نشریه رهیافت
پیاپی 84 (زمستان 1400)

Recent studies indicate that the topics and issues of innovation have moved away from a purely technical approach, and innovative concepts have gone beyond the common Schumpeterian approach that saw innovation in the product, process, market, and new organization. In this regard, some types of innovations have been highlighted, whose innovative drivers are no longer technology in the conventional sense of policy-making ideas, and they have distanced themselves from past innovations in a Schumpeterian sense; Therefore, in present research, post-Schumpeterian innovations have been addressed. Post-Schumpeterian innovations are suitable options for breaking the rigid technological regime of products and services by changing their technological path from Schumpeterian patterns. In this research, position and paradigm innovation, social innovation, design and redesign innovation, semantic and symbolic innovation, inclusive and universal innovation, and frugal and pro-poor innovation have been called post-Schumpeterian. In the first part of the research, in order to extract the challenges, after studying the subject areas, coding techniques were used to identify hidden categories and themes in the interviews and documents, and in the second part, the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) approach was used; Therefore, both qualitative and quantitative methods have been used to answer the research question. The newness of research in this field, path dependency, domination of economy-oriented ecosystems in the country, lack of legal infrastructure of industries and creative companies, policy-making institutions and multiple trustees, are some of the issues that have been identified as the challenges of this transition.Keywords: Post-Schumpeterian innovation, Non-technological transitions, Innovation policy, Innovation management, Creative and cultural industries.

Agricultural universities and institutions of higher education are faced with changes such as rapid technological developments, major changes in the labor market, stakeholder expectations, budgets, national and international competition and countless other drivers that threaten traditional methods in their development. Universities are considered and the need to do better, faster and less expensive activities has become necessary. In order to achieve success in these agile conditions for survival and maintaining progress, it creates a competitive advantage that can be maintained with innovation and quality in the production of science. Agile universities synchronize the processes and people of the organization with advanced technology, prepare and prepare the needs of customers based on services and to face the complex business environment. This is mentioned while the research done proves that the level of organizational agility of the country's universities and higher education institutions is not favorable. This is why the factors that create academic agility have always been emphasized by academic planners and policy makers. Therefore, the purpose of this qualitative research was to identify the facilitators and promoters of university agility as one of the most important effective factors in making the management of agricultural higher education in Iran more agile. Data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews, and analyzed using MAXqda11 software. Based on the findings Agility facilitators identified as flexible structure, agile workforce, continuous improvement in thinking and action, culture of change, use of Information technology by the university, and establishing the relationships, interactions and effective cooperation of agricultural university with Environment (6 components). Considering the above components is essential for agility of higher agricultural education system, and improving of decision making process in agricultural universities.

Local Content is an industrial activity that provides the necessary opportunities for the oil industry to increase the profitability of its operations in host countries with vast oil and gas resources. The development of domestic share in the oil industry is a new concept that has attracted the attention of academics only in recent years; Therefore, there are a limited number of scientific journals in this field. Therefore, the present study intends to address this important concept in the oil and gas industry with a qualitative aspect. The aim of the present study is to provide a new framework of internal share and its conditions, factors and indicators by in-depth study of upstream documents in the field of internal share and extracting its content. In order to achieve this goal, the method of qualitative content analysis with analogy approach and review of upstream sources and documents in the fields of " Local Content ", "oil and gas" and "domestic share policies" such as the vision document of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the horizon of 2025 , General policies of science and technology, General policies of resistance economy, Comprehensive scientific map of the country, General policies of national production, Support of Iranian labor and capital, 5-year development plans, General policies of the system in the energy sector, Policies and executive criteria Oil and other readable documents were used. After reviewing, organizing and coding properly, the research findings are divided into four general categories: "causal conditions", "contextual conditions", "intervening conditions" and "internal share output and internal share outcome". They were divided and finally, a framework was drawn to show the importance and attention of Local Content in the oil and gas industry.

