فهرست مطالب

Global Journal of Animal Scientific Research
Volume:11 Issue: 1, Winter 2023

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1401/12/08
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
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  • Victoria Marincheva*, Kostadin Kanchev, Iliyan Manev Pages 1-15

    Parasitic nematodes present a major cause of economic loss that impacts the sheep industry worldwide. The collection of scientific data from different regions and the introduction of reliable diagnostic methods can provide the instruments for control especially now when the situation is complicated by increased prevalence and development of anthelmintic resistance. This study aims to pay attention to fecal egg count (FEC) of ewes from the Southern part of Bulgaria and try to correlate results to FAMACHA scoring in the context of naturally occurring mixed-type gastrointestinal nematode infection.

    Keywords: Gastrointestinal nematodes, Sheep, FEC, FAMACHA
  • Amanuel Bekuma*, Dame Debela, Agare Mokenin Pages 16-36

    This study assessed the raw cow milk chemical composition, hygienic practices, and marketing system in the supply chain of the Wachale district of North Shewa. A structured questio nnaire was used to collect primary data from 68 randomly selected dairy farmers, and 60 raw cow milk samples were used for chemical analysis. Out of the total milk produced (14.64±1.10litres/households/day); the highest proportion (13.66±0.99) was sold as raw milk through an informal marketing system with no quality control. And a little proportion (0.54±0.07) was used for human consumption, implying that milk consumption is not a strong habit in the study area. The result also revealed that the chemical co mpositions of raw cow milk samples collected did not meet the quality standards. Furthermore, raw milk was delivered to the next actors in the open sunshine and roadsides on the ground, which was dusty and not protected from wind and road traffic. The result also demonstrated that the selling prices of raw milk at the farmers’ level were very low, forcing producers to adulterate the milk with water and remove fat to compensate for the low price. Due to many constraints, milk production and handling practices in the study area are low and of poor quality, and thus appropriate dairy husbandry and sanitary milk handling practices should be promoted to increase milk productivity and quality in the study area.

    Keywords: Milk composition, milk consumption, milk marketing, hygienic practices
  • Chala Merera Erge *, Mitiku Eshetu Guya Pages 37-54

    In Ethiopia, sheep breeds are the major economically important livestock and play a significant role in poor farmers. Several research works have been conducted to evaluate and improve the performance of sheep in Ethiopia. However, compiled information concerning the growth performance and reproduction potential under different production systems is not adequate. Therefore, the objective of this review paper was to review and document the potential of sheep growth and reproduction performances under different production systems in Ethiopia and to highlight future research priorities. The research results indicated that under on-farm and on-station sheep production systems; 24 to 126 g/day average daily gain, 7 to 18 kg hot carcass weight, and dressing percentage of 34 to 52% based on slaughter body weight have been reported for Ethiopian sheep breeds fed the various type of basal and supplement diets. Under different sheep production systems, the litter size result (1.01 to 1.7 lambs) showed that there is a high capability of local sheep to give multiple births. In conclusion, there is high variability within a breed and among local sheep breeds in growth performance, dressing percentage, and reproduction performances. This indicates the presence of a huge opportunity to improve sheep breed growth and reproduction performance through improving sheep production systems and overall management.

    Keywords: Growth, Reproduction performance, Sheep breeds, Production systems
  • Idris Ibrahim Adamu * Pages 55-63

    This study was designed to identify and provide comparative information that exit between the two Nigerian ecotype chickens, namely: Fulani ecotype chickens and Yoruba ecotype chickens with particular reference to their weight and linear body measurements in Paiko, Niger State, Nigeria. A total of 80 indigenous chickens (comprising 40 Fulani ecotype chickens and 40 Yoruba ecotype chickens) were used in the study. The experimental birds were raised for 24 weeks under intensive management systems. Mean and standard error of means on body weight (BWT), body length (BL), beak length (BKL), body girth (BG), wing length (WL), shank length (SL) and thigh length (THL) were taken and subjected to Pearson correlation analysis to obtain the relationship between body weight and linear body measurements. The findings showed that males of the two breeds were significantly (P<0.05) heavier and had longer bodies , better body girth, beak length, shank length, and thigh length than the females. A Comparison of the two breeds also revealed that Fulani ecotype chicken was significantly (P<0.05) better than the Yoruba ecotype chickens for the traits evaluated. Correlation on body weight and linear body measurements of the Fulani ecotype chickens and the Yoruba ecotype chickens were strong (P<0.01) and positively correlated except in shank length (P<0.05) in the Fulani ecotype chickens It is concluded that breed differences do exist between the two indigenous Nigerian chicken breeds studied and these difference are in favor of the males and the Fulani ecotype chickens.

