نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال هجدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 71، پاییز 1401)

fair distribution of income is one of the most important macroeconomic goals of countries. Two different views are presented in relation to the impact of income inequality on economic growth by economic theorists. Many studies have been done in this regard which in some studies income inequality has positive effect on economic growth and others have negative effect. In most studies, the Gini index is used for income inequality which is based on income before tax deduction and forced payment .Since taxes as a tool to improve the income distribution situation, calculation of Gini coefficient based on income after mandatory payment and taxes can create a more accurate picture of income distribution and its consequences .Due to the effect of income redistribution on income inequality , the present study examines the effect of partial redistribution on economic growth by using the Iranian economy during 1978-2018 and using generalized method of moments ( GMM ) .The results of the study show that the relative redistribution has significant effect on economic growth. Based on the results , indirect relationship between economic growth and economic growth is confirmed by relative redistribution index .The results of this study show that taxes and deferred payment are the driving force of economic growth .While on the basis of conventional GINI coefficient , income inequality causes an increase in economic growth .Therefore , providing a proper measure of income inequality will result in more accurate understanding of income inequality and codification of policy making in order to equal income.

In societies like our country, before oil revenues came into use, the national economy was based on agriculture and was considered the only source of treasury and government expenses. In today's era, despite the reduction of the role of this sector in the economy, the study of the functioning of the economic sectors in the framework of the national macro-economy confirms the significant role of the agricultural sector in the country. Agriculture is the main pillar of Gilan people's livelihood and economy. But the issue that has received less attention in the meantime is regional justice and balance in enjoying agricultural facilities and services among the cities of Gilan In fact, the evidence indicates that some cities are at higher levels in terms of development, and in this sense, there is an imbalance between the cities. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The Agricultural Statistics of Gilan Province (2013) was used to collect information. Shannon and TOPSIS entropy models were also used for data analysis. The results of the TOPSIS model in the group of "agricultural tools and technologies" indicators showed that the cities of Rasht, Soumehsara, Lahijan and Talesh are in the first level of development. The cities of AstanehAshrafieh, Rudsar, Bandar Anzali, Shaft and Foman are on the second level and the cities of Langrod, Amlash, Siahkal, Rudbar, Razvanshahr and Masal and Astara are on the third level.

Tax taking is important for governments in all countries for funding. But this issue should be done in a context that the role of components that are necessary for the consistency and sustainability of society, including respect for high human and moral values. In the meantime, the impact of moral values and social capital on the variable is an interesting issue that has recently been investigated in the field of behavioral finance. This paper investigated the effect of moral values on tax compliance with the mediating role of social capital in the General Department of Taxation of Zanjan Province. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of method. The statistical population of this study is the staff of the General Department of Tax Affairs of Zanjan Province, whose number is 457 people. The statistical sample size was estimated to be 209 using the Cochran relation and was selected by stratified random sampling. Required data with 3 standard questionnaires; The Questionnaire of Ethical Values of the Organization (Namkung, 2010), the Questionnaire of Tax Obedience (Pazhuhesh Nia1392-93) and the Questionnaire of Social Capital (Nahapit and Gushkal, 1998) were collected and based on structural equation modeling using SPss and PLS software. The findings showed a positive and significant effect of the organization's moral values and social capital on tax compliance; in addition, the mediating role of social capital in influencing moral values on tax compliance was confirmed.

In the model of Knowledge-Based production, knowledge and innovation are the most important factors of production; therefore, knowledge and innovation are the main keys to economic growth and development. The process of production of knowledge and innovation require groundwork making; This paper examines the effect of three factors, research and development expenditures, and education expenditures also the infrastructure of information and communication technology, on the production of knowledge and innovation. The purpose is to identify the path to realization of the knowledge-based economy in order to policy making for its realization in the Iranian economy. The extent of patents is considered as an indicator for producing knowledge and innovation. The countries under this study are 23 OECD member selected countries. For modeling, panel data method in Eviews software is used. Finding a positive and meaningful relationship between the three variables of research and development expenditure, training and technology infrastructure with the amount of patents, is the result of this research. The results of the calculations show that these three factors are very important in the process of producing knowledge and innovation, such that the lack of attention to them will actually lead the production of knowledge and innovation to the serious obstacles. Also, the comparison between the descriptive charts of the data for these three variables for Iran and the selected countries suggests that it would not be desirable in Iran.

