نشریه مطالعات محیط انسان ساخت
پیاپی 1 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

The present study examines the role of Neishabour City in the development of villages around the city. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The theoretical information is collected through the library method and then studied using statistical methods of population density and rural growth rate during different decades. The physical growth of Neishabour City has been studied using Landsat 5, 7, 8 satellite images during three periods of time (1986, 2000, 2020).. The results show that the population density of villages located around the west of the city is higher than other places. Besides, the growth of the city, in addition to the planned growth in the north of the city, has expanded unplanned in the west. Up to the year of 1425, %65 of the population of the villages around will be occupied by these residential centers. Based on the population and housing census in 2006, the high quality agricultural lands and residency around the City has caused the integration of 8 villages with a population of 4728 people with the City and be recognized as a part of the urban area. At present, 21 villages are physically connected to the City or are located at a maximum distance of 1000 meters from the City; their population in 1395 was equal to 18574 people that it will reach to 37,826 over the next 30 years

The concept of complementarity and polycentric development are closely related. Experts and decision-makers believe that small and medium-sized cities can reap the benefits of wider labor demand, greater access to services, and as well as physical spatial overflows to achieve the functions of larger cities. The question, however, is: do polycentric structures have greater potential than monocentric areas to make complementary connections between their cities and reap the benefits? To answer this question, the present study uses correspondence analysis to measure and compare the potential of complementary relationships in the two urban areas of Central Mazandaran and Rasht as a representative of polycentric and monocentric structures. For this purpose, employment data of major activity groups of two areas have been used. The results showed that there is a clear distinction between the economic functions of Amol, Sari and Babol cities in the field of industry, public administration and trade. However, in the urban metropolitan of Rasht, with the exception of Anzali port, which is considered as one of the most important ports in the country, other cities could not play a distinct role independent of the agricultural sector near Rasht. Although the findings support the potential for more complementary relationships in the polycentric region of Mazandaran, it does not mean that these links are not established in the Rasht urban region.

Cemeteries are historically, culturally, architecturally and archaeologically valuable resources. The cemetery space is not only for the dead, but also for the living because of their beloved graves.. Due to the expansion of Mashhad in terms of geography, population and the problems related to Behesht Reza Cemetry, Mashhad city managers have designed Behesht Rezvan Cemetery in north of Mashhad. The aim of this research is to investigate the social and environmental impacts of the cemetery on rural settlement around. The study is "applied" in terms of purpose and is "descriptive-analytical" in terms of method and nature. The statistic population consisted of residents of 5 villages located around Cemetery of Behesht Rezvan (N = 933). The sample size was 144 inhabitants of the sample villages, based on Cochran formula that were selected randomly. Questionnaire was used to collect data and measure research variables. The validity of the indices was evaluated and judged by 10 experts in the field of urban and rural planning studies. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed highly by the Cronbach's alpha test (0.895). Data analysis was performed using SPSS software in factor analysis method. The results of reduction of 23 variables showed 8 extracted factors that explain %71.54 of variance and indicated satisfactory factor analysis and the variables studied. Accordingly, the most important social and environmental impacts of Behesht Rezvan Cemetery are the factors of environmental health reduction with variance of 19.058, decrease in life expectancy with variance of 15.729 and security, psychological and psychological problems with variance of 12.157. According to the results of one-sample T-test, factors of life expectancy (10.777) and environmental health (10.382) had the highest impact on rural life. The results of the ARAS technique and the ranking of the sample villages confirmed that the impacts of cemetery on the nearby villages were greater and Gonbadvaz and Kalateh Timur villages were most affected.

Along with rural development, women are always interested in participating in the labor force in non-agricultural activities and the service sector in society. This society consists of uninterrupted paths and networks drawn by people in space. The space-time path is the main charter of time geography and the obstacles and time-space constraints in the employment path of rural women in Varzeqan county is an issue that the present study has analyzed. The research is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. A total of 45 women were selected to participate in the survey and answer multiple-choice questions (Likert scale) and 25 of these participated in in-depth qualitative interviews. The interviews were purposeful and the sample size was selected through Convenient Sampling. In the qualitative part, the method of "guided introspection research" using MAXQDA 20 software was used. In the quantitative part, SEM using the PLS method with Smart PLS software was used., as the main themes in the space-time constraints of rural women's participation Were recognized in the workforce. "Vital space" in terms of leading rural women in the time-space charter to low-paying jobs; "The ideology of the man as breadwinner (gender stereotypes)" means the man as the main provider of the family's economic livelihood and the woman's dependence; "Time-space crisis conditions" in the sense that women are seen as a potential reserve labor force are the most important constraints on the participation of rural women in the labor force in thetime geography .

