The Iranian Review for UN Studies
Volume:4 Issue: 1, Winter and Spring 2023

The traditional approach of states to grant nationality has been applied in discriminatory manner between parents, but the equality movement has fundamentally changed the approach of states in favor of parental equality. The main question of this article is what is the role of the mother in Iran` nationality law regarding the transfer of her nationality to the child? The Iranian legislature's approach in this regard was initially based on discrimination between Iranian parents in transferring nationality to their children, but gradually, this approach has been moving towards the elimination of discrimination. The Iranian legislature` approach in this regard should be examined in three different categories. In Civil code of Iran, the role of the mother was completely ignored. According to Single Act of 2006, in case of the child born in Iran of an Iranian mother and a foreign father, the nationality of Iran would be granted to the child. In 2019, this regulation was amended and children born abroad Iran are also granted Iranian nationality. But there is still a discrimination between the parents, because a child whose mother is Iranian and whose father is foreigner, will be granted Iranian nationality if it would not contrary to national security. Meanwhile, Iranian Nationality is granted to child born of Iranian Father and whose mother is foreigner unconditionally.

On 20 December 2019, in the initial examination of the Palestine situation, the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC) sought confirmation by the Pre-Trial Chamber to ensure an immediate investigation. On 22 January 2020, the Prosecutor therefore requested a ruling, in accordance with Article 19(3) of the Rome Statute and based on the opinion of the Pre-Trial Chamber, concerning the matter of jurisdiction in the Palestine situation. On 5 February 2021, the ICC Pre-Trial Chamber decided, by the majority, that the Court’s jurisdiction in the Situation in Palestine, a State Party to the ICC Statute, extends to the territories occupied by Israel since 1967, namely Gaza and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. Palestine has thus agreed to be treated as a State Party to the ICC Statute, and based on Resolution 1967 and the Advisory Opinion of International Court of Justice, has the right of referral of the situation.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to shortages of essential medical supplies and equipment, creating significant barriers to the global supply chain. A number of countries have imposed trade restrictions in response to internal challenges posed by COVID-19, including threats to the health of their citizens. Since June 2020, China turned its eyes on trade measures to battle the spread of COVID-19 in its country. Extensive testing of containers and the content of imported food and agricultural products leading to complete import bans of specific products; including poultry products from Tyson Foods Inc., were among these trade restrictions. These measures have been met by harsh criticisms from other World Trade Organization (WTO) members who questioned their legality under the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS Agreement). The purpose of this article is to examine the legitimacy of the trade restrictions imposed by China in response to COVID-19 pandemic, namely the suspension of imports on Tyson Foods Inc. (Tyson) under the SPS Agreement framework. The SPS Agreement State Parties may, through the implementation of legitimate sanitary and phytosanitary measures, prevent the import of harmful goods that threaten the health of their citizens. Since WTO aims to liberalize trade, the implementation of any trade restrictions is subject to the terms and conditions ignoring which would lead to the international responsibility of the member state.

The arrest of a diplomat of the Islamic Republic of Iran by the German police, which took place on 1 July 2018, became a news-making event; as a result, the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, and in particular its Article 40, turns out to be the matter of debate. Mr. Assadollah Assadi's car was stopped on his way back to his office in Vienna while crossing through a third country in Germany, where he was arrested on certain charges. The investigation process of the case took two years, and finally on 15 July 2020, the case was delivered to a court in Belgium. This article focuses on three main issues. First, it assesses the scope and content of Article 40 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations as well as the requirements set forth in this article. To this end, various similar cases in different jurisdictions will be explored. Second, it addresses the applicability vel none of the State responsibility, and third, it refers to the dispute settlement mechanism to which Iran might resort in order to protect the rights of its diplomat. This article argues that, concerning the case of Mr. Asssadollah Assadi, Germany and Belgium have violated the relevant principles of diplomatic law and, accordingly, these States must be held internationally responsible for their internationally wrongful acts.

As regards women situation in neighboring Afghanistan given Taliban as powers that be at 2021, there is a need to concentrate more on gender-security aspect of the developments there which the masterpiece by Annica Kronsell on 2012 has already  caught hold of it. It does not only illuminate the salience and necessity of feminist ethics of care and emphatic cooperation in international security and postnational military defense grounds and specifically the U.N. peacekeeping missions but also is a scintilla of ethical leadership indispensability in the current world, specifically with regard to the deteriorating prevalent international crises and the international organizations’ failures to dilute them, as scholarly literature has recently been aggregating on ethical leadership such as the recent one on ethical leadership in international organizations.

International customary law have always had a special place in the system of international law sources. The initial form of international law was based on custom; due to the practice of States, treaty rules have become customary rules and make treaty obligations binding for non-member states; they adapt to the developments of the day and finally, that they continue to exist during the life of the treaties and even after the end of the life of the treaties. Therefore, the customary rule in international law may be called, on the one hand, the "golden rule" of international law, and on the other hand, "an immortal element of the sources of international law." Paying attention to the criteria for the formation of this important source was not a priority of the International Law Commission for conducting a relevant study plan for many years. This was done in 2012, and as a result of the publication of the reports of the special rapporteur of the study, several States, including Iran, also expressed their positions in the sixth committee of the General Assembly regarding the various dimensions of the reports and the final product of this study plan. The study of Iran's approach to the reports of the ILC, which is the main topic of this article, shows Iran's precautionary approach in facing various aspects of the customary rule of international law, including the effect of inaction on the formation of State practice and opinion juris, and the conditions governing the persistent objector.