نشریه امنیت انتظامی دریایی
پیاپی 50 (پاییز 1401)

the high level of maritime relations of the international community, affected by the dependency in meeting the needs of governments, has made the penetration rate of the sea and the sea-based economy more obvious than in the past, to the extent that maritime trade plays an undeniable role in generating income and meeting the needs and It has provided human needs. Due to the expansion of the volume of commercial exchanges, affected by the factors affecting maritime security, a rare but effective event such as maritime terrorism can disrupt maritime security in dimensions beyond one example and make governments think of solutions more than before. focus on improving the level of maritime security so that by synergizing at the international level, in extraterritorial geography, by establishing universal laws and with a positive and negative approach, they become the basis for preventing and countering maritime terrorism.

In this research, the researcher tries to find the position of international treaties in maritime security by using written library sources, scientific articles by researchers and international organizations with an analytical-descriptive method, emphasizing the active fight against maritime terrorism. , to evaluate.

The results and findings of the research: 

The findings of the research indicate that the phenomenon of maritime terrorism with its goals and motivations has had a very wide impact on global security and the characteristics, components and propositions affecting it, its impact factor in It has greatly increased maritime security. Despite the low volume of its occurrence, this phenomenon has been influential on a wide level, and of course its importance has appeared in the form of various treaties. If maritime terrorism originates from the government or groups affiliated to the government benefit from the technical, informational and logistical point of view, it is very difficult to fight and compared to other types of terrorism, it can disrupt the security of shipping in a short period of time and disrupt trade. maritime and as a result human, economic, health, food and energy security will be the basis for violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms. The sensitivity, complexity, penetration rate of maritime terrorism can be the basis for international and interstate convergence in dealing with and synergy of the international community in dealing with the issue.

One of the negative consequences of the development of coastal tourism is the disruption of public order, followed by disruption of the social security of the local community. One of the types of security is social security in cities, which is more important in coastal cities in the north of the country due to the attraction of tourists. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to evaluate and analyze the social security of tourists in the coastal areas of Bandargaz city.

In this research, the descriptive method - analysis and field survey has been used. The population studied in this research is Bandargaz city residents and tourists, due to the unavailability of the correct number of tourists, 80 tourists and using Cochran's method, 86 residents were selected as a sample and the questionnaire was randomly selected between They are distributed.

The findings obtained from the non-parametric Chi-Square test in the SPSS statistical analysis software show a relatively high social security in Bandar Gaz city from the point of view of tourists. Also, Spearman's correlation coefficient shows a negative and significant relationship in The level of 1% is between the level of education and the feeling of security among tourists.

The importance and position of common oil and gas resources in the global economy and their role in earning huge incomes and more importantly, the stabilization of the political position for the surrounding countries has caused the legal regime governing their exploitation to be of great importance in law. be international The close connection of common oil and gas resources with the legal phenomenon of border, jurisdiction and sovereignty of governments are among the most important and complex concepts of international law, which has made these resources more important in international relations between the beneficiary governments. In order to achieve a proper understanding and complete knowledge of the concept of common oil and gas resources and to master the legal regime governing them, first of all, the different dimensions and methods governing this economic and international phenomenon should be explored.

The current research method is based on descriptive-analytical method using library resources and research and study of books, articles, documents, statutes, conventions and international treaties.

We found that one of the most important and important economic, political and noteworthy issues in the last century in the national and international arena is the issue of common oil and gas resources and the rules and regulations governing the exploitation of these huge energy resources. Is. The issue of joint oil and gas fields has long been of interest to governments and large international oil companies, and without a doubt, it is necessary to define the issue of exploitation of these huge energy resources, specifically oil and gas, based on legal rules and regulations. be interpreted so that there is a logical and reliable framework for the stakeholders and actors of this important business area. With this description, international law as a regulator in various aspects, especially preventing disputes and threats to regional and international peace and security in legal dimensions, responds to the existing needs in the form of branches under the title of international oil and gas law. It appears to bring various issues related to the exploitation of joint oil and gas fields under the control of its laws and regulations.