    Keywords: Indigenous chicken, Body weight, Body linear measurements, Fulani ecotype, Yoruba ecotype
  • C.V. Singh Pages 64-88

    Developments in statistics and computing as well as their application to genetic improvement of livestock gained momentum over the last 30 years. This paper reviews and consolidates the statistical methodology used in animal breeding. This paper will prove useful as a reference source for animal breeders, quantitative geneticists, and statisticians working in these areas. The estimates of genetic and phenotypic parameters viz. heritability, genetic and phenotypic correlation are used to determine the method of selection, the intensity of selection for different traits of interest, and prediction of selection response. The unbiased property of ANOVA estimators demands no distributional assumptions of the random effects and the residual error terms in a model but all sampling variance results have been developed based on assuming normality. The parameters are estimated by maximizing the logarithm of the likelihood function. The estimates of predictors of the random effects are expected to be more efficient. The drawbacks of ML are first, that it is downwardly biased because the loss of degrees of freedom due to estimating fixed effects is not taken into account. The estimates of predictors of the random effects are expected to be more efficient. The drawbacks of ML are first, that it is downwardly biased because the loss of degrees of freedom due to estimating fixed effects is not taken into account. Maximum likelihood (ML) restricted maximum likelihood and minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimations (MINQUE) are all preferred to ANOVA because they have built-in properties. MINQUE may considerably be better than the analysis of variance procedures. DFREML was the first public package to implement the derivative -free REML, and it became the standard in the field to which every other program is compared. Its unique feature is the likelihood ratio test for testing the significance of variance component estimates. The use of ML and REML in animal breedi ng has brought about a change in the random effects fitted in the infinitesimal additive genetic model. In traditional ANOVA and related methods, (co) variance is described in terms of random effect due to single parent (e.g., sire model) or both parents (sire dam model), uniquely partitioning the total sum of the squared deviations of the observations from the grand mean into the sum of squares contributed by each factor in the design. However, over the last decade, considerable research effort has concentrated on the development of specialized and efficient algorithms. This has been closely linked to advances in the genetic evaluation of animals by Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP). However, ML and REML allow the random effect of models to be expresse d in terms of the genetic merit or breeding value of animals. These models are called individual animal models (IAM) and incorporate information on the relationship between all animals. Animal Model (AM) has influenced the use of the mixed model methodology in the statistical analysis of animal breeding data considerably. The AM includes a random effect for the additive genetic merit of each animal, both for animals with records and animals which are parents only, incorporating all known relationship information in the analysis.

    Keywords: BLUP, DFREML, REML, Animal ModelAnd MINQUE
  • Mujahed Bushwereb *, Fadwa Bentaher, Mahmud Elraghig, Mohamed Mansur Pages 89-103

    The purpose of this study was to look at the potential impacts of vitamin C, vitamin E, or a combination of the two on growth performance, carcass traits, and lymphoid organs. 300 Cobb male broiler chicks were used in the experiment; they were divided into 4 treatments, each with 5 subgroups of 15 birds. The following are the four treatment diets: Diet 1 (control): 8% sunflower oil (SO); Diet 2: 8% SO + 250 mg/kg vitamin C; Diet 3: 8% SO + 200 mg/kg vitamin E; Diet 4: 8% SO + mix (250 mg/kg vitamin C + 200 mg/kg vitamin E). The addition of vitamins C and E had no impact on the growth's efficacy. Over 42 days, neither vitamin C nor vitamin E significantly affected the body weights (BW) of broilers. There were no differences in body weight gain (BWG) between birds given vitamin C or vitamin E, but the two together boosted BWG significantly (P> 0.05). Broilers on vitamin-supplemented diets consumed more feed than the control group did. Feed conversion rates (FCR) were significantly (P> 0.05) higher in the vitamin experimental groups than in the control group (2.8, 2.9 versus 1.95). Therefore, the feed consumed was not efficiently utilized by the broiler chickens. However, introducing a blend of vitamins C and E to the meal significantly (P> 0.05) improved the birds' FCR at a ratio of 1.95 when compared to the vitamin C or E groups. All vitamin supplementation significantly (P> 0.05) increased carcass yields in comparison to the control diet. There were no appreciable weight changes between the spleen, liver, and heart (P> 0.05). There were no weight differences across the dietary treatments for the spleen, liver, and heart (P >0.05) compared to the control group. When compared to the control diet and other dietary treatments for the C or E vitamins, the weights of the spleen, liver, and heart were larger (P 0.05) in broilers fed a diet enriched with a combination of vitamin C and vitamin E. When compared to the control diet, vitamin dietary interventions had an impact on Fabricius bursa weight (P> 0.05). The trial's findings recommend adding vitamins C and E to sunflower oil to maintain animal health and boost their capacity for development. The negative effects of lipid peroxidation and environmental stress factors may be lessened by taking vitamin C and vitamin E supplements together. To identify and quantify the essential antioxidant vitamin for chicken productivity, more research is required.

