects and consequences of rent-generating in Iran's urban planning system. In this regard, the open codes extracted in the first stage were analyzed with the axial coding method. Then, selective coding was done using MAXmap in MAXQDA software, and driving forces causing rents, pressures and currents arising from driving forces, situations created in rents and consequences affected by the situation were identified.

Examining the frequent codes of the studied articles shows that the most frequent codes are: The weakness of the tax system, the rentier government, the destruction of the incentive to produce, the sale of density, the class differences in the city, the sale of urban standards, land and housing speculation, injustice, rent in budgeting and legislation, effortless income, abundant natural resources, lack of Appropriate sources of income, distribution of government rent, weak institutional infrastructure, licensing of rent, government authoritarianism, weakening of civil society, weakening of democracy.The existence of the weakness of the tax system, along with issues such as the sale of density and urban regulations and lack of suitable sources of income, among the most frequent codes, shows that the weakness of institutional financing in Iran's urban planning system plays an important role in relation to rent. On the other hand, the existence of other frequent codes such as eliminating production motivation, land and housing speculation, effortless income, and increasing tendency to rent-seeking, indicates that the weakness of public financing also has an important effect on the rent generation of the urban development system. Also, the presence of frequent codes such as the authoritarianism of the government and the rentier government against the weakening of civil society and the weakening of democracy is also interesting.

The results of the present research show that the continuation of the production and distribution of rent in the society leads to the reduction of healthy competition in the society and increases the spirit of rent-seeking in the society, causes the weakening of democracy and spreads injustice. It also leads to the weakening of economic and political structures and leads to deviation in the allocation of resources. Also, the decrease in the quality of public institutions and the lack of formation of a proper tax system are other consequences of the continued production and distribution of rent in the country.

 Based on the research background, it can be stated that the previous researches are about evaluating crisis management, presenting a crisis management model, providing a solution to measure the vulnerability of cities to earthquakes, etc. Hence, the difference between the present study and the previous researches is that it shows the damage of crisis management from spatial aspects. In addition, according to the description of the tasks of the 14 crisis management working teams, with emphasis on the integrated management approach (which has not been performed in any of them), the present study attempts to fill this research gap.

 The research method is descriptive-analytical and applied in terms of purpose. The data collection method is documentary and survey, as in order to extract earthquake crisis management indicators and develop theoretical bases from the documentary method and note taking tool; and to measure the research indicators in the scope of the study, the survey method and the researcher-made questionnaire have been used. The statistical population of the research consists of experts and specialists in the field of city and urban crisis management who have adequate knowledge and expertise on the topic under study. Due to the unknown size of the statistical population, the sampling is non-random, purposeful method, and its size was considered to reach scientific saturation (50 people). For data analysis, independent one-sample t-tests were used to examine the average dimensions of earthquake crisis management. Also, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used to rank the research components. Finally, spatial statistics in the GIS software environment and the IDW interpolation method were used to show the spatial distribution of the condition of crisis management damage in Salas Babajani city.

 The results of the research show that the condition of crisis management indicators indicates that, in general, the condition of crisis management against earthquakes is not suitable. The highest and lowest averages are close to each other in all five rural districts of Salas Babajani and follow a single pattern. It should be said that, in general, in terms of location, by moving away from the center of the city towards the marginal areas, especially towards the southwestern and northern borders of the city, the crisis management indicators show a worse situation. In other words, the more we move away from the political center of the city- Taze Abad city, located in the Dashte-Hor rural district, the situation of crisis management indicators is very unsuitable. This issue shows that according to the centralized political structure of Iran and region, activities and services in the crisis management sector are also provided by a centralized method. In addition, the structure of the natural environment also caused the unsuitable situation of the eastern part of the city, namely the northern and southern rural districts, because in these areas the slope of the land and the height above the ground are high, so the services provision are disrupted in different stages.

