نشریه جغرافیا و توسعه فضای شهری
سال نهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 19، زمستان 1401)

Tourism is mainly an urban matter. The main question of this study is about political economy.  How a city that has multiple types of tourism should be developed? We propose the three-level model of tourism-based urban development. The role of government is formulating the function of tourism destinations and making rules and laws for interventions. This is a mixed research. It is based on a systematic review and theories extracted from the field case study.  Optimal urban development of Mashhad regarding tourism from the perspective of political economy requires the identification of the function and political role of the city of Mashhad on a national scale, the identification of formal and informal interest groups, and collective agreement at the level of groups. Accordingly, using the VIKOR technique, the multifaceted tourism development programs in Mashhad were ranked considering the programs and groups involved. The results showed that in both cases, the development of health tourism and the expansion of recreational projects in Mashhad and its surroundings are the highest, so that health tourism is the first one regarding the criterion “groups involved with the program” having zero for VIKOR index, and the development and expansion of recreational projects in Mashhad and its surroundings, ranked the second one, having VIKOR index of 5.

Destruction of the natural and human environment as a result of population growth, industrialization, and the development of cities has now become a big challenge for cities, especially metropolises, and has turned cities into the focus of environmental policies. Considering that the metropolis of Mashhad suffers from all kinds of pollution and environmental problems, any appropriate action to manage this situation and solve the problems would be based on the recognition of visible and hidden triggers that cause the situation and their effective mechanism. This study aimed to explore the situation of Mashhad city using DPSIR model as one of the proposed models for environmental cause-effect analysis. The statistical population of the study is Mashhad city based on seven dimensions studied in the environmental development document of Mashhad city (2016). After identifying DPSIR factors for each dimension, the most important and effective factors were identified, and then based on the finalized factors, cause-effect analysis was performed. The results showed that the expansion of urbanization, urban population growth, migration and marginalization, industrial growth and development, lifestyle and tendency towards greater well-being, rapid development of technology, climate change, and the lack of integrated urban and environmental management are the most important driving forces that have led to responses in a series of cause-effect relationships.

Social sustainability that is affected by social and institutional components includes various indicators. One of this components is creating interactive relationship between citizens and social institution in civil society. The dynamic of this relationship is formed via social institutions and groups’ activities. Urban management can be a facilitator and intermediary institution between citizens and government. In order to realize the social sustainability, it seems that we need to create an interactive relationship between citizens and urban management. The aim of this study was developing a structural model based on the “social indicators test” in Isfahan. Using confirmatory factor analysis, it proposed a five-index model for measuring the interactive relationship between citizens and urban management. Regarding the history of implementing the cultural projects such as Citizen Culture Committee, social capital studies, etc. in Isfahan, the level of social awareness and demands among citizens is remarkable. 1806 citizens were selected in different groups from all neighborhoods of Isfahan to check this pseudo-theory. There are influencing factors that strengthen the relations between citizens and urban management in five indicators. A factor model is drawn in Amos software and the pseudo-theory is tested by a questionnaire in order to confirm or reject the proposed pseudo-theory. The results showed that the value of CMIN/DF is 3.13, the value of CFI is 0.942, and the value of RMSEA is 0.034. All the results indicated that the structural model of this study is confirmed. The results showed that the indicators social participation, social awareness, social trust, social satisfaction and social demands are effective in creating an interactive relationship between citizens and urban management, so they can be used as a tool to strengthen social sustainability in the interactive relationship.

Only few research has been conducted to compare smart city beneficiaries (supply and demand side) in smart cities. This study help fill this important research gap. This study examines and compares the priorities of intelligent actions required from the perspective of decision-makers (city managers, city planners, designers, and smart city service providers) with the preferences of the target community (citizens) in Isfahan to identify the points of convergence and divergence of these two groups. The statistical population of the study consists of two groups; the first group consisted of citizens of Isfahan who were over 18 and partly familiar with technology and intelligence. Using Cochran's formula, 340 people were selected. The second group of decision-makers are active in urban organizations and departments selected by snowball sampling. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature and method. The results showed that transportation and smart environment are convergences among the top three priorities of both groups, and there is a convergence between the views of citizens, officials, and managers. In both studied groups, the priorities are related to hard infrastructure. Comparing the top 20 smart city services for officials and managers with citizens, eight items are common to both groups. While the remaining 12 are different. The comparison between the priorities, perceptions, and orientations of the officials, managers, and citizens of Isfahan, on the one hand, shows some convergences between them, but on the other hand, more divergences were observed. The identified convergences can be used for participatory planning in smartening of Isfahan

