فصلنامه پاتوبیولوژی مقایسه ای
سال نوزدهم شماره 76 (تابستان 1401)

Salmonellosis is one of the most important common diseases of livestock and humans worldwide. With the prevalence of antibiotic resistance, the tendency to use medicinal plants to control microorganisms has increased. The aim of this research was to investigate the antibacterial effects of the essential oils of Thymus vulgaris and salmonella typhimurium (ATCC=14028). For this purpose, first, the essential oils of the mentioned plants were extracted by steam distillation using a Clovenger machine. Then, using the microdilution broth method, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of essential oils alone and in combination, as well as drug sensitivity or resistance testing based on the well diffusion method in agar against the standard strain of Salmonella typhimurium bacteria, were determined in comparison with three common antibiotics in veterinary medicine. The MIC was calculated for thyme (0.25), mixed essential oil (0.50), doxycycline (0.0078) and oxytetracycline (<0.00195) μg/ml. The MBC for them was 0.25, 0.50, 0.0156 and >0.00195 respectively. Dill essential oil and erythromycin antibiotic had no antimicrobial effect against Salmonella typhimurium. The highest effect was related to oxytetracycline (with a growth inhibition diameter of 27 mm) and the lowest effect was related to thyme essential oil (with a growth inhibition diameter of 10 mm). Unlike dill essential oil, garden thyme essential oil has a significant antibacterial effect.

The purpose of this study is to use a seaweed called Scenedesmus acuminates to reduce infection and heal wounds. Sixty rats were divided into four treatment groups, and sampling was done on the third, seventh, and fourteenth days after wound formation. No treatment was done on the first group, the control group. The second group was treated with 25% zinc oxide as the drug of choice. The third and fourth groups were treated with 3% and 7% Scenedesmus acuminates seaweed ointment. The back wounds of mice were infected with 50 microliters of 2x108 CFU/mL Staphylococcus containing suspension. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry (CD68) were performed to compare the number of macrophages on tissue samples. On the third day after wounding, macrophages (CD68) were present in the algae group by 7% more than in the other groups. On the seventh day, fibroplasia and collagen synthesis in the algae group was 7% better than in the other two groups. On the 14th day, the accumulation of new blood vessels in the algae was 7% more than the others. The best result regarding the CD68 (macrophage) molecule expression level was seen in the 7% algae group on the 7th and 14th days. On the third, seventh, and fourteenth days, when macrophages are helpful, algae groups were better than others. The use of algae ointment can reduce the bacterial load of the wound and is better than the administration of zinc oxide.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main causes of foodborne diseases globally. Eggs can contaminated with S.aureus when they make contact with dirty surfaces, litter materials as well as clothing and hands of poultry workers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of S. aureus strains isolated from eggs in Ardabil area located in the northwest of Iran. One hundred and fifty eggs were collected randomly from poultry farms (n=50) and retail outlets (n=50 native and n=50 bulk) in different parts of Ardabil. In terms of S. aureus contamination, eggs were examined using bacterial culture and biochemical tests. From 150 egg samples examined, 9 samples (9.3%) were infected with S. aureus. Out of these, the highest contamination rate of S. aureus was observed in native, industrial and bulk eggs 50%, 28.58% and 21.42%, respectively. There was the highest resistance to penicillin (78.57%), tetracycline (71.42%) and ampicillin (64.28%), while the lowest resistance was observed to chloramphenicol (21.42%), gentamicin (14.28%) and ciprofloxacin (7.14%). All the S. aureus isolates were susceptible to vancomycin (100%). The results of this study indicate the presence of S. aureus infection in eggs and the relatively high prevalence of S. aureus isolates  resistant to some antibiotics is a potential risk to human health. It is necessary to pay attention to hygienic points in storing and consuming eggs and monitoring the use of antibiotics.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant tumor of the central nervous system. GBM with primitive neuronal component (GBM-PNC) is an aggressive variant identified in 0.5% of GBMs and recognized as a distinct histological pattern of glioblastoma Extracranial metastasis from GBM-PNC is a rare and challenging situation. In this study we report the morphological and immunohistochemical features of a case of glioblastoma with primitive neuronal component diagnosed in a 7-year-old male eastern fox snake (Pantherophis gloydi), along with a comprehensive literature review related to the occurrence of malignant tumors in reptiles. Symptoms included a prominent mass on the head, and involvement of the central nervous system. Diagnostic measures including hematological and serological examinations, RT-PCR, Nested-PCR, MRI and CT-SCAN were performed. And after death, Necropsy and pathology and immunohistochemistry study were performed. Based on clinical data, glioblastoma multiforme with primary neurological components was confirmed. The present case highlights the occurrence and severity of extensive axial skeletal metastases from GBM-PNC. Since there is no treatment protocol established for GBM-PNC and GBM-PNC has recently been shown to have more PNC clinical behavior with increased risk of CSF spread, so understanding the clinical, diagnostic and histopathological features of this tumor and determining similarities and Behavioral differences of this tumor in different species can be a big step towards understanding its nature and how to deal with it.

Influenza viruses are an acute respiratory, highly contagious and zoonotic disease which belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family. H9 subtype in the group of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and H5 and H7 Subtypes in the group of high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), which cause mild to very severe disease with 100% mortality in birds. Considering that Neor Lake, located in the southeast of Ardabil, is the habitat of migratory waterfowl birds, and there is a possibility of contact these birds with native poultry in rural areas. Therefore, the present study was conducted to survey the serological prevalence of avian influenza viruse H5, H7 and H9 subtypes in domestic geeses and ducks of the rural areas around Neor Lake in Ardabil province, northwest of Iran. The cross-sectional study was conducted from August to November of 2016. In this survey, 115 blood samples were collected from rural domestic goose and duck. Serum samples were examined by HI test for differentiate H5, H7 and H9 subtypes of viruse and sera with titers ≥4 (log2) were considered positive. The results of this study showed that 17.95% of goose sera and 26.32% of duck sera were positive for H9N2 subtype of influenza virus. 5.26% of the duck sera were positive for H5N1 influenza virus. All tested sera were negative for H5N2, H7N1 and H7N7 avian influenza viruses. Regarding to relatively high sero-prevalence of H9N2 virus and as well as the low sero contamination of H5N1 virus in domestic rural ducks and geese, any direct or indirect contact of these birds with other poultry and human can spread the viruses. It is necessary to implement strict control programs such as continuous monitoring of circulating influenza viruses and vaccination in native ducks and geese of infected rural areas.

Wound healing after a tooth extraction is a complex process that helps repair wounds. Wound dressings are helpful for better healing. These agents should have the least inflammatory stimulation and the most antimicrobial properties. This study tried to investigate the effect of polycaprolactone-hydroxyapatite zeolite nanocomposites on the healing processes of the mucosa covering the alveoli after extraction. Fifteen healthy cats with lower premolar teeth caries were determined, and tooth extraction was performed. A biopsy sample was taken from the mucosa of the tooth extraction site on the 10th day after surgery. Premolar teeth of all 15 cats were extracted, and three groups were grouped as control, PRP, and nano polycaprolactone-hydroxyapatite zeolite. Histopathological analysis showed that unlike the control group and PRP, the nano group had a much better trend compared to the control group and the PRP group, with less presence of inflammatory cells, complete irregular epithelial tissue, more fleshy bud tissue, and more fibrosis. Polycaprolactone-hydroxyapatite zeolite nanocomposite accelerates wound healing after tooth extraction.