Health Education and Health Promotion
Volume:11 Issue: 1, Winter 2023

Self-care behaviors and standard precautions are important for maintaining nurses' health. This research aimed to evaluate the relationship between nurses’ self-care and standard precaution observance in intensive care unit during COVID-19.

This descriptive-analytical research was conducted on the ICU nurses at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. A total of 140 nurses were included in the research through convenience sampling. The data were collected using demographic survey questions, Self-Care Inventory-Revised (SCI-R), and Compliance with Standard Precautions Scale (CSPS).

The greatest self-care means among the participants was in the professional dimension (40.1±4.41), and the lowest means of self-care was in the psychological dimension (26.97±3.55). The highest and lowest score of standard precautions was 20 and 3, respectively. The average precaution observance was 13.99±2.931. There was a positive and significant correlation between self-care and observance of standard precautions of nurses (r=0.224; p=0.008).

Nurses in intensive care units in COVID-19 pandemic pay little attention to their self-care. Self-care in the professional dimension receives relative attention, and in the psychological dimension, receives the least attention. The standard precautions in COVID-19 pandemic is not at an acceptable level, and there is a direct and positive correlation between self-care and observing standard precautions.

Multimedia in learning plays a significant role in supporting the success of learning. This study aimed to develop digital-based learning multimedia to improve student skills in childbirth.

Materials & Methods:

This study consisted of six stages, including potential problems, data collection, product design, design validation, revision, and product testing. Based on the results of development and testing, the learning media in the form of an animated delivery aid video was declared successful after being reviewed by material experts with highly good results and good learning. The media experts stated that this multimedia learning has a good appearance and features. Further, testing on students was conducted in three groups, including one-on-one groups, small groups, and field trials.

The trial results found that six students, with a proportion of 87.79%, had high validity scores. Student assessment in small groups involving 10 students obtained a value of 92.67% in the valid category. The results of field trials on 35 students was valid, with the proportion of 92.86%.

Students can achieve better learning outcomes after using animated video media. The animated videos are highly effective as a learning media in improving student skills in childbirth.

Over the past years, more attention has been paid to the health-related needs of the elderly population as a vulnerable subgroup. This study aimed to design and implement a health-related need assessment of the elderly under a systematic review.

Information and Methods:

In this study, the international databases, including Web of Sciences, Medline, Scopus, and ProQuest, were searched up to August 2021. The following keywords were used to design the search strategy: (aged OR aging OR "older adults" OR "older people" OR "older person" OR elderly) AND (need OR "needs assessment" OR "health-related needs" OR" health need assessment").

The total sample size was 10780 subjects. The mean age was 73.7±8.2 years. Six main areas of health-related needs were identified during this study as follows: 1) physical needs, 2) psychological needs, 3) social needs, 4) environmental needs, 5) health literacy needs, and 6) intelligent assistive technology.

It seems that achieving the goal of successful aging is possible in the framework of health needs assessment and identifying the needs of older adults in all its dimensions, which include physical health, social well-being, psychological well-being, financial security, and an older adults-friendly environment.

A healthy lifestyle reduces the mortality from diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an online health and well-being program in improving physical activity, nutrition, and sleep in college students.

Materials & Methods: 

The present study utilized a quantitative methodology, mainly a two-group pretest-posttest design on 178 college students. The experimental group received three months of a health and well-being program while the control resumed their daily activities. The participants answered an adapted online questionnaire divided into socio-demographic and physical activity, nutrition, and sleep data. Data were analyzed using SPSS 27 software.

In both experimental and control groups, the participants’ physical activity in a day was at an average level. Moreover, the frequency of eating nutritious foods in a week was at an average level for both groups. In terms of hours of sleep per night, the total pretest and posttest mean scores for the experimental and control groups indicated that the participants’ hours of sleep per night are at a below-average level. In terms of physical activity, nutrition, and hours of sleep per night, there was no statistically significant difference between the pretest and posttest for both groups (p>0.05).

There is no evidence of a significant difference between college students' physical activity, nutrition, and sleep after the online health well-being program.

This study aimed to investigate the motivational sphere of students to physical activity, as well as to analyze medical and sports-oriented approaches in physical education.

Instruments & Methods:

 The experimental base for the study was the National University of Ukraine on Physical Education and Sport. The main research methods for this problem were the methods of analysis and synthesis, deduction, comparison, and survey.

According to a survey, every three male students and every five female students experience psychological stress while studying at universities. Students have a low level of physical fitness, low motivation, lack of interest in physical education, and an unformed values-based attitude to independent physical education.

The low level of physical activity of school graduates does not allow to ensure a sufficient level of development of the general physical proficiency of students, which leads to a decrease in health indicators to a level that does not provide sufficient effectiveness for training and future professional activity.

Any surgery could be an anxiety-provoking event. A high level of preoperative anxiety may change the result of surgery. This study aimed to determine the effects of training intervention on anxiety in patients undergoing knee replacement.

Materials & Methods:

 This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 90 patients who were candidates for knee joint replacement surgery in teaching hospitals of Bojnord city in North khorasan Province in 2021. Patients were enrolled in three 90-minute sessions. In the first two sessions, the surgeon informed the patients about the disease, treatment approaches, surgery, and anesthesia, and in the last session, the clinical psychologist instructed them on how to control and deal with anxiety. Anxiety was assessed before, immediately after the intervention, and one day before surgery.

The mean scores of state anxiety before, immediately after the intervention, and one day before surgery were 44.38±10.76, 41.49±9.41, and 36.19±6.40, respectively. Moreover, the mean scores of trait anxiety before, immediately after the intervention, and one day before surgery were 43.87±10.81, 41.27±8.39, and 38.83±6.56, respectively, which show the effectiveness of the intervention in controlling patients' anxiety (p<0.05).