 The general idea of the present study is that the political contexts and processes governing management system in Iran operate similarly at a regional scale. In other words, structural requirements at the regional scale continue to increase concentration some areas. Similar studies performed by other researchers about crisis management in different regions of Iran indicate consistency with the results of this research because most of them have emphasized on the role of centralization and lack of integrated management in regions and provinces. Thus, based on the results of this research, it can be said: as long as a residential order cannot solve the crisis management problem in the various fields of prevention, preparedness, response and recovery, the gap between residential areas and the lack of integrated management should experience and tolerate under the requirements of sectorial management. It is obvious that until the upstream concentrated national and regional contexts, processes and mechanisms are not modified, the management at national, regional and local scale don’t achieve the sustainable balance.

Man-Environment interaction is often not desirable in today's societies due to recent social trends such as population growth, increasing urban tendency, restrictions and impositions that inevitably lead to inappropriate architectural, urban design, and special lifestyles. The Issue brings to mind the ancient concept of utopia, in which one of the main aspects has always been the interaction with nature. So, it turns to the interpretation of ecological utopia today, under a realistic view. Accordingly, paying attention to the city as the main human living space requires more concentration on ecology and nature, especially in terms of morality. In other words, to create a naturalist city must pay attention to the ecological dimensions and indicators, which is possible by emphasizing the sustainability approaches in terms of the formation and management of cities and their territories. In this regard, biophilic urbanism as an approach to sustainability strategies has received increasing attention in recent years, which in addition to pursuing that in the environmental dimensions includes themes related to social sustainability, especially ethical principles, and encourages the correct use of natural systems in the design of the built environment as a result. This study has attempted to clarify the effectiveness and position of this fledgling approach in achieving the goals of the ecological utopia in the contemporary world.

Methods and Materials:

According to the criteria and indices considered in biophilic urbanism, this research has concluded its essential components in a documentary study. It suggests integrating them into an ecological utopia approach using a descriptive-adaptive analysis. Regarding this, the present study is developmental and applied in terms of purpose that seeks to expand and explain the criteria, formulate indicators, and refine the mechanism of achieving sustainable cities in a large-scale futuristic attitude and in this way, it has used a qualitative content analysis by descriptive coding, and of course, a critical approach. Therefore, this effort provides a platform for clarifying the process of achieving ecological utopias by using urban biophilic knowledge and making it possible to give correct direction to effective policies in contemporary urban management. Thus, in addition to the review-analytic aspect, the present article also has an original and innovative face.

The results indicate that the actualization of the transcendent phenomenon of utopia should be sought in the concept of ecological utopia, in the contemporary era and with a realistic view. This requires the adoption of a multidimensional approach consisting of three functional and effective indicators of political-governmental, cultural-social, and physical-economic and measuring their individual, combined, and cyclic effects on five environmental and impressionable indicators of land, water, air, waste, and energy in the form of research-proposed complementary-evolutionary pattern based on the biophilic tendency. This is where the irreplaceable role of morality shows itself in regulating all types of human relations in the different contexts of physical, natural, social, and political environments, more and more. Because without paying attention to the truth of morality, nothing will sustain and so, it must be acknowledged that if ethical principles remain limited to words and are not evident in the governmental performance and the daily behavior of the people, not only would not have a positive effect, but also leads to the accumulation of social complexes, disgust,  further destruction of the society, and the ever-increasing cultural decline because of the aggregation of deception and hypocrisy.

Despite being achievable, it is evident that a revolution in the relationship between human culture and nature will be needed on micro and macro scales to achieve the contemporary utopia due to the many requirements based on the abovementioned areas. In this regard, recognition of the important elements involved in the system (biophilic planning and design as a tool and approach to confronting the problem; Morality as the necessary foundation to realize the approach; sustainability as the ultimate goal, and finally, ecological utopia as a desirable product of the process) is extremely important, which should be considered in strategic planning at national and international levels.

Earth's surface temperature is an important factor in global warming studies, and today it is the main challenge for many researchers worldwide. With remote sensing technology, it is possible to evaluate the temperature of the earth's surface and land use changes during different years with the help of satellite images, thermal infrared radiation, and physical models. In environmental studies, due to the location and location of the observations in the sample space, traditional statistics cannot be used due to the continuous structure of time and space. For this purpose, spatial statistics (spatial autocorrelation) is a suitable and new method for analyzing these data.

