نشریه الفکر السیاسی الاسلامی
پیاپی 3 (الربیع و الصیف 2022)

The present study seeks to deal with the question on the nature of objectives of freedom based on the method of thematic interpretation of the Holy Qur'an. In this regard, in order to provide the interaction with the Holy qur'an to be possible, first the anthropological foundations of freedom organized based on Tafsir Al-Mizan is dealt with. Accordingly, freedom is identified as the superior need of Caliph of Allah in universe that in order to take advantage of this need, freedom must refine all arrogance and independent understanding related to itself. Then, by focusing on the element of "true" as the axis of freedom, he should adjust his interactions and relationships in social life so that he can benefit from freedom in worldly life. In fact, resorting to "truth" is known as the determining axis of freedoms and unfreedoms, and by understanding the truth of this resorting, one can find the objectives of freedom. According to the verses of the Holy Qur'an, confronting the truth in the arena of the Resurrection Day will appear in the form of inability to perform the desired actions of humans and being captured in shackles and chains. However, the belief and practical commitment to the truth is to enter an arena where human will and providence are applied and every wish is fulfilled as soon as that wish is formed.

Power is one of the basic concepts of political science, and therefore it is necessary to examine Imam Khomeini's view on this issue. Imam Khomeini defines power as "action in case of will", while popular political science considers power as "imposing the will of A on B". In the present paper, political power has been dealt with in several areas based on the view of Imam Khomeini, who created a popular and Islamic revolution and governed the country in complex conditions. These axes include concept, foundations, sources, types, agents and goals of power. Vividly, a different definition of power has a direct effect on the explanation of these axes. The paper via using the conceptual framework of the meta-theory of two natures, i.e. the intoxicated nature and the veiled nature and the pattern of analysis of the four causes have been established. The conceptual framework of the two natures provides the examination of rival theories. Using the native and Islamic conceptual framework of two natures and presenting a relatively comprehensive view of the transcendental power is one of the novelties of this study. The paper has been conducted using the denotation method that is proposed in the logics and Usul Fiqh (principles of Islamic jurisprudence).

Governance, as a process in which activities related to public authority are carried out, enjoys the nature of the people if in that process, the people are considered to have rights. In the Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) literature, despite the wide coverage of governance, the concept of governance in general and popular governance in particular has been less dealt with. However, it seems that Mohaghegh Naeini has paid due attention to popular governance in his precious book Tanbih al-Umah va Tanzih al-Millah. The present paper is an exploration of Naeini's contribution in the production of jurisprudential literature about popular governance. According to the author, in this book, Naeini has recognized at least the right of the people in the governance process in the four stages of establishment of governance, participation in governance, supervision of governance and transformation in governance. In this regard, relying on Naeini's jurisprudential efforts, we can talk about the capacity of Fiqh to present a jurisprudential model of popular governance and argue about the popular nature of governance.

Regarding the nature and quality of human in history and its transition from each stage to the next, religions and traditional bases have presented various theories. According to Islamic thought, a special evolutionary movement is established in the system of creatures, including humans. The mentioned movement was under the management of the divine prophets and can be explained from various knowledge bases, including the philosophy of history. This study, while explaining the logic of human evolutionary movement in history, has examined its political implications. Based on the findings of the study, since history is the dimension of human existence and the context for the flow of God's will, the multiplicity of God's grace is necessary for the historical evolution of man and the intensification of his responsibilities in the field of history. The political implication of the historical evolution of man is the conscious nature of his actions. Therefore, based on the religious theoretical system, two macro management structures, the management structures of prophecy and imamate are embedded in history in order to strengthen human consciousness and adjust its actions.

The existence of the pillars of Mulla Sadra's philosophy and human excellence is its most important and essential goal. Therefore, the transcendental wisdom based on human excellence and its continuous evolutionary movement as a symbol of Shia rationality by presenting a solid philosophical system is an important step in guiding the individual and society in the form of a transcendental government, and repairs and corrects the shortcomings of various models of governance. While giving originality to the material aspect of the human being of the present age due to humanistic schools and the failure of various social systems that have abandoned the excellent aspect of politics, they have provided the context for the crisis of identitylessness and human degeneration. This study aims to use philosophical language to describe and analyze the foundations and characteristics of the transcendental human being, including transcendental self-flourishing, acceptance of spiritual education, and innate identification of the truths of things, etc. and indicate the transcendental human being as a suitable model for the establishment of the transcendental government. In fact, the current study is an introduction to the claim that Mullah Sadra's philosophy, with a change in the foundations and philosophical attitudes under the banner of a transcendental human being, is the only solution of the countless crises and challenges of the world's political systems to realize a transcendental government. Staying away from aristocracy, fighting against xenocentrism, focusing on justice, considering the principle of meritocracy, paying attention to the material and spiritual aspect of human, etc., are the findings of the rational effort of the present study to show the fact that there is a close relationship between the theory of the transcendental human and the transcendental government. This is because firstly, the transcendental human flourished next to the transcendental government, and the transcendental government would be incomprehensible without the transcendental human. Secondly, since the transcendental human has a comprehensive plan for the happiness and excellence of human, therefore, the transcendental government is a government that, in interaction with the transcendental human, provides the context for the expansion of focusing on Sharia, rationality, monotheism and justice.

The Futuristic movement is one of the most important intellectual identity-giving movements in the contemporary Islamic world, which has a strong historical-intellectual background in the Islamic works. The formation of the thought system of this movement in the contemporary era has been caused by the intellectual efforts of thinkers such as Mohammad Abdu, Muhammad Taher bin Ashour, Alal Al-Fasi, and in the later period, Taha Jabir Al-Alwani, Ismail Farooqi, and Abdul Hamid Abu Salmian. Alwani is one of the most prominent thinkers of this movement, whose intellectual development is in three stages, the effort to reconstruct Fiqh and Usul in the light of objectives, the Islamicization of knowledge, and finally returning to the Qur'an to provide solutions to the crises of the Islamic world. Therefore, the fundamental concern of the paper is to analyze Alwani's understanding of the most important intellectual challenge and the requirements of returning to the civilizational glory of the contemporary Islamic world. The findings of the study show that Alwani considers the central issue to be an intellectual crisis and does not consider the tradition of Muslims from the past centuries to be sufficient to get rid of these big crises. Therefore, by presenting an examination of the Qur'an that considers the connection between the unseen world and the universe, he considers implementing the macro goals of Sharia (monotheism, purification and development) as the solution of the reconstruction of Islamic civilization and considers this macro theoretical approach capable of responding to the challenges of contemporary civilization, which are analyzed in the paper.