Today, resources limits, personnel, facilities and specificity of some multidimensional issues such as security implies cooperation and coordination of organizations. Even if there is enough funding and facilities, no individual organization is capable to solving the multidimensional problems of the society because in this case the inter-organizational coordination costs will much increase. So to solve multidimensional featured problems in society (like security), it is necessary to use of cooperation between organizations. This paper also aims to examine how to develop inter-organizational cooperation to create and development of order and security of the sea beaches in Babolsar. The document as a result of the research project which is applied research, in terms of the level of analysis is of descriptive-analytical nature, and in terms of approach and classification method relies on the survey and library method. In the process of research three groups of factors affecting the development of cooperation between the organizational in form of legal requirements, resources, facilities and management level identified and the impact of each one of them evaluated. In order to collect information it enlisted all available experts and specialists of responsible organizations assuring security in Babolsar (tourism and cultural heritage, City Council, City Hall, the police and the Department of Culture and Islamic Guidance)  in a number of 22 cases. The survey questionnaires after confirming the validity and reliability distributed among statistical population of study and resulting data were analyzed by multiple linear regression and entropy method. Results showed that each of three factors: legal requirements, level of resources and level of managerial functions are effective factors on promote inter-agency cooperation to create and extension of order and security of the beaches. Also ranking these factors using entropy method showed that level of resources are in highest priority to promote inter-agency cooperation and in after, legal requirements and managerial functions are in next priorities. Finally, how to use the results of the study at the organizations responsible for security beaches were presented.

Smuggling is one of the activities that are attributed to the so-called underground economy. The underground economy refers to all activities that take place outside the framework of current laws and regulations. Also, smuggling may be done from official sources or from unofficial sources. Every year, irreparable material and moral costs and damages are imposed on the country due to this abnormal behavior. The unfavorable economic situation of the border dwellers and the uneven growth and development in different regions of the country, which is the result of a certain type of historical process of nation-state formation in the country, has caused the level of development of the border regions to be much lower than the center.

In this research, according to data collection through interviews with elites and experts, or the Delphi method, and snowball sampling from the statistical population of Bushehr province, to investigate the phenomenon of cattle smuggling and the economic factors affecting this phenomenon. and the ways to reduce it have been discussed. Finally, the information obtained was analyzed using Excel and SPSS software, and the results of determining the reliability of the questions asked in the interview, which was also through Cronbach's alpha test, were the average reliability for the whole The number of components showed 0.89.

Results and findings of the research:

 The results of the research indicate that dealing with the smuggling of goods requires the study of two groups: small-scale smugglers and consumers. If it is possible to curb the smuggling at the micro level, it will be much easier to deal with the smuggling at the macro level because it is limited. The lack of employment opportunities in official sectors and poverty in the border areas make people tend to smuggle goods at the retail level; On the other hand, the expansion and continuation of goods smuggling in the long term will increase unemployment and as a result, the spread of poverty. The root of this sequence lies in the fact that the smuggling of goods generates large incomes for a limited number of people, and for the majority of people, it only serves the function of livelihood.

One of the most important issues of maritime law is maritime transportation and civil liability of the operator. There are two views on this subject in Iranian law; One is the perspective based on civil rights, which considers the responsibility of the transport operator to be based on fault. According to the point of view of commercial law, the basis of responsibility of the carrier in Article 386 of the Commercial Law is the assumption of contractual fault. Also, the basis of the carrier's responsibility in maritime law is the assumption of responsibility. In the field of international regulations, the Hague, Hamburg and Rotterdam regulations were also studied comparatively, which in some cases have taken a position similar to our domestic laws.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method and data collection is done in a library and with a fishing tool.

In domestic law, there are two views of commitment to the means and commitment to the result, which depends on the selected opinion in dealing with the issue of the accident, which point of view should be considered as the criterion for consideration and issuance of a decision in order to provide the grounds for the operator's exemption. International regulations, which mean Hague, Hamburg and Rotterdam regulations, have adopted similar regulations in some positions, which can be cited if international rules are cited.