In this research, satellite data related to Landsat 5 and 8 images for the years 1990 and 2020 were obtained from the American Geological Survey. After correcting the images, the land use maps of Jiroft city were prepared and using the combination of visible and infrared bands, land use maps were prepared. The transformation of different land use classes and their changes during these years were analyzed in IDRISI software. Also, 150 control points from Google Earth were exploited to evaluate the accuracy of classified maps. In order to obtain the temperature of the earth's surface, the thermal bands of the received Landsat images were used. In two steps, the spectral radiance was converted to the temperature of the black body, and the surface temperature of the earth's surface was calculated. Finally, to reveal the spatial pattern of local differences, the local Moran's spatial autocorrelation statistic has been exerted.

The results showed that from 1990 to 2020, part of barren and flood channel lands was converted into water areas, which increased with the dam's construction after 1990. The average temperature of the earth's surface increased by 11.1 degrees in 30 years, which can be seen in all uses. The reason for this increase can be seen as the increase in air temperature. Another reason for the increase in the temperature of the earth's surface is the increase in construction in the region. The classification of the earth's surface temperature classes showed that the very hot and warm classes in the southern parts increased in 2020, and the average (most change) and cold classes decreased. The local spatial correlation statistics analysis results showed that hot clusters are gradually concentrated in southern regions and cool clusters in northern and northeastern regions.

The findings of this research showed that despite the increase in agricultural and garden use and the decrease in barren areas, the earth's surface temperature would increase to a large extent in all uses. Although manufactured areas are also increasing, the main reason for the temperature of the earth's surface can be considered the increase in air temperature and climate change.

Planning and housing researchers and experts including Mitlin (2007), Al-Aghabari et al. (2011), Litman (2016), Oraj (2019), Ziyari et al. (2019), Arshin and Sarwar (2016), have addressed the issue of housing for low-income groups. The aim of the current research is to achieve the main hypothesis of the research, that is, investigating the consequences of the housing economic crisis on the stable security of low-income households (in this research, low-income households are the ones that, due to low monthly salaries or temporary and permanent unemployment, cannot afford housing as their basic need, either in the form of buying, renting or they do not have a mortgage) in the metropolis of Tehran, so that the main economic factors playing a role in the fluctuations of the housing market and as a result of the increase in housing prices in Tehran will be evaluated.

The current research is of applied type and its method is descriptive-analytical. In order to collect information and data, library methods, electronic databases, as well as field studies, interviews and researcher-made questionnaires were employed. The statistical population consists of experts in the field of housing, urban planners (including professors and students of urban planning) and housing experts working in municipalities and urban planning department of Tehran. Questionnaires and interviews were completed virtually and through various communication channels. 100 urban planning and housing specialists in Tehran were selected as samples based on snowball sampling. By using virtual snowball sampling, a number of samples were contacted and interviewed and questionnaires were completed. The general method of completing the questionnaires and interviews was exponential sampling without discrimination. After completing the questionnaires, which included 30 main items about the main topic of the research and 6 questions about the level of information of the samples about the research topic and 5 questions about their characteristics, SPSS26 software and descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (one-sample t-test, Friedman) were used to analyze the data, and Cronbach's alpha was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. The value of alpha in the 30 main items of the research was 0.918, which showed the internal reliability of the questions.

The results show that there are items playing a role in the problem discussed including the lack of access to affordable housing for citizens, fluctuations in housing prices and household savings, housing construction, the role of municipalities and the increase in housing prices, the role of builders in the fluctuations of the housing market, land prices and its impact. The presence of brokers in the housing market and the increase in housing prices, the lack of firm rules in determining housing prices, and the prevalence of speculation play a role in housing price fluctuations in Tehran. The results of the prioritization of housing economic crises show that the presence of brokers in the housing market with an average rating of (7.70) is the most and the land price and its effect on housing price fluctuations is the least effective items.