    Keywords: Broiler, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Growth Performance, Lymphoid Organ, Bursa of Fabricius, Carcass Yield
  • Tobechukwu C. Iwuji*, Abraham C. Ugochukwu, Olive O. Nwaogu, Gabriela C. Iheanacho, Innocent Ejiofor, Emmanuel U. Ahiwe Pages 104-115

    High environmental temperature is of great concern in production of broiler chickens in the tropics, and this experiment was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effect of chilled drinking water on the production and physiological parameters of broiler chickens reared in the tropics. This 56 -day experiment contained 3 treatments (T 0 , T 1, and T 2 ), replicated 3 times to contain 16 birds per replicate. T 0 (control) was offered non-chilled drinking water without increasing ambient temperature; T 1 was offered non-chilled drinking water with an increased ambient temperature of 30°C between 11:30 – 15:30 GMT, daily; T 2 was offered chilled drinking water (8-10 ºC) with the increased ambient temperature of 30°C between 11:30 – 15:30 GMT, daily. The total body weight gain of the birds was similar (P> 0.05) in T 0 and T 2 , which were significantly (P <0.05) higher than that of T 1 . Feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T 0 than in T 1 and T 2 , which were similar (P>0.05), while feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in T 1 than in T 0 and T 2 , which were similar (P> 0.05). Water intake was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T 2 than in T 1 , which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the water intake of T 0 chickens. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and red blood cell (RBC) count were similar (P> 0.05) between T 0 and T 2 , which were significantly (P< 0.05) higher than values for T 1 . Packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell (WBC), lymphocyte and platelet counts, and blood coagulation time were similar (P >0.01) between T 0 and T 2 , which were significantly (P <0.01) higher than those of T 1 . The serum globulin of T 0 chickens was similar (P>0.05) to that of T 2 , but significantly (P<0.05) higher than the serum globulin of T 1 chickens, which was similar (P>0.05) to that of T 2 . Serum sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) ions were significantly (P< 0.05) higher in T 0 than in T 1 and T 2 , which were similar (P>0.05), while serum hydrogen carbonate ion (HCO 3- ) was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T 2 than in T 1 which was similar (P>0.05) to that of T 0 , and that of T 0 similar to that of T 2 . Respiratory rate and cloacal temperature were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) different among the treatments (T 1> T 2> T 0 ), while body temperature was significantly (P <0.05) higher in T 1 than in T 0 and T 2, which were similar (P >0.05). Therefore, administering chilled drinking water (8 -10 ºC) to broiler chickens during periods of high ambient temperature can ameliorate heat stress through improved FCR, weight gain, stabilization of blood parameters and constituents, and reduction of high respiratory rate, body, and cloacal temperatures.

    Keywords: Blood, Broiler chickens, Electrolytes, Growth Performance, Respiratory rate, Temperature
  • Hamed Mohamed Gaafar *, Mohamed Kamel Mohsen, Elsayed Mohamed Abdel -raouf, Wasef Abdel -aziz Riad, Nadia Ibrahim Hassan Pages 115-129

