نشریه گردشگری و اوقات فراغت
پیاپی 14 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Today, tourism is recognized as one of the inalienable rights of citizens. However, some groups in society are not able to benefit from this inalienable right simply. The elderly, people with physical and mobility disabilities, and people with visual impairments and mental disorders are among these groups who face many challenges in tourism and travel services. In this research, the obstacles to tourism for blind people have been studied. Analyzing the needs and barriers of tourism and travel for this demographic group through semi-structured interviews with them is one of the most reliable methods for needs assessment and planning according to the special needs of this group. Therefore, in the present study, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 19 blind people regarding the needs and obstacles of travel. The data were analyzed by thematic analysis method and by Atlas T.I. qualitative data analysis software. The findings of the research show that the obstacles can be categorized as cultural, financial and economic, individual and physical obstacles. Also, to solve these obstacles, it is necessary to consider Individual, social, physical, cultural, and infrastructural aspects in the form of a coherent program for planners and policymakers.

Ecotourism is responsible travel to natural areas that preserve the environment and plays a significant role in improving the living standards of local people. Eco-tourism includes different types of tourism, which can be even a scientific trip or spending a weekend in the countryside or a village. All types of tourism can somehow be included in the classification of eco-tourism. In general, eco-tourism includes exploring natural and untapped environments with unique natural elements. For example, traveling in caves, mountains, waterfalls, deserts, forests, and other natural phenomena. This research aimed to investigate the effect of beneficial reference groups on socially responsible consumption, activism orientation, collectivism, and the intention to visit ecotourism. This research is descriptive-survey in terms of practical purpose and terms of data collection. The research tool is the standard questionnaire of Silva et al. (2022). 222 samples were selected by the available method from the target population. The population was people aged 15 to over 65 years old, most of whom lived in Mashhad. To measure the face validity from the experts' point of view and to check the construct validity, factor analysis, convergent, and divergent validity, Cronbach's alpha method, and composite reliability coefficient were used to determine the reliability. The total Cronbach's alpha was estimated at 0.87, which is within the acceptable range. SmartPLS software was used for data analysis. The results showed that the beneficial reference group has a positive and significant effect on socially responsible consumption, action orientation, collectivism, and the intention to visit ecotourism destinations.

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effect of online experience of a tourism city brand on the behavioral intentions to visit the tourist attractions in Tehran. The City of Tehran, one of the world’s largest cities in the world, has numerous capacities and potentials for national and international tourism, which despite this city’s large travel volume, it has been neglected and not used. Tehran's diverse nature, rich historical backgrounds, commercial attractions, and numerous museums can help attract tourists; however, it seems that the tourism potential of this city is not used. The research method used in this study is a descriptive survey. The study’s statistical population includes foreign tourists visiting the tourist attractions of Tehran (museums of Tehran). Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics have been used with Amos and SPSS software to analyze the research data. The results showed that “online experience of the destination brand” positively affects both “brand originality” and “tourists’ intentions”. The findings of the present research can be used in order to increase the number of international tourists visiting Tehran attraction.

Corona disease has seriously damaged the tourism industry. The critical point of post-corona tourism is that the results of the studies show that tourism is a social issue, and post-corona tourism in Iran will be ponderable. Therefore, this research aimed to investigate and analyze post-corona tourism crisis management from the perspective of social psychological analysis and to emphasize Antonovsky's resilience components (SOC), using the qualitative method and in-depth semi-structured interviews with experts and the analysis method. It has analyzed and investigated the post-corona theme of tourism. The results of the research findings point to the post-corona crisis, a severe crisis with an unsettled market and mass demand, along with the emergence of harmful behaviors due to the pressures of the corona era, the desire to travel domestically and pay more attention to health issues, which will prove many problems. The post-corona crisis management of tourism, due to the spirit of resilience, emphasizes the creation of high awareness and understanding of the future conditions, which should be clarified for the trustees and managers of tourism, and operational, and short-term planning should be carried out with the focus on urban tourism so that the media for Awareness, description, and preparation of the host community and tourists for the post-corona era benefited.