 The results show that the economic factors that play a role in housing price fluctuations have influenced the stable security of low-income households in Tehran, and the effect of each of the economic factors that play a role in housing price fluctuations on the stable security of low-income households is different, and the presence of brokers in the housing market is ranked first and the lack of access to affordable housing is ranked last in terms of importance.

 Despite the importance of the subject in sustainable urban development, few studies have been carried out so far. In these papers, the condition of urban governance in the studied areas has been investigated and they found that there is a relationship between urban governance and quality of life, and the better the situation of good urban governance indicators, the better the quality of life in the studied area. Given the great importance of two subject areas of quality of life and good urban governance on the one hand and the crucial role of national conditions in local situations on the other hand, the association between these two is examined in the present study. The current study is aimed to analyze the effects of good urban governance on improving the quality of life of citizens in District 1 of Shiraz metropolitan. Considering the importance of the research subject, and because a few studies have been conducted in this field, in this article, the impacts of good urban governance on the improvement of the quality of life in District 1 of Shiraz city have been investigated in order to be effective on the planning for improving the quality of life of citizens.

This study is descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The statistical population consists of the residents of District 1 in Shiraz city. 384 questionnaires were randomly completed by individuals using Cochran's method. For data collection, a part of the work has been done theoretically: books, papers, thesis, researches and computer searches have been used to find articles and thesis from abroad. According to the objectives of the research and its nature, the impacts of good urban governance on improving the quality of urban life have been examined using a questionnaire. This research has a technical, practical and developmental nature and relies on field and statistical methods. Considering that the minimum relative content validity coefficient for 5 judges is equal to 0.99, because the value of this coefficient was calculated for all questions in the questionnaire greater than 0.99, it can be stated that the data collection measure of the current research has acceptable content validity. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the research checklist was calculated as 0.7. Hence, the research checklist has acceptable reliability, and finally, single-sample analysis and factor analysis were performed.

The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) test as a statistical measure is used to determine how suited data collected is for factor analysis. Kaiser (1977) determines the minimum KMO as 0.60, for indicating sufficient items for each factor, the value should be greater than 0.60. In this research, KMO coefficient is equal to 0.672. The factors obtained from exploratory factor analysis are about 5 items. The first factor, which is the most important one (participation), accounted for 23.01 % of the variance, and the second and third factors (transparency and accountability, efficiency and justice) have 13.60 and 10.56 % of the variance. This indicates that the first factor has a great impact on improving the quality of life of citizens in District 1 of Shiraz city. The third and subsequent factors that dedicated for less than 10% of the variance (rule of law and accountability) are much less important than the first factor. It is worth noting that, in total, 62.96% of the variance of the dimension of good urban governance is presented by these five factors, which can be effective because it is more than 60%. Given the lower and upper positive limits of all five factors and considering that the mean of all five factors is more than 3 tested cases, it can be said that good urban governance has a direct and significant impact on the quality of life.

 The results of the one-sample t-test showed that the indicators of good urban governance have a direct and significant impact on the quality of life. Also, we found that the variable of providing platform for the opportunity of public participation has the highest score among others. The factors obtained from the exploratory factor analysis include: the first factor - the most important factor- "participation", the second factor "transparency and accountability", the third factor "efficiency and justice", the fourth factor "rule of law" and the fifth factor "responsibility". In total, 62.96% of the variance of the dimension of good urban governance is presented by these five factors, which can be useful, as it is more than 60%. Based on the results of the research, there is a significant relationship between the indicators of urban governance and the improvement of the quality of life. It was found that the better the conditions of the sustainability of good urban governance and its relevant elements, the better the urban life quality.

Background and purpose:

Design of buildings based on climate is a method that helps to reduce energy demand of buildings for heating and cooling to use natural energy sources in order to create more comfort and reduce the use of fossil fuels in buildings. The objectives of this strategy include reducing the loss of thermal energy of buildings, reducing the effects of wind on the loss of thermal energy of buildings, providing ventilation of the interior spaces, benefiting from suitable outside climate, benefiting from solar energy for the heating demand of buildings and protecting buildings from sunlight.

