نشریه مدیریت بحران
سال یازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 22، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

The earthquake is one of the most important environmental hazards in many Iranian cities. In this regard, spatial assessment and micro-zoning of seismic vulnerability of cities are essential requirements in earthquake mitigation planning. In the present study, seismic vulnerability of Kermanshah metropolis is investigated. Crossing three important fault lines in the vicinity of Kermanshah city has caused earthquake hazard in this urban area. One of the main measures to reduce the vulnerability of Kermanshah city to earthquake risk is seismic assessment and zoning of the city in order to implement earthquake mitigation plans. In this context, 11 variables affecting the seismic vulnerability of the city were used. These variables are: fault distance, slope, lithology, population density, land use, residential density, and major communication networks, access to hospitals, operating radius of fire stations, and distance from hazardous facilities, and access to urban open spaces. Fuzzy TOPSIS technique was used to combine these variables in the context of GIS. The results show that about 32% of the area of Kermanshah is in a very high vulnerability class. Neighborhoods located in the central part of the city (the core of the city) are among the most vulnerable to earthquake hazards in Kermanshah. In this context, factors such as proximity to faults in the southern margin of the city, high population density, high residential density, marginalization, the presence of worn urban texture, and the lack or severe shortage of open urban spaces are among the most important causes of high vulnerability of these neighborhoods.

The purpose of this study was to design an inter-organizational cohesion model in implementing crisis management policies with an interpretive structural approach. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and was conducted by qualitative method and in the framework of descriptive-survey research. The statistical population consisted of 18 experts familiar with crisis management policies, including 7 managers of the Crisis Management Organization, 6 experts and experts in crisis management agencies and 5 university professors with expertise in crisis management. They were selected non-randomly and purposefully based on expertise, experience, theoretical mastery, access and desire. By reviewing the background literature and opinions of experts and also using the Delphi method, 50 indicators of inter-organizational cohesion in the implementation of crisis management policies were identified in the form of 16 components and the components were leveled by ISM technique. Findings showed that the components were located at seven levels, the unity of command and resource management at the infrastructure level and joint actions, agreement and interaction at the first level of the interpretive structural model of the research. Determining the priority policies of the partner agencies and providing the required resources, centralized and appropriate management of resources and equipment in times of crises and the establishment of a command center in the crisis area, implementation of crisis management policies as well as achieving other components of cohesion It will facilitate inter-organizational implementation of crisis management policies and help improve crisis management performance.

Resilience means creating opportunities from threats and is a category that can be examined at individual, institutional, social, national, regional and global levels. Social resilience by emphasizing the realization of "social stability" against accidents and unwanted events, on the formation and preservation of social groups and local communities, and on the other hand, it deals with the process of rehabilitation after disasters through the promotion of social capital and the improvement of the level of Knowledge and awareness, solidarity, resistance and stability and increasing the participation of human society help in the reconstruction and formation of social bonds. Social resilience is one of the issues that has been emphasized a lot in recent years in different societies, especially in urban societies. In the path of stability and resilience of human society, cognitive and mental components can play a very important role. Therefore, the main goal is to investigate the cognitive components affecting social resilience among the citizens of Birjand city. The research method is a survey and the data was obtained using a questionnaire. The statistical population is considered to be all citizens of Birjandi aged 18 and over, 400 of whom were selected based on Cochran's formula and using multi-stage cluster sampling.The results show that there is a significant relationship between social resilience and cognitive components. Regression analysis showed that cognitive components and its dimensions (0.561) explain the variance of social resilience in crisis conditions. Perception (0.745) and collective thinking and attitude (0.540) have had the most direct effects on the social resilience of citizens. Finally, in order to test the general and partial theoretical model, structural equation modeling was used, and after the desired analysis, indicators with a high fit coefficient indicated the good support of the data for the theoretical foundations of the research.

the main problem in the earthquake crisis is to provide relief to the final victims with proper accuracy and speed. In simple logistics models, due to the lack of social, cultural and security dimensions, large volumes of goods and services that have entered the earthquake area do not reach the real victims. In this research, a humanitarian aid model is introduced using a new approach (using dynamic systems techniques). It should be noted that the advantage of using this method in relief logistics modeling is that we can include limitations such as the impact of security and social problems in the final model and lead the model to become more realistic. Then the model is created by creating feedback loops and finally different scenarios are created and investigated .In the proposed model of this researchThe results showed that the simultaneous use of risk reduction strategies before, during and after the disaster and the improvement of security and physical protection values create an optimal logistics situation.