    Corn stover was taken after harvesting the ears immediately, chopped using a harvester chopper machine to 1.5-2.0 cm of length, and supplemented with energy additive (corn grains and molasses), protein additive (soybean, urea, and optegin) and microbial inoculants (effective microorganisms EM1) and their interactions and ensiled in plastic bags for 45 days. After the ensiling period, representative samples were taken for determination of chemical composition and silage quality traits. Adding ground corn grains to corn stover silage led to a significant (P<0.05) increase in DM content. Moreover, NFE content of corn stover silage increased significantly (P<0.05), however, ash content decreased significantly (P<0.05) with molasses and ground corn grains supplementation. Soybean meal supplementation increased significantly (P<0.05) DM content than those of urea and optigen supplementation with insignificant differences with control. The crude protein content of corn stover silage increased significantly (P<0.05) with soybean meal, urea, and optigen supplementation. Ash content decreased significantly (P<0.05) with soybean meal supplementation. Effective microbes supplementation led to a significant (P<0.05) increase in the contents of CP and NFE of corn stover silage and a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the contents of CF and ash. The interaction between energy and protein supplementation showed a significant difference (P<0.05) in DM content only. Interactions among energy, protein, and effective microbes supplementation showed a significant differences (P<0.05) in DM content only. The pH value of the silage decreased significantly (P<0.05), however lactic acid concentration increased significantly (P<0.05) with molasses and ground corn grains supplementation. The pH value of silage was higher significantly (P<0.05) with urea and optigen compared to control and soybean supplementation. Urea-supplemented silage recorded significantly (P<0.05) the NH 3 -N concentration followed by optigen, then soybean meal, whoever control had the lowest concentration. Moreover, soybean meal- supplemented silage showed significantly (P<0.05) higher concentrations of TVFA’s and lactic acid compared to urea-supplemented silage. The concentrations of NH 3 -N and lactic acid increased significantly (P<0.05) with effective microbes supplement to corn stover silage. Energy and protein supplementation interaction revealed that urea with molasses or ground corn grains recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher pH values and NH 3 -H concentration of silage compared to soybean with molasses or ground corn grains. However, soybean meal with molasses or ground corn grains recorded significantly (P<0.05) higher concentrations of TVFA’s and lactic acid in silage compared to urea with molasses or ground corn grains. The interaction between protein and effective microbes showed that urea with EM1 supplemented silage had significantly (P<0.05) higher pH value and NH 3 -N concentration and lower TVFA’s and lactic acid concentrations than those of soybean meal with EM1. The interaction among energy, protein, and effective microbes showed that molasses or ground corn grains with urea plus EM1 supplemented silages had significantly (P<0.05) higher pH value and NH 3 -N concentration and lower TVFA’s and lactic acid concentrations than those of molasses or ground corn grains with soybean meal plus EM1.

    Keywords: corn stover silage, feed additives, composition, fermentation
  • Hussen Abduku Worku * Pages 130-145

    The objective of this paper was to review the role of exogenous bST effect on lactation and nutrient mobilization. Bovine somatotropin (bST) is a protein hormone that increases milk yield in dairy animals. The role of bST is to control nutrient partitioning, coordinated change in body tissues during metabolic processes, and alterations of mammary function to support increased milk synthesis. Increasing the concentrations of insulin-like growth factors IGF-I results in increasing the rates of milk synthesis per cell and improving the maintenance of secretory cells. The maximum increase in milk production has been observed up to 41%. Nutrition, the genetic makeup of the cow, physiological condition, and level of management can affect the response of bST in milk production. Circulating bST is higher in well- managed and genetically superior cows. The feed intake of cows treated with bST changed after the 8-10 th week of treatment, and it had increased up to 13.4% by week 22. Also, bST-treated cows showed that the amount of mammary parenchyma and mammary epithelial cells during the first 6 weeks of lactation was not affected. The variation in milk composition due to bovine somatotropin injection was not significantly affected. In the early lactation stage, the cows mobilize their body reserves to support the increased milk production. The appropriate time preferred to start to use bST is at about peak milk yield of approximately around 60±3 day. Increase uptake of glucose, decreased oxidation of amino acids and stimulation of lipolysis are the major effect of bST during nutrient metabolism. Bovine somatotropin doesn’t have any significant adverse effect on human health; also it doesn’t affect the health and reproductive performance of the cows. Therefore, the application of bST improves dairy productivity; it makes the producers more profitable, satisfies the milk demand, and improves the livelihood of the community.

    Keywords: Lactation, Milk, Nutrient, Somatotropin
  • Mohammed Endris *, Mohammed Abate Pages 146-167

    This paper is aimed to review and discuss the methods and criteria that are currently available from research and past experiences concerning the molecular characterization of livestock breeds in Ethiopia. Molecular characterization is defined as the complementary procedures used to unravel the genetic basis of phenotypes, their patterns of inheritance from one generation to the next, within-breed genetic structure and levels of variability, and relationships between breeds. It is characterized at the molecular level without any effect of environment or development or physiological state of the organism. That’s why DNA- based markers are called molecular markers. Because of the low level of polymorphism observed in proteins, and hence limited applicability in diversity studies, DNA-level polymorphisms are the choice of molecular genetic characterization. Characterization of animal genetic resources encompasses all activities associated with the identification, quantitative and qualitative description, and documentation of breed populations. Its objective is to increase knowledge of Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR), their abundance, and their potential for future uses, in wider environments. The importance of molecular characterization of animal genetic resources and its relevance is only slowly being accepted by policymakers in Ethiopia. The presence of economic crisis, fiscal constraints, rapid social change , and frequent political instabilities associated with major policy changes are the major contributing factors. The most severe issues that have limited molecular genetics advancement and conservation of AnGRs are poverty and lack of expertise or deficiency in specialized animal breeders. Thus, possible solutions and recommendations for such challenges are monetary support from the government, global initiatives, capacity-building, communication, public awareness, livestock-related policy , and motivating the role of public and private sectors.

    Keywords: Animal genetic resource, DNA-level polymorphism, Molecular characterization