Materials and Methods:

 In this study, the design strategy of educational buildings based on climate of Dezful has been developed. For this purpose, the hourly data of the Dezful synoptic station during1986-2019 were used by Climate Consultant and ASHRAE Standard 55. After receiving and standardizing the hourly data of various atmospheric elements, and loading these data into Climate Consultant, the results have been analyzed and the most suitable architectural model for the educational centers of Dezful has been proposed.

Findings and discussion :

Based on the output strategies of Climate Consultant and field visits to the schools of Dezful, the architecture of both the old and new schools, 9 strategies were developed and proposed for the sustainable design of schools in this city based on the factors affecting comfort and the principles such as window shading, high thermal mass, evaporative cooling, forced ventilation by fan and heating in addition to humidity, for the maximum use of the climatic capabilities of Dezful for school activities and avoidance of adverse climate, the most suitable orientation for light-reflecting structures and openings is the south first and second directions close to it for the schools of Dezful. For schools that have already been built and there is no other choice but to use these schools, by planting trees along the walls and undesired openings, the adverse effects of solar radiation can be minimized. The results of the field visits to the city's schools showed that for the design and construction of the new schools, the direction of the south is observed more than the old schools.

 The conflict between architecture and climate leads to an increase in energy use for cooling and heating of buildings; which has negative economic and environmental consequences in addition to mental and psychological health damage for the residents. Therefore, it is necessary to know the climate of each region and determine the standard for spaces according to the climate of each region. As a result, the design of high-performance educational buildings requires the use of accurate and scientific models and software. The study results showed that Climate Consultant 5.5 is highly effective on the design of educational spaces to discover climate design ideas in educational buildings. Therefore, this software should be used for the design of educational spaces in other cities of the province. Given that children and adolescents are more vulnerable to adverse climate in residential and educational spaces compared to adults, and in these spaces, climatic comfort and peace of mind are very important to increase the quality of education. The building design compatible with the climate is very important. To achieve this desired model, the use of walls and openings along the south or directions close to it towards the southeast is the most suitable for the design of educational spaces. 17 strategies were developed and proposed for the design and construction of schools in this city. These strategies can be a document for designers and engineers to achieve the design and construction of schools and educational spaces in Dezful based on its climate.

This planet has a complex and interconnected system the advancement of technology and the increase in population growth and the change in human lifestyle has caused the growth of human activities and put pressure on the power of the biosphere. Social and economic development directly relates to the sustainable management of natural resources. Improper use has caused the ecosystem to deteriorate gradually, and governments have been forced to invest in natural infrastructure to replace the ecosystem services destroyed due to the project's construction. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been declared one of the essential tools for managing and protecting the environment and ensuring the sustainable development of the planning system. Unfortunately, the most important issue to be considered is the achievement of economic profit from the project in question. The result of such growth and development is the emergence of consequences such as water and soil, erosion, destruction of forests, reduction of biological diversity, destruction of the ozone layer, climate change, and data resources. Due to the lack of proper performance, lack of consideration for monetary value, and lack of attention to ecosystem services, the decisions made to reject or review projects often need to be more accurate and practical. This research aims to create a methodological guide integrating ES in EIA. This new and practical work is significant for road and railway projects. Because these projects are built on a very large scale and in addition to destroying a part of the ecosystem, they prevent the movement of animals in the ecology nest. In the long term, this will reduce biodiversity and ecosystem services.

In this applied research, the implementation process and solutions to eliminate the executive directive's shortcomings in assessing the environmental effects of road and railway projects have been investigated using library studies. A questionnaire was designed to survey executive experts and teachers in this field based on the weaknesses, strengths, threats, and opportunities. The number of people in question was determined using the Delphi method. A questionnaire was collected among 30 experts with more than 5 years of experience in this field and analyzed by Excel software.