As urban population growth continues and climate change increases, it is predicted that more people will be exposed to climate change events, including floods, in the coming years. Floods are one of the most catastrophic natural disasters that can damage natural infrastructure and ecosystems and affect the lives of millions of people around the world. In this study, to assess the vulnerability of districts 1 in Shiraz to flood risk, a multi-criteria decision-making method based on Geographic Information System (GIS) was used. The criteria used in this study include land use, population density, worn-out texture, slope, waterway network and distance from the bridge Also, the best-worst (WLC) method has been determined to combine the standard maps and produce their initial weight. According to the author, so far no study has used the WLC method to assess urban vulnerability to flood risk. The weight obtained for the criteria shows that the population density factor and the waterway network with 0.453 and 0.041 have the highest and lowest standard weights in preparing a vulnerability map, respectively. The results of the best-worst method with a compatibility rate of 0.07 show that the criteria comparisons are more compatible and stable. In general, the results show that in the northern and northeastern parts of the study area, due to high population density and density of residential tissue, soil permeability levels have decreased and runoff volume has increased. Therefore, in these areas, the potential for flood risk is higher than in other areas.

This research is aim to identify the main and the most updated scientific fields and sub-fields of "Critical Infrastructure Protection". Gaining this goal, current situation of this science is identified in the world and its available to have futurology and processology for our nations experts. The other goal of this paper was introducing the most pioneer countries and international researchers in this field.This research is applicable in nature and is done by scientometrics based on co-word analysis method. Authors' reasearches dedicated that no paper with this methodology has been done on the topic of critical infrastructure so far in our country. For gathering raw data we used Web of Science website and results analyzing and clustering maps drawing were done using VOSviewer software. For drawing sub-clusters diagrams, Xmind software was used.Results of this research showed that critical infrastructure protection as a multi-disciplinary science covers a wide area of issues. But the most important issues or topics on which international researches have been focused are topics like "key products and resources", "cyberspace and banking", "cascading effects", "Industrial control systems", "scada", "cyber attacks", "terrorism" and "food and water resources security". The most pioneer countries are USA, Italy and Germany and Messrs. Steven Rinaldi, Ted g. Lewis and Gerald Brown were known as the most cited international authors in critical infrastructure protection field.

Nowadays, the risk management has turned to be an important tool in order to control and reduce the business risk. In this study, by using knowledge management to increase the competitive advantage of businesses and integrating knowledge management processes in risk management processes, we have sought risk management based on knowledge management with the aim of better management of potential risks and finally introduced a theoretical framework for it. This article is an applied research which has done in a mixed quantitative-qualitative method. First the required indicators for knowledge management and risk management processes have been identified by literature review, content analysis and Delphi method. Then a survey has been completed via a designed questionnaire, which answered by 376 managers from certified information and communication technology companies belonging to Iranian ICT Guild Organization By structural equation modeling method and smart pls3 software. Explaining factors of risk management based on knowledge management, and their inter-relationship has been asked. Finally a theoretical framework which reveals the greater index of relation between knowledge evaluation, knowledge acquisition, knowledge sharing, knowledge reposition, knowledge creation and knowledge application with risk management has been proposed

District 15 of Tehran as one of the suburbs of the city in the past, despite the numerous gates, has been one of the main places for travelers to enter the city of Tehran. It is obvious that the main and continuous feature of the growth and formation of the region has been related to its marginal and gateway status. Insofar as this matter has played a major and definite role in determining the identity and urban image of the region. The purpose of this study is to investigate the urban edge of the 15th metropolitan area of ​​Tehran and its impact on crisis management. The statistical population of this research is 60 people, of which 20 are experts of the General Directorate of Privacy and the rest are experts, experts and specialists in the research. The studied criteria include physical, cultural, managerial and social factors with specific sub-criteria that these sub-criteria are coded and then analyzed in MIC MAC software as MDI, MPDI, MII, MPII matrices. Finally, it was found that the most potential direct and indirect effects, potential indirect and indirect effects, are related to the user with rank (496). The lowest direct, potential direct effects and potential indirect and indirect effects are related to the sexual structure of the population of the range (230). Also, the highest direct, potential direct dependence and indirect, potential indirect dependence in historical periods are related to the natural bed with the number (486) and the lowest is related to population

