نشریه نامه انسان شناسی
پیاپی 35 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Women's inheritance right is one of the major rights that has been neglected by some societies. In most nomadic communities, women are deprived of the right of inheritance, even though they accompany men in all aspects of life. Answering to why this is so, this study has been conducted among the Seyaal tribe in Delfan district, Lorestan province with a qualitative approach and thematic analysis method and in-depth interview. The findings showed that in the recent hundred years, women’s right to inheritance in the Seyaal tribe has not changed significantly and in paying inheritance to women, they disregard the Sharii principles and formal laws and rely solely on the customary principles derived from the tribal system. There are legitimacy and justifications to transfer the inheritance right to men in the tribal system and not to pay it to women. However, this system in the Seyaal tribe has always left windows of hope and root rights for the women and has resisted against transferring the inheritance to men and its formally registering. In sum, economic factors have created a strong social structure among the nomads. Although those factors have nowadays become insignificant, the social structure is so strong that does not allow women to claim and receive their right to inheritance.

After Mashrute Revolution, the life style of Bakhtiari khans changed. These changes happened not only in the form and the ways of housing, food, clothing and income but also in other contents of daily life affairs like the type of their attitudes toward marriage, family, wife, science and acquiring knowledge. Although some of khans and their sons who was living in the capital and those who had studied in Europe showed lots of willingness to these changes and insisted on performing them among the Bakhtiari, some old and traditional khans didn't like these changes and resisted against them. This study tries to examine the ways of changes in the lifestyle of Bakhtiari khans and the reasons for accepting or not accepting them by khans using descriptive-analysis method with the help of historical firsthand resources.

From the perspective of political anthropology and the descriptive-analytical method, this research seeks to answer the principal question: what is the process of change in the socio-political structure of the Qashqai tribe in the first and second Pahlavi era? For answering, a hypothesis is made: two main factors, namely the policies implemented towards the tribes and nomads by the central governments (forced settlement, disarmament, removal of local powers, deculturization and detribalization in the first Pahlavi period and the continuation of these policies, along with land reform and lifestyle changes in the second Pahlavi period) and political developments (World War II, the overthrow of Reza Shah and the coup d'état of 28 August) played essential roles in the change process. The analysis showed that in each historical period and according to the country's conditions, the government used different policies to destroy the structure of the Qashqai tribe. Although the first Pahlavi could not destroy the structure of tribe but the second Pahlavi with the help of British and American policies after the coup d'état of 28 August and the fall of Mossadegh's national government, was able to dismantle the tribal chieftaincy in the Qashqai and destroy the tribe structure.

In this study we investigate the dung cake fuel that has played a major part in formation of inventions and innovations in human history. This fuel used to be obtained from animals such as cattle, sheep and goat and utilize from prehistoric period (eight millennium B.C.) till Pahlavi period in Iran as well as its vicinity lands. The usage of this fuel was in different ways: in lime kiln, in pottery kiln and pottery glaze production in addition to ordinary usage for heating and cooking in everyday life. There was a tendency in livestock-farmer societies with cold, drought and semi-desert ecosystem with little wooden sources to use the dung cake fuel. This descriptive-analytical study that is based on ethnographical and library documental data, has assessed the importance of dung cake fuel and has tried to describe the way of and the people (woman & children) who are engaged in its preparation, its functions, and the influential factors (ecosystemic and economic) in selecting it.

Educational inequality has many bases and factors: In this article, which is done with the method of qualitative content analysis (theme analysis), the social and cultural bases in rural areas with tribal culture were analyzed. The research was conducted using a qualitative method and in-depth interviews. The participants of the research were 30 girls under 18 years of age (dropout: who dropped out of school) in 16 rurales in the suburbs of Aleshtar city, who were selected using purposeful sampling. The text of these interviews has been analyzed with thematic analysis method. According to the findings, social, cultural and economic contexts (such as cultural traditions and customs, local and tribal social education, family economy, family headship status, etc.) are the most important factors affecting girls' school dropout in rural areas. Among these factors  the norm of early marriage for girls or in better words “the tradition of  child wifehood ” is the subject of this study in these regions. In other words, the dominant social norms in rural areas require the priority of marriage, family and work over education and school, especially for girls. In fact, the "child wifehood" as a tradition emerged from and influenced by cultural and family contexts, has itself been an effective factor in rural girls dropout.