Corona disease has seriously damaged the tourism industry. The critical point of post-corona tourism Today, considering the expansion of international tourism markets and the diversity of tourism destinations, more activities should be done to increase the share of tourists; also, it should be done according to the wants and tastes of customers in the marketing and planning of tourism. With good planning, India is the fourth largest economy in the world and is very close to China's economic growth. Although all the capacities are available to attract tourists, Iran has not been able to attract an acceptable amount of Indian tourists due to the lack of understanding of the interests and tastes of Indian tourists. This research aims to identify the intentions and wants of Indian tourists and the extent of its compatibility with Iran's tourism products. In terms of methodology, it is descriptive and analytical; And it has been done by the qualitative method using a case study. Findings show that the most important capacities that attract Indian tourists to Iran are ethnic relations، cultural similarities, religious similarities (Islam-Zoroastrianism), and commercial relations. Also, culture, nostalgia, Business, and religion are the main motives of Indian tourists to travel to Iran. However, due to the difference in food tastes and the difference in the preferred mode of transportation of Indian tourists, Iran's tourism products are incompatible with the main interests of Indian tourists.

The importance of the number of incoming tourists to a country in tourism development prompts planners to measure tourism demand to identify and prioritize related factors. Despite Iran's low contribution to the tourism industry, it's essential to investigate the agents affecting the industry’s growth and determine the factors affecting the increase of tourists entering the country. For this purpose, the dynamic econometric model of international tourism demand has been investigated in this research, and the determination of factors in the arrival of international tourists to Iran has been analyzed. In this regard, the tourists entering Iran from 50 different countries from 2008 to 2016 were examined; The effect of economic factors such as the Gross Domestic Product of origin countries, Consumer price index (relative price of tourism) and crude oil price, and non-economic factors such as the number of rooms, political stability and the effect of the boycott were measured as dummy variable on the demand of incoming tourists. For this purpose, the demand of incoming tourists was estimated using three models, including economic, non-economic, and hybrid models using the GMM estimator for the dynamic panel data model and EViews10 software. The research findings indicate that in addition to economic variables, non-economic factors also affect the amount of inbound tourism demand in Iran. Gross Domestic Product among economic variables and political stability among non-economic variables have had a more profound impact.

Kish Island, with its special geographical characteristics, is the only tourist area among all Iranian islands that has received particular attention in all eras. Women should be considered for the tourism industry development due to specific gender restrictions. The current research aims to "identify the factors influencing the development of sports tourism in Kish Island with an emphasis on women's recreational sports.” The research was a mixed study conducted using qualitative and quantitative studies. To identify the factors affecting the development of sports tourism, semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts, experts in the field of sport and tourism in Kish, and university professors. The result of this phase was identifying the influential factor, which became a structured questionnaire. Before distributing the questionnaire, its validity, and reliability were first determined. Then the questionnaires were completed by 80 experts working in tourism, sports, and women participating in sports-recreational games in Kish Island. In total, five factors (individual, contextual, organizational, partnership, and service management), 13 dimensions (demographic, psychological and behavioral, structural, infrastructural, policy and planning, organization, distribution and supply of services, needs assessment, sports events and coverage, sports attractions, human resources, financial resources, technology, and knowledge) and 46 components were identified. The analysis of the structural model showed that all identified factors have an impact on the development of sports tourism in Kish Island. Managerial factors were the most important, and individual factors were the least important.

Tourism is an interdisciplinary activity and industry relying on Iran's rich culture and potential ancient, historical, natural, and cultural capabilities. It can bring significant economic benefits to the country and is one of the essential components of economic development. This research aims to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of cultural tourism; also provide solutions for the development of cultural tourism during Iran's economic recession. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The applied research model combines the SWOT strategic analysis and QSPM quantitative strategic planning model. At first, the required information was collected by questionary from the experts. In the analysis process, internal factors evaluation matrices show the unfavorable situation of internal factors, and external factors evaluation matrices show the development of cultural tourism in Iran's economic recession; also, it has been able to take advantage of opportunities and avoid threats. Using the internal-external factors matrix, the best strategies of the SO group were identified. Finally, a quantitative strategic planning matrix was used, which prioritized the strategy of the SO group in the following order: involving local people in tourism programs, benefiting from tourism advantages and support development programs, increasing employment creation and economic exchanges to increase the quality level and the well-being of people's lives, benefiting from cultural diversity and the cheap travel to Iran as a competitive advantage to attract more tourists and benefit from significant investments in the field of employment for young people.