This study aimed to investigate social capital and its impact on sustainable rural development. The is a descriptive-analytical research, the purpose is of the practical form and it is done in survey method. The statistic sample is all the heads of household lived in rural areas of Miankuh District, Ardal County. A sample of 254 persons was selected by stratified random sampling in the study area, using Sample Power software. The sample was studied under proportional impartation method. The questionnaire was used to collect information. The information was analyzed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis, second stage, and Structural Equation Analysis Modeling. Validity of the research instruments was evaluated and confirmed contently (face validity) and structurally; its reliability was approved by composite reliability. The results of the social capital sub-indices indicate that social trust with a coefficient of 0.85, network quality with 0.72 and social participation with 0.67 have the highest correlation with social capital; common moral values with a coefficient of 0.37 has the lowest correlation. The inclusion of these factors in the structural equation modeling as sub-indices of community capital (hidden variable) as an independent variable shows the direct and the strong impact of social capital on sustainable development. That means, by changing a unit of social capital, a change of 0.84 occurs for the sustainable rural development in the study area. The results emphasize the necessity to pay attention to social capital and strengthen its various dimensions to move towards sustainable development in the Miankuh area

Today, there are various life challenges at the metropolises because of unplanned development and excessive population group; challenges such as environmental, economic, social problems besides other matters including some mental diseases, environmental pollutions, air and water and soil pollution, improper housing, lack of housing, crime commitment, traffic, marginalization and lack of urban infrastructures. According to city conditions today, it is more essential than before to consider stable development theory and approaches derived from such as urban habitability and the pattern of eco-city. This is to create a balanced city without any environmental problems suitable for all members of the society. The present study is done to provide comparative grading of habitable eco-city pattern among 10 districts at Tabriz metropolis. This is an applied research in analytic-descriptive method. The information and research data were gathered by questionnaire, package of Likert multiple choice questions and the sample volume of 1068 in accidentally delivery grading. The data analysis was done by SPSS and LISREL softwares, based on structural equations and Fuzzy multiple variables analysis in GIS. According to the results,the habitable eco-city pattern among 10 districts at Tabriz metropolis was unbalanced. In grading, the highest average belonged to district 2 (363.3740) and the lowest average belonged to district 6 (253.9420).

The major aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between regional sustainable development and environmental, demographic-human and socio-economic structures. To do this, the composite development index is initially created based upon Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and GIS methods. According to these methods, the significant effective factors on the rural development are identified including their weights. It is worth saying that the sample size of data ,  equals  , in which N stands the number of villages (289) and K indicates the number of variables (25) based on latest census in 2016. This phase of assessment leaded to rural groups ranking.At the second stage, using econometric techniques (such as quantile regression), we have investigated the most important factors affecting development index as the dependent variable. According to the results, the regional development index has been affected negatively and meaningfully by natural variables such as slop and natural structures, and positively been affected by socio-economic and demographic determinants such as improving non-governmental organizations and local management. These results indicate the necessity to apply a specific development pattern for other similar areas in Iran.JEL Classification: R1, R2,R14.

Social stability is of the main elements in sustainable development. Social Stability and social capital  are the  important factors in making, evolution and development of urban . Also, considering the new challenges of the city and urban planning, social capitals and social sustainability in neighborhoods are damaged more than before.  The research goal is to identify the  appropriate variables and indicators of social  stability (such as security, social and spatial justice, social capital and  social solidarity, belonging and sense of spatiality; this aim is to achieve social sustainability of neighborhoods by cultural and social planning. The present study is qualitative-quantitative and descriptive-analytical in nature and is applied in terms of purpose. In the field stage, 384 persons were selected as a statistical sample and persons over 18 were under in-situ questioning using random sampling method. Then, using AZP (Automatic Zoning Problem), spatial analysis of field findings at the neighborhoods level was performed.  The research findings related to investigate the factors of social stability and improve the stability of Sorkhab neighborhood concluded that there are many challenges and instabilities in terms of social at Sorkhab neighborhood. Security is one of the challenges at Sorkhab neighborhood of Tabriz, which has challenged the social stability of the neighborhood. Also, the average downward rate of the identity of the citizens of Sorkhab neighborhood leads to decrease the sense of belonging to the neighborhood to decrease  social controls and an increase social anomalies. However, one of the main reasons for the loss of social capital in this urban neighborhoods is the incorrect plans renovation of the neighborhoods in upstream urban development documents such as master plans, unplanned constructions without a plan based on financial gain, have led to the destruction of neighborhood organization and social ties.