The history of twentieth-century urban planning is replete with theories and methods that rely on the ontological, cognitive, and methodological assumptions of the positivist paradigm; In fact, pre-late urban planning of the late 1970s is a legacy of the dominance of the modernist rationalist approach of the 1950s and 1960s. One of the most important theorists of postmodernism is the French philosopher Gilles Deleuze. Deleuze tries to introduce a new look at knowledge by presenting his horizontal and transverse approach to knowledge, which is called "rhizomatic approach"; A view that opposes the tree approach to knowledge and challenges all the different epistemological systems based on the tree approach to knowledge. Deleuze argues that tree systems are linear, hierarchical, static, and vertical, and suggest cuts, divisions, and lines between things. Tree thinking is "thinking", while rhizome thinking is "thinking". The Covid 19 epidemic occurred in the 21st century at a time when various countries were developing and expanding complex relationships around the world, and success was one of the states with the most relationships. The lowest rate. At the beginning of the spread of Covid 19, each country tried to prevent the spread of the epidemic in their own country. Among these, the community-based approach focuses on the role of the voluntary and grassroots sector in local development and the formation of community-based organizations, above all on the role of the voluntary and grassroots sector in local development and the formation of organizations. Emphasis is community-oriented. In this approach, local communities are pioneered, spontaneously organized to achieve common interests and goals, including problem solving, achieving social welfare, and moving beyond the status quo of their local community.

Determining the relative advantage of agricultural products in different regions is one of the important dimensions of agricultural policy and planning, based on which the appropriate pattern of production and cultivation can be achieved in different regions according to the conditions in each region. The current research aims to prioritize the provinces that produce medicinal plants in the country based on the indicators of the physical advantage of production (advantage of scale, efficiency advantage and collective advantage) and their fluctuation coefficient during the period of 2011-2018 using the numerical taxonomy method. The results showed that during a period of 18 years, South Khorasan, Jiroft and Razavi Khorasan provinces had the highest average scale advantage index (SAI) and the highest average efficiency advantage (EAI) was also in Alborz, West Azarbaijan and Lorestan provinces with 13/67 respectively. , 6/47 and 6/19 were obtained. According to the results of collective advantage (AAI), the provinces of Hamadan, Semnan and Sistan and Baluchistan have the lowest fluctuation coefficient of collective index with 0.26, 0.28 and 0.33 and the provinces of Alborz, Jiroft and Sistan and Baluchistan with 31.40 respectively. 2.3 and 1.65 had the highest average collective advantage among all the provinces of the country. Finally, in order to summarize, using GIS software, a comprehensivemap of the country for medicinal plants was drawn based on the indicators of physical advantage.

The purpose of this study is to help increase the productivity of public agencies, in today's highly competitive and ever-changing world, by finding factors that affect the attraction of capable, committed and competent human resources. Obviously, the resulting model will be effective in helping to achieve development, which is one of the goals of the 1404 vision document, by helping to attract specialized and qualified human resources. To achieve this purpose, the indicators were collected using literature review and the opinions of 20 experts in public administration, human resource management and senior managers of public agencies using” Expert Panel technique”. Quantitative data were collected through the distribution of 180 questionnaires in the “Administrative and Employment organization of the whole country”, as the custodian of employment in IRAN. Statistical analysis of research data is done by EXCEL and Lisrel software and through confirmatory factor analysis. Also, fuzzy Dimatel analysis is performed to find the relationship between these factors. The findings of the analysis confirm the impact of the four mentioned factors on human resource recruitment and show that three factors out of the four (environmental factors, organizational factors and individual competencies) have a cause role and one dimension (Job related factors) have the effect role on recruitment. This means that human resource management can use this plan to improve recruit of human resources, by identifying the causal factors and facilitating them without making a direct effort on effective factor.

Previous experience in development project and trust their building has always played a major role in local people's participation in future rural development projects. Nevertheless, planners and policy makers often neglect such experiences and implement development programs in areas with negative experience. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to test the hypothesis of a significant relationship between rural woman's trust in MENARID projects and their participation in future empowerment projects in Kermanshah Provinc. For this purpose, a descriptive cross-sectional descriptive survey method was used and information was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The study population was women involved in the Menarid Project (N = 270), 160 of whom were studied using simple random sampling. In this study, simple linear regression coefficient using SPSS statistical software was used to analyze the data. According to the findings, the Menarid project has been able to build moderate to high trust in rural women. The results of Pearson correlation between the two variables of trust and participation indicate that the two variables have a positive and significant correlation and 54% of the changes in the dependent variable of participation in future empowerment projects are explained by trust in previous projects. Finally, suggestions were made to planners and officials.