Today, tourism, as the largest service industry in terms of revenue, is considered an essential factor for economic development. One of the most critical measures that can cause the growth of the tourism industry to reduce the dependence of Iran's economy on oil revenues is the development of residences and hotels for the accommodation of travelers. The use of sensory marketing is one of the factors affecting the development of the hotel industry. Therefore, in this research, we examine the effect of sensory marketing on brand equity in the tourism industry by mediating the variables of brand experience, attitude, and attachment. The statistical population of this research includes foreign tourists who traveled to Tehran this spring and summer and stayed in four- and five-star hotels. Available non-random sampling method and questionnaire were used to collect data. Content validity was used to check the validity of the questionnaire, and Cronbach's alpha was used to check the reliability of the questionnaire.  Structural equation modeling was used through Smart PLS software to analyze the collected data. According to the obtained results, the tactile component has no significant effect on the brand experience, but all four components of sight, smell, taste, and hearing have a positive and significant impact on the brand experience. Other research hypotheses have also been confirmed.

The tourism industry, due to its nature, has many connections with the society and cultures of the origin and destination of tourism, and the management of these connections will play an essential role in the development of this industry. Social and cultural capitals are two critical concepts in this field, and today they play a fundamental role in the sustainable development of countries. This research attempts to investigate the role and position of these two types of capital in the “World Heritage” complex of the historical Bazaar of Tabriz in line with the development of the tourism industry. In this regard, the concepts of social and cultural capital are explained. After explaining the various functions of the old Bazaar complex, the structure and connections of their components are analyzed, and a theoretical-practical model is presented. Then, to understand the status of these two types of capital and their components in the old Bazaar complex, the primary data collected through interviews with the Bazaar residents were analyzed in the SPSS software. Based on the results, the component of trust in governmental institutions is at a low level among the Bazaars; Also, there are some conservatism attitudes towards transformations and cultural issues; by eliminating these issues through the use of social capital, it is possible to use the vast potential hidden in the Tabriz old Bazaar for the sustainable development of tourism.

The cultural heritage of polo is one of the cultural values of Iran. Analyzing the potential of polo, showing its cultural value in the form of tourism, and representing its cultural identity and cultural elements in the tourism industry, will be useful for economic benefits and cultural and sports diplomacy. This study aims to explain the concept of polo tourism based on the values of cultural tourism.This research is applied research that has been conducted using the review method. Also, the researcher’s lived experience has been used in the content expression. Secondary data collected from research articles, publications, websites, surveys, reports, etc., were used in the other part of the research. Thereby, procedures like reviewing previous research, independent and methodical exploratory reasoning, description, integration, relationship explanation, and trends in the body of tourism knowledge were used to achieve new and applied ideas for developing a new tourism model. The result of this research indicated that customs, traditions, culture, and cultural elements, especially polo, along with its various manifestations and elements of identity which show Iranian civilization, have the necessary prerequisites for the creation and development of a distinct part in tourism called “polo tourism”.

The development of the tourism industry is one of the most important economic and social events in today's societies. In this regard, the historical complex of the city of Chaleshtor, located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, due to its historical background and the privileged geographical features of the region in which it is located, can benefit from economic benefits (employment, income, etc.) and social opportunities. , political and cultural also benefit the residents of the region and the country. The main goal of this research is to create a new window for the development of tourism in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province by examining the pathology of this historical complex from the point of view of visitors and to provide suitable solutions for the development of tourism in this region. Therefore, in this research, we are looking for an answer to the question, what are the problems and obstacles to attract tourists in this collection? And which of these problems has a negative and significant impact on the number of annual visits by tourists to this castle? The statistical population investigated in this research includes all the visitors of the Chaleshtor Castle, among them, using Cochran's A formula (including 90% confidence factor and ten% error), statistics and simple random sampling method, a sample of 130 people was selected through the completion Questionnaires were asked in the summer of 1401 and the data were described and analyzed. In the current research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and based on the EVIEWS analytical model and using the OLS method, the results obtained show the fact that among the five investigated variables (the absence of a place to rest, including (restaurants and coffee shops) , lack of tourist guides in the castle, lack of parking, lack of stalls providing services in the castle and lack of benches and space to sit), the variable of lack of a place to rest including (restaurants and coffee shops) is significant with a lower probability of five percent And an increase of one unit has a negative and significant effect of 0.189 units on the number of visits to the castle.