The quality of urban green space and its distribution is one of the important factors in urban sustainable development. Appropriate distribution and accessibility of urban green space are the requirements of new urbanism. The city of Maragheh is one of the middle cities of East Azerbaijan province in which the distribution of urban green space is inappropriate. Accordingly, in this study, with the aim of helping to optimize the green space of this city, a method for analyzing the existing land-uses and locating neighborhood parks has been presented. In this process, the criteria including land priorities, access to secondary and main arteries, proximity to educational and cultural centers, avoidance of inconsistent uses, centrality to the neighborhood, and appropriate distance from existing parks were considered as factors of assessment. In this order, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and TOPSIS, and fuzzy theory have been used in the GIS software environment. The results show that 13.3% of Maragheh city are completely compatible with the construction of neighborhood parks and 6% are completely incompatible. The results also show the high efficiency of the proposed method in analyzing land uses and selecting suitable areas for park development in neighboring units.

The cities are severely affected by the natural environment around with which they shall be adapted. Yazd Province is located in a hot dry climate and it could be survived and adapted with the hard dry natural environment. To have this adaptation continued, a proper planning should be done to set desirable settlements to develop urban areas.The research goal is to examine Yazd Province adaptation with desirable locations. The methodology was decision techniques using Geographical Information System (GIS) and fuzzy models. In this research, the Province adaptation with spatial desirability was measured with environmental, social and economic features by eleven indicators. The importance and impact of the criteria were determined by Fuzzy Dimethyl Method. The final map to determine and compare spatial desirability was created by two methods of Fuzzy Compilation and Linear Weighted Composition (WLC). In the Fuzzy method, the layers were first fused and standardized, then, the layers were performed on the weights obtained from (FANP) in each of the Fuzzy operators (0.5 GAMMA, AND, OR). In the second method, the WLC layers were categorized based on the value given and were obtained in the final weight. The results showed that the AND fuzzy operator contains a more rigorous approach than other OR operators and 0.5 GAMMA. The largest area is about %87 with very too low adaptation. In the OR method, the minimum precaution is about AND and GAMMA 0.5; the area of %38 has a too low and low adaptation and an area of %14 with great adaptation. There is a lee caution in 0.5 GAMMA method than the caution in AND method. 0.5 GAMMA is more rigorous than OR and determines the area of %84 as a too low adaptation and the area of %2 as a high adaptation. In WLC the interaction of results does not considered and it only combines the cell values. In the obtained map, the area of %90 is considered as a too low adaptation and the area of %1 is considered as a high adaptation. The orientation of cities’ development was suggested based on the done modelling and the rate of rigorousness.

 Increasingly growth of population and consequently increase number of cars along with slow growth of transportation infrastructure has caused increased rate of accident and demand for travel in Iran. This has multiplied pressure on existing transport networks. In this research, by the examining intelligent transportation strategies, the extent of its impact on intelligent transportation network is measured and compared. For research analysis, hierarchical analysis has been used in which indicators have been compared in pairs and it is distributed among 22 of municipality experts and managers, specialists in field of transportation and university specialists in form of a questionnaire. The results have shown that 65 factors are effective in making intelligent the transportation of mid-sized cities in the country in different aspect Which include, managerial criteria23, economic11, socio-cultural 23 and physical 11 factors. Among managerial Criteria, management stability with a weight of 0.209 and technical knowledge of managers with a weight of 0.002 , in sub-criteria related to economic criteria, Economic sanctions of the country with a weight of 0.099 and the stability of exchange rate of country with a weight of 0.084 ,in sub-criteria related to socio-cultural criteria, non-governmental organizations in promoting intelligent transportation with a weight of 0.099 and urban vandalism with a weight of 0.076 and eventually in sub-criteria related to physical criteria, Smart technical facilities (installation) with a weight of 0.138 and sub-criteria of location allocation of smart facilities (installation) with a weight of 0.109 have been the first and last priority, respectively.

Human settlements (especially urban ones) face a wide range of challenges in connection with the natural world. These challenges are essential for the well-being of citizens within the framework of three pillars of sustainability, namely environmental, social and economic, and five vital dimensions; People, planet earth, prosperity, peace and participation are important concepts of sustainable development goals. The new UN Urban Agenda proposes a paradigm shift based on urban science and sets standards and principles for the planning, construction, development, management and improvement of urban areas along its five main pillars: urban policies, laws and regulations, Plans urban planning and design, local economy and municipal finance, and local management. The Covid-19 pandemic affected life around the world. This pandemic has caused many fluctuations in the viability index of urban settlements. It has also affected the way people interact and use public open space in cities around the world. Other effects include increased stress, depression and mental illness in urban areas around the world. In this article, while expressing the challenges of urban settlements, especially in the era of the Covid-19 pandemic, and the effects it has on the livability of cities, the human-centered planning and design approach to future cities within the restorative city in the face of the effects of this pandemic is discussed.