 The results have been analyzed using the SWOT technique to identify and analyze the threats and opportunities in the external environment of the Environmental Protection Organization, as well as the internal strengths and weaknesses of the organization. The matrix obtained in the house is considered weaknesses and opportunities, so compatibility should be used in the form of efforts to reduce weaknesses, including lack of specialized guidelines for each project, prioritizing economic conditions and the needs of the current generation, investigating environmental factors separately without considering the ecological relationship, etc., as well as making the most of available opportunities. Through the investigations, it was concluded that there are major gaps in implementing the environmental impact assessment directive in Iran, one of the most important of which is the quality results of this directive and its lack of specialization for each project. Due to the lack of appropriate executive structure, lack of calendar to monetary value, and lack of attention to ecosystem services, the decisions taken to reject or approve projects often need to be more accurate and practical.

 The results show that the weaknesses and threats of the evaluation guidelines are clear, and one of the best solutions is to quantify the evaluation results in addition to the specialization of the guidelines. On the other hand, devaluing ecosystem services has been understood by experts, and a new approach is needed in the country. In the end, it is suggested that specific guidelines for environmental impact assessment should be developed for each project. Legal valuation policies should be developed in the evaluation guidelines, as well as corrective measures such as changing environmental impact assessment criteria and indicators, using the specialized and private sectors, and informing managers and policymakers of the importance of Ecosystem services, the establishment of the National Environmental Fund in order to allocate consulting fees and support consultants in order to build trust should be applied in the evaluation guidelines.

The annual loss of soil in the world is about 75 billion tons. In Iran, soil erosion is one of the most important environmental problems, and in Iran's catchments, soil erosion increased by 800% between 1951 and 2002. The significant decrease in the performance of Iran's catchments due to a large amount of erosion indicates the increasing necessity of monitoring and following up on this destructive phenomenon. Dendrogeomorphology is a technique that has been very successful in describing and determining geomorphological processes. Dendrogeomorphology is a very flexible method to assess soil erosion and can be used as a data source to determine the reliability of data obtained from direct estimation techniques. The purpose of this research is to investigate the state of sheet erosion in the Nachi watershed using the dendrogeomorphology technique on the oak tree's protruding roots as the region's dominant species. Considering the limited nature of such studies in Iran and the very fragile situation of the studied area, and the risk of filling up the reservoir of Zrebar Lake, which is very important from the point of view of the environment, it is necessary to study the situation of sheet erosion and soil wastage and sediment trans.

In order to achieve the research objectives, after collecting and preparing the primary information, including written information, statistical data, maps, and pictures, a preliminary area survey was carried out, and sampling sites were selected. The samples were prepared according to the program, based on the status of the catchment (according to the land use of the catchment and the direction of the range, the desired work units were selected in places with exposed roots). Based on this, different samples were taken in two different forests, agriculture uses, and western, eastern, and southern directions. All the samples were prepared from the oak tree species, which is the absolute majority in the study area. Finally, 64 samples were selected from the collected samples that could analyze the growth rings' anatomy. Discs harvested from the roots were used to reveal the vegetative rings of the discs by polishing and cutting the surfaces. Using a sanding machine, it was gradually polished with different grades to clear the growth ring border. Then, the disks were measured in the laboratory to determine the first year of root emergence and to determine the width of vegetative rings using a Lin-Tab 5 device equipped with a binocular microscope and specialized T-Sap chronology software with an accuracy of 0.01 mm.

This research showed that in the Nachi catchment, surface soil erosion in agricultural use (average erosion rate 2.43 mm per year) compared to forest use (average erosion rate 0.6 mm per year) is about 4 times. The results of the statistical tests also showed that the type of land use affects the average annual surface erosion rate in the studied basin. Also, this study found that different geographical directions do not affect the average annual surface erosion rate of the Nachi catchment. Comparing erosion values in agricultural and forest use shows the importance of natural covers' protective and important role in preserving the soil and preventing its erosion and wastage. Various studies in the world and Iran have shown that in recent decades, there has been an increasing increase in land use changes, that these changes have the basis of increasing runoff and affecting the amount of soil loss, comparing erosion in the agricultural area with the forest area, showing the protective and important role of the covers. Natural and forests have a valuable role in preserving the soil and preventing erosion and wastage of soil.