Rock patterns are those carved or painted on the smooth surface of rocks, which are considered to be the first examples of human art. Since most of these motifs are located on the path of nomadic migration, hunting grounds and pastures, it strengthens the hypothesis of the encounter and communication of the nomads with them. The craving of these patterns has a kind of simplicity, the same kind of simplicity that is visible in the artworks of the nomadic tribes, and it has many manifestations among its followers among the nomad of land of Iran. This article tries to classify, analyze and compare the rock patterns that have been identified so far along the routs of the Qashqai nomads and their tribes in Fars province with the hand- woven patterns of the ethnic, and the similarities and possible connections between them. Express to achieve this goal, the common aspects of the two patterns are described and finally, the hypothesis is proposed that the patterns used by the creators of both arts are probably for the purpose of creating a mark or a trace of themselves to show the right of ownership, statistics of existing realities in social and economic life, or some kind of presentation of ethnic belonging and patriotism have been done by them.

In the past, the prevalence of social changes in the villages was very low and slow, but gradually with the passage of time and under the influence of several factors, changes have emerged in the rural society of Iran which include various aspects. Study on these changes not only provides the possibility of knowing the current situation and changes of some rural areas and the reasons for these changes, but it can also help predict the possible path of these changes in the future and formulate suggested solutions and plans based on the knowledge of the contemporary rural society. The main question of the current research is what changes after 15 years of the previous study have undergone in Miandeh village in Gilan in the terms of population and some social components, agricultural activity, division of labor between rural women and men, physical structure and settlements. Ethnography as a research method was used in this research With techniques of semi-structured interview and observation for data collecting during the years 1400-1401. The analysis of these data was done by thematic analysis method. Decrease in population of the village and increase in the migration of villagers to the nearby city, depopulation of some parts of the village, the loss of neighborhood environment, the feeling of lack of security and fear among some of the survivors of the village, prevalence of theft in the village due to its becoming more secluded, replacement of mostly non-Gilani city dwellers with temporary residence in the village, the proximity of two population groups in the village with two different lifestyle, i.e. 1) production and 2) recreation, leisure and consumption, formation of temporary and small settlements for the temporary accommodation of farmers living in a nearby city, implementation of the plan for leveling fields, use of rice planting machine by a number of villagers, changes in the division of labor between rural men and women, etc. are some of the visible changes in this village that were investigated in this research.

Galin is one of the mountainous villages registered in Sanandaj township in Horaman/Uramanat national and world landscape where has unique natural and human potentials. We aimed at an anthropological study on Galin village in the period of winter 1398 to late 1399. This study is qualitative descriptive with monographic approach Based on the lived experience of the researcher in the field, observations, interviews and photography as the techniques of data gathering. The study population includes all people living in Galin village. In describing the features with this approach and in order to fully understanding the village, an attempt has been made to consider to all historical, cultural, social, economic and environmental levels. Finally, suggestions have been made to such as: more research on the historical aspects of the village, the role of women in daily life, the use of elites and educated youth and the importance of agricultural tourism, especially Hawar tourism in the development of the village.

Traditional medicine is a dynamic and deep medicine that is based on indigenous knowledge and medicinal plants have a special place in providing health and community health. The purpose of this study is to investigate the traditional medicine of Lar Damavand nomads. This research by evaluating the popular healing manners via using the indigenous plants, studies folk medicine and its application in the treatment of diseases of the people of Lar region. This research is qualitative, its approach is ethnographic and its method is field interview. Collecting and recording the traditional treatment among the people of the region has been one of the objectives of the research. Research findings show several species of native and local plants in the treatment of diseases. Apart from these plants, other methods are also used for local therapies. Most of the reported drug applications are for coughs and colds, digestive problems, bloating, pain, gynecological diseases, kidney stones and fractures, etc. The results of the study show that medicinal plants are used in the form of infusions, decoctions, syrups and ointments. In addition to herbs, other drugs are used in treatment. Paying attention to traditional treatment and the knowledge hidden in the therapists' breasts is the continuation of traditional medicine. If these plants are not recorded, the indigenous knowledge used by traditional healers will be lost.