Conducting urban studies from social justice perspective has been recognized as one of the most important approaches in recent years. In this approach, various indicators such as the level of access to urban services is considered as the one of the most important indicators in studying social justice. Planning on urban services without considering social justice means that the equality of all society and fair allocation of urban services for everyone will not be accomplished. The aim of this study was to analyze the indicators of social justice and access to urban facilities and services in Region 1 of Kermanshah city. The importance of the injustice in Kermanshah, especially region 1, is related of domination of unfair allocation of facilities and services. The opinions of 42 experts, university professors, and researchers at research centers were considered. For testing the hypothesis, structural equation modeling technique was used by LISREL software. The results obtained from the path analysis showed that the three indices of difference (0.93), freedom (0.84) and equal opportunity (0.78) have the highest coefficient among the criteria and have the greatest impact on the realization of social justice and fair distribution of municipal services. In general, the independent variable of social justice with a path coefficient of 0.78 has a significant direct impact on the implementation of fair distribution of urban services. Also, regarding implementing the model in the second order, the criteria of equal opportunity, freedom and difference have the greatest positive impact on the fair distribution of urban services with the coefficients of 0.89, 0.88 and 0.80 .respectively. The results showed that the indicators of social justice have a positive and significant impact on the proper distribution of urban services in regions 1 of Kermanshah city.

The environmental factors of the settlements have an important impact on the physical activities of the residents and reduce the problems caused by the inactivities. Due to the lack of existing researches, designers and planners pay little attention to the factors that promote physical activities in urban areas. This issue is more important for women in different countries with different cultural and social conditions. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the physical factors affecting the level of physical activities among women in Urmia’s Mohandesin Neighborhood. Using library resources, factors affecting the number of days that women engage in physical activities per month were identified and a researcher-made questionnaire was prepared. The content of the questionnaire was checked by 35 people from the statistical population and the reliability of the research was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (0.961). The questionnaire was randomly distributed among 300 people. The results obtained from the data analysis of SPSS26 using the Poisson regression method showed that the factors “presence of trees and flowers”, “lighting of furniture and communal spaces”, “available sports equipment”, “access to neighborhood park”, “readability of the environment”, “attention to the human scale in designing urban spaces and equipment” and “the color and material of pavements” have significant impacts on the number of days that the women of the neighborhood engage in physical activities each month. Moreover, according to Chi-Duwald's statistic, “presence of trees and flowers” has the greatest impact on the dependent variable. In this way, the available factors with the greatest impact in each neighborhood are identified by the designers.

In recent decades, the lack of urban-rural relations in a balanced and rational context has caused a huge flood of rural migration to cities on the one hand and the inefficiency of the management and planning system on the other hand.  Therefore, most cities in Iran are facing acute social, economic and environmental problems and have disability tissues. Identifying such areas is the first essential step in managing and empowering them. The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize neighborhoods in need of urban regeneration in District 10 of Tabriz metropolis. Using indicators in various dimensions of social, economic, physical and environmental, this study attempted to identify areas and neighborhoods in need of regeneration. The data used in this research were mainly obtained through the census of the Statistics Center in 2016 for urban blocks and from spatial data related to the development plan of Tabriz urban areas. For this purpose, GIS and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model were used to identify and prioritize areas in need of regeneration. The results showed that there is a deep gap between some neighborhoods of Tabriz in terms of socio-economic conditions and access to service spaces. So that Mohammadieh, Rezvanshahr and Sharbatzadeh neighborhoods were identified the highest frequent in terms of inefficient spaces and in need of reconstruction, respectively, and social indicators compared to other indicators had the greatest impact on identifying neighborhoods.

Rapid unprecedented development of urbanization has changed the balance of socio-environmental issues and making informal settlements and inefficient urban structures and as a result. The approach of urban regeneration approach tries to improve the inefficiency through positive and sustainable changes. Considering the issues, this study tried to identify the main drivers affecting the urban regeneration in Zahedan city, using futures study method. The statistical population of this mixed-method documentary and survey included managers, employees and members of active institutions that play a role in the regeneration, management, and development of cultural affairs of the city. Library and field studies were used to collect the data. Moreover, structural analysis, Delphi technique, and MIC MAC were used for data analysis. Based on the results of the structural analysis model, 10 indicators were selected as the main indicators that affect urban regeneration of Zahedan city: Seven indicators belong to the managerial-institutional and legal variable group, two indicators belong to the socio-cultural variable group and one indicator belong to the environmental and physical variables. Therefore, the key variable in urban regeneration of Zahedan is the administrative-institutional and legal variable. Among suggestions are: improving expertise in the municipality, integrating different policies of different departments, emphasizing the existence of a coordinating center for urban policies and planning, formulating service evaluation standards for urban management, obliging all official and unofficial institutions to cooperate with urban regeneration.