The results of this research reveal the necessity of paying more attention to studies on the possibility of modification and change of land use in these areas. The change in land use and the negative effects caused by human interference are not only in the basin itself but also in places outside the occurrence of erosion in the form of accumulation on high-quality agricultural lands, pastures, water storage sources, and irrigated canals. Also, the creation of pollution by sediments and heavy metals and accompanying chemicals, especially the threat to the very fragile ecosystem of Zrebar Lake, is more evident today than ever before. It is suggested to use another method parallel to this method in future works to validate the obtained erosion rate. In future studies, sampling should also be done from the northern slopes for a more detailed investigation of the effect of the slope directions on soil erosion.

In this research, the approaches of good urban governance and sustainable development of tourism have been used. In relation to the approach of good urban governance, several variables have been presented by valid international organizations, which include the variables of effectiveness, justice, accountability, participation, security and electronic/smart management. Sustainable development of tourism is another approach used in this research; besides, this approach has different dimensions that are classified into three categories: physical-environmental, demographic-social, and economic- institutional. Inside and outside the country, some researches have been conducted in this field, each of which has examined this issue from a specific aspect. So far none of the aspects have analyzed the relationship between good governance and sustainable development of tourism in different cities, and this is exactly the innovation of this research.

Methods and materials:

 The scope of this research is the cities of East Azarbaijan province, which have been selected by considering various criteria such as the city size, geographical distribution of cities at the province, and management and economic conditions, so that the research results can be generalized to all cities. The selected cities are: Tabriz, Bonab and Kalibar. The current research is theoretical-applied research and the comparative investigation of which is based on correlational and analytical methods. Data collection was done based on documentary and survey methods (interviews and questionnaires). Data analysis is a quantitative method that uses descriptive and inferential statistical tests (including multivariate analysis of variance, F statistic, LSD, single-sample T, and Spearman correlation coefficient). The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula with a confidence factor of 95%, which was equal to 384, 382 and 369 people in each of the cities of Tabriz, Bonab and Kalibar respectively. Questioning was done online and the sampling method was based on a simple random method. The scoring of the items in the questionnaires has been done based on the Likert spectrum (five spectrums), so that the very low option is assigned 1 point, and the very high option is assigned 5 points. Option 3 also stands in the middle. The reliability of the research is based on Cronbach's alpha, which is equal to 0.80 and indicates acceptable reliability. The validity of the research also is based on the construct validity.

Surveys indicate that the status of good governance indicators in the cities of Tabriz and Bonab is at an average level (with averages of 2.16 and 2.53, respectively), and in the city of Kalibar is at an appropriate level (with an average of 3.10). Sustainable tourism development indicators were examined in the studied cities and the results showed that the highest sustainability of tourism development has been related to the city of Kalibar (with a coefficient of 3.3); whereas, the lowest stability has been related to the city of Tabriz (with a coefficient of 2.9), which indicates the managers’ ignorance in this field. The results of Spearman's correlation coefficient indicate that there is a significant relationship between level of good urban governance and sustainable development of tourism; In other words, as quality of city governance has improved, the sustainability of their tourism development has increased either. Several factors are influential in aligning the quality of urban governance and the sustainability of tourism development, among which the size of the city, the extent of citizens’ nativity, and the degree of participation in urban management might be mentioned.

The present study argues that with the increase in the quality of urban governance, tourism sustainable development would be more tangible. In order to improve the situation of urban tourism in big cities (Tabriz and to some extent Bonab), the approach of good urban governance in the administration of cities has been suggested. The next step is to increase monitoring mechanisms, which, are currently very poor and this problem has caused an increase in rent-seeking and corruption in the urban management system. Finally, supporting the realization of integrated urban management for the purpose of coordination of the urban tourism development measures and programs, and prevention of the wastage of financial resources is another measure that might help improve the quality of urban governance and more sustainable development of tourism in these cities.