Virtual interactions have become an increasingly important part of life for consumers and businesses over the past decade. During the COVID-19 pandemic, this trend has accelerated, and attract more focus on Metaverse. So big companies have moved toward developing Metaverse. But Metaverse is still confusing and unknown to many. The data collected by Metaverse from users is much broader and more accurate than simple Internet activities, because it also arises from the general behavior of the user (including physiological responses, their movements and even brainwave patterns), so the discussion of rights and regulations in Metaverse is very urgent and necessary. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is a comparative study of the rules and policies of the selected countries in order to localize them for Iran. The approach of this research is a comparative study and its purpose is descriptive-comparative based on updated content. The sample available in this study included three countries consists of as European Union, China and India. In this study, after examining the research issue, approaches adopted in selected countries are discussed. The findings of this study show that the countries under study have laws and regulations that can be deterrent in the field of Metaverse challenges, including online safety law, data and privacy protection, intellectual property, ownership of digital assets, etc., but in our country many of these laws still not approved or not well implemented. Therefore, in addition to reviewing Metaverse and setting specific regulations of it, more general laws must be amended, approved and implemented in our country and legal preventive measures such as the approval of the laws and regulations required in Iran, should be carried out.

In recent decades, a number of Iranian researchers have paid attention to the pathology of Iranian scientific researches. Each of them, from a perspective and with an approach, wanted to discover the causes of possible failures and find a way to solve them. In the current study, the history of these efforts until the end of 2013 is reviewed and reread; That is, until the time when it is expected that most of the pathological studies written until the end of the 10th government of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1392-1388) have been published. The authors of the mentioned studies in this period sometimes looked at the problem more from the perspective of a sociologist of science, some psychologically explored the individual motivations of the researchers, others compared their experience of being in universities inside and outside Iran as objective witnesses, some of them have become aware of the problems due to the executive responsibilities They have had... and in this way, each of them has emphasized and relied on the necessity of paying attention to certain factors. Although they sometimes have such a strong differen visions that their objectives and macro view of the nature of science are different from each other, we can still see many similarities in their view of the harms of research in the country. On the other hand, with all the differences in their approaches and the diversity of their opinions, it seems that some problems and issues and approaches have been overlooked by all of them. In this study, by reviewing the evolution of pathologies, and trying to categorize views, we will try to get a better picture of the situation of higher education in Iran and the place of research in it during the discussion period (ie, from the beginning of such studies to the end of 2013). We want to know what problems the pathologies were aimed at solving in each round, what successes each was accompanied by, and at the same time, what other injuries have still remained undiscovered and unexamined. Such a study can be the first step to recognize the evolution of the Iranian scientific community's understanding of research.

In practice, knowledge-based centers provide a platform for the development of small and medium-sized economic units through entrepreneurs, which are the most important tools for the development of economic technology in many developing countries. The purpose of this article is to identify the evaluation model of interactive ideas and measure them so that the ideas can be properly evaluated and valued and the owners of ideas and knowledge-based centers to be aware of the intellectual value and ideas produced. Therefore, this research was conducted by descriptive-analytical method and its statistical population included academics and elites, managers and planners of knowledge-based centers and owners and experts of these centers. Experts and experts, as well as Cronbach's alpha, have been used to assess the validity of the dimensions and components. The results of Cronbach's alpha for the whole questionnaire were equal to 90% reliability in the first stage of the pre-test and 97% in the final stage. The results of the study show that the evaluation model of innovative ideas has 5 main components (idea characteristics, characteristics of idea makers and innovators, internal and external organizational factors, organizational structure and transnational and global environment of knowledge-based centers), each of which The components have a certain importance and weight while relating to each other, or in other words, their special rank in the explanatory model. In this study, in order to properly and accurately rank each of the research components, first the Friedman test and if there is a difference, using Wilcoxon test, a two-to-two comparison of the components was performed and finally the research components were ranked. The results show that the components of the idea of the idea include the existence of demand for the idea, the existence of a suitable market for the idea, the existence of competitors and competing and similar ideas and the ease of exploiting the idea and the process of turning the idea into a marketable product with the highest weight and rank. It is a model structure for valuing innovative ideas in knowledge-based centers. With this description, in the next priorities, components such as the characteristics of idea makers, internal and external factors and the characteristics of organizational structure and transnational and global environment of knowledge-based centers in general in the form of 61 items as indicators for evaluating innovative ideas in this research are identified and ranked.