Flood is a natural disaster that once occur, could cause serious financial damage and widespread human losses. Conventional approaches to flood risk management are mostly resistance-based. However, a resilience-based approach, taking into account uncertainties and can play a very effective role in the resilience of human settlements against this critical risk. It is essential to combine these two approaches to manage flood uncertainty through decision-making frameworks, and to use multi-criteria decision tools that can consider perspectives, goals, practical options, and stakeholder evaluation criteria. Accordingly, in focused group discussions, a hybrid set of flood crisis management alternatives were extracted and divided into three stages; pre-crisis, crisis response and post-crisis. The weights of these options were then calculated using a combination of social network analysis approach and multi-criteria decision making, and top three alternatives of each category were presented and examined. The results showed that the resilience-based approach in flood risk management has been considered by experts in cases that indicate the movement of experts from relying solely on a resistance-based approach to an adaptive approach to consider uncertainties, especially the effects of climate change.

Social crises as a protest movement of part of the masses are mainly rooted in the inefficiency of governments due to structural, functional and poor quality of governance methods, which can be seen as the example of the fall of the governments of Egypt, Tunisia and Libya in the last decade. He cited reasons for unbalanced development, lack of rule of law, inequality of citizens, corruption, lack of universal suffrage, selective support, and lack of separation of powers. The history of the evolution of public management knowledge shows that the birth and evolution of good governance in response to inefficiency and the decline of trust in traditional management methods. Therefore, this paper quantitatively uses structural equations to measure the impact of localized (good) governance indicators on social crises.Data were collected in two stages of documentation and survey with a researcher-made questionnaire using multi-stage cluster sampling method with 400 samples in Shahrekord city, the capital of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, with multi-ethnic-dialectal texture. In validation, formal validity and obtaining the opinion of experts and professors, and in measuring reliability, Cronbach's alpha (0.801) has been used.Findings from measuring structural relationships and path coefficients showed that corruption-influenced governance can weaken the six indicators: participatory, listening to (voice of) the people, developmentalism, transparency and accountability, central justice and legalism, and elite turnover Lead to social crises. But the hypothesis of the effect of acceptability and legitimacy with the considerations of religious culture on creating a social crisis was not confirmed.

Flood is one of the greatest and most common forms of natural hazard and every year around the world, there is a huge loss of life and financial loss. In this study, at first, 8 effective factors in catchment flooding were: slope, elevation, lithology, distance from fault, precipitation, land use, distance from river and soil identification. Then, information layers were prepared by GIS. The evaluation and standardization of the standard maps in the IDRISI software was done in conjunction with the fuzzy method. In the next step, the factors studied were considered as critic weights. The final analysis and modeling was done using the Vikor method as a multi-criteria decision analysis method. The results of this study also showed that among the effective factors in causing flood factor are slope factor with weight factor of 0.18, height factor with weight factor of 0.17 and land use factor with weight factor of 0.13 respectively are in the study basin. In addition, 15.49% and 16.47% of the basin area are in the very high risk category, respectively, which indicates the high potential of this basin for flood. According to the results, the factors slope and elevation and land use have the greatest impact on flood formation in the Razey Chay basin. Mostly, high-risk areas are located in the northwest and northwest basin. Therefore, conservation measures, watershed management and management of the basin are necessary studies.

The need to pay attention to organizing an efficient housing and urban development system and the need to concentrate on new urban planning ideas and defense planning of the city to achieve the goals of urban defense seem very important. Nowadays, the housing system in cities is in a dilemma; on the one hand, the expansion of cities and the formation of new urban patterns, and on the other hand, worn-out and marginal urban textures that are somehow vulnerable to disasters and hazards. The present study used a descriptive-analytical method and library and field work with emphasis on the principles of passive defense and identification of the components and indicators of vulnerability and zoning of danger in four components of natural, physical, social and economic with 45 sub-indices. It also examined earthquake-vulnerable areas comprehensively as well as the neighborhood-spatial structure of Kermanshah urban areas in order to reduce the risk from a defense perspective. In this paper, with fundamental studies related to the spatial structure based on earthquake risk, the formation and collection of experts' opinions and its analysis in the form of taxonomic and Vikor models and the required database in ArcGIS software environment were drawn. In addition to risk zoning, vulnerable neighborhoods and settlements were identified and the necessary defense strategies were provided to reduce vulnerability.