Settlement and transition plans from nomadic systems to modern systems have become an inevitable necessity as one of the ways to achieve development. However, the theoretical point of view, actors and acting coach and Specific unique operational method are not defined for it and it is understood and implemented in the same way in every nomadic space. Based on this issue, the aim of the current research is to extract and model the procedure and process of the current status of guided settlement plans and to identify the damages in this procedure. Considering the existence of a wide range of nomads and the implementation of the first guided settlement plan in Fars province, these were investigated. The population and the statistical sample of the research included documents (cases of 48 guided settlement) and experts in the field of nomadic settlement (7 people). Data were collected archaically and field study then analyzed through content analysis of documents and interviews. The findings showed that in the existing procedure, there are 12 steps for the discussion and implementation of the guided settlement plan, which were abstracted in the form of 4 categories of "decision-making, decision-taking, contextualization and operationalization". In addition, by examining each step, its damages were identified and reported. According to the purpose of the research, it can be concluded that for the existing guided accommodation procedures, do not exist the agreed theory of accommodation in the eyes of experts, coherent organizational procedure, post-settlement policies and paying attention to improving indicators of human welfare and development and also examining the issue of the transition period from migration to settlement in terms of duration and guardian. Based on this result, it was proposed to review the theoretical basis and definition of settlement, determine the type and manner of role-playing of settlement actors and acting coach, interdisciplinary encounter with settlement and adopt participatory planning and community foundation in policy making and policy implementation.

With no doubt, each society adopts its own programs for teaching depending on the lifestyle and communicative and technological skills. In traditional nomadic and immigrant societies, people acquire the survival skills through experience and participation in affairs. However, education and knowledge acquisition for this group of people entail specialized institutes and schools, which has appeared into obsolete kuttabs or maktabs in Iran's tribal communities. After the modern schooling, teaching in nomadic areas was first based on the teaching rules governing the other public schools until the World War II. Following the Point Four Program, assisted by the USA, nomadic teaching was incessantly followed under the title of nomadic education and proceeded until the establishment of the Department of Education for Tribes (DET) in 1969, serving as the first official organization of nomadic education. Taking these into account, the present qualitative study aims to spotlight the Qashqai tribe using the historical method and a library-based document analysis technique. The purpose is to visualize the trend of evolution of the teaching policy before the official nomadic education in Iran. In doing so, the study assumes that teaching has been continuously regarded in different periods by mobile kuttabs or maktabs, and school

This study is about one of the big nomadic tribes of Iran, it means Mamssani tribe. in this tudy, documentary and analytical-historical method have been used, the former for collecting data and the latter for analyzing them. What has been written about Mamssani and their origin hitherto, is limited to Hamdullah Mostofi,writings that hold on the origin of them from Jebel al-Samaq in Syria and Shamat area and then they entered into Iran in the early 6th century. But the results of this research show that the Mamssanies include: 1. Brahui Mamssani who  can also speak in Baluchi language. They are the largest Baluchi tribe in Pakistan and are better known as "Mohammad Hassani". Some of them live in southern Afghanistan also. 2. Sistani Mamssani including Sarbandi, Shahraki, Jar, Bazi, Jahan Tigh, Bamdi, Nouri, Cossack, Piri and Nakhaei tribes 3. Mamssani Baluch including three parts: Shah Bakhsh (Ismail Zehi), Hashem Zehi and Noshirvani. 4. Mamssani Kurds, including the Sanjabi tribe of Mamssani descent in Iran and Mamssani Kurds in Iraq and Syria 5- Lor Mamssani in Fars and Kohgiluyeh, Boyer-Ahmad provinces and in Bakhtiari.