Informing the patients about their disease and how to deal with it and giving awareness about the effectiveness of the operation by the surgeon and the clinical psychologist is effective in controlling and reducing anxiety.

It is very important to maintain oral health during pregnancy because it has short- and long-term effects on the health of women and children. This study aimed to identify the factors affecting tooth brushing behavior among pregnant women based on Pender’s Health Promotion Model.

Instruments & Methods:

 This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 275 pregnant women under the coverage of the health centers of Arak, Iran, selected by cluster sampling method in 2021. Data were collected using a questionnaire, which was constructed and validated in this study. The questionnaire contained items about demographic variables and Health Promotion Model constructs. Data were analyzed in SPSS 18 software using regression models.

The mean age of participants was 29.67±5.54. Only 24% of pregnant women brushed twice a day or more. Perceived Self-efficacy (β=0.157, p=0.020), perceived barriers of action (β= -0.138, p=0.049), and interpersonal influence (modeling) (β=0.188, p=0.002) had significant relationships with commitment to a plan of action. The pregnant women who had more self-efficacy (OR: 1.114, 95% CI: 1.012-1.225) and more commitment to a plan of action (OR: 1.802, 95% CI: 1.509-2.153) were more likely to brush their teeth twice or more a day.

Perceived self-efficacy and commitment to a plan of action are determinant factors of brushing behavior in pregnant women based on Pender’s Health Promotion Model.

Early identification of a young child with developmental delays or deficits is recognized as an essential part of good healthcare for children in regular pediatric practice. This study aimed to design and develop an educational model to guide mothers of toddlers to increase their knowledge and skills about assessing growth, development, and stimulation of child development.

Materials & Methods:

 This research is a quasi-experimental study using a two-group pretest-posttest design, which was carried out at the Aurdauri Public Health Center, Jambi City, Jambi Province, Indonesia, in May – November 2022. The subjects were 31 mothers of children aged 2–5 years old who were randomly selected with the criteria of being able to use Android properly and distributed into small groups (n=15) and large groups (n=16). The small group used the application with assistance and the large group without assistance. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test.

82% of the mothers could not distinguish between growth and development, 82% knew about growth stimulation, 91% wanted to know about growth and development stimulation, and 90% preferred audiovisual information. The development of learning materials to stimulate the growth and development of 2–5 years children led to educational applications, and the use of android applications increased mothers' knowledge about stimulating child growth and development (p=0.001).

The application implementation shows a significant increase in the knowledge of mothers with children aged 2–5 years.

In Iran and many countries of the world, breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. This qualitative study aimed to explain the effects of physical and psychological changes following breast cancer and its treatments on the sexual function and sexual relationships of survivors.

Participants & Methods:

 A qualitative study based on Woods' sexuality theory was conducted from October 2019 to May 2020. Participants included married female breast cancer survivors (aged 20-49) with stage one to three breast cancer who had undergone primary treatment. Data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured individual interviews with 17 patients and an oncology nurse in a teaching hospital affiliated with the Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran. Sampling continued until theoretical data saturation happened. Data analysis was done by Maxqda 10 software.

Sexual function in women surviving breast cancer included four categories: sexual desire and arousal, orgasm, sexual pain, and the sexual function of spouses. Sexual relationship included two categories: relations and intimacy with spouses; and satisfaction with relations with spouses.

Breast cancer and its treatments generally affect sexual function and relationships and, as a result, the sexual health of the survivors.

The aim of this study was explanation the process of improving the quality of life of heart patients in Iran.

This study was a grounded theory study in hospitals in Karaj, Iran. Thirty two patients with heart disease were interviewed. Purposeful sampling method was used in this study. In order to collect data, unstructured interviews were conducted and data were analyzed based on Corbin and Strauss analysis method (2015) with five steps.

Through data analysis, 4 main concepts were obtained that reflect the experiences of the participants. Which includes: “ inability to control daily life” , “Striving for self-management”, “ Perceived support from spouse and children” and “Abandonment of the patient and family in the care knowledge gap”.

: Heart patients and their families suffer from financial, physical, psychological and educational crises that have a very unpleasant effect on them and these crises are able to increase the physical and psychological pressures on patients many times over. Of course, sometimes physical disabilities are added to them with old age and complicate the problems. The findings show that there is an urgent need to educate heart patients from the time they are admitted to the hospital until they are involved with the disease.

Cancer patients suffer from the physical and mental consequences of its treatment. Despite regular treatment, a non-pharmacological intervention is uncommonly used to alleviate the psychological distress of hospitalized patients in Indonesia. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of visual art therapy in decreasing the anxiety and depressive symptoms in cancer patients.

Materials & Methods:

This quasi-experimental study recruited 121 cancer patients from Dharmais Cancer Hospital Indonesia. The participants were divided into an intervention group (n=43) and the usual care group (n=78). The visual art therapy consisted of 3 sessions such as drawing pictures based on their feeling, drawing pictures inside the circle, and showing and presenting pictures. This intervention was delivered during hospital stays or guided by telephones if they went home in two weeks between April to August 2019 by researchers. The Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale was completed to collect anxiety and depressive symptoms. Independent t-test and Chi-Square test were used to determine the homogeneity of variables. The outcomes of the post-test and pre-test between groups were carried out by analysis of covariance.

At baselines, participants’ characteristics were homogenous, except for anxiety and depression levels. The intervention group had higher anxiety and depression levels (p<00.1) compared to the usual care group at the baselines. The post-test scores of anxiety (p<0.001) and depressive symptoms (p<0.001) of the intervention group significantly decreased compared to the usual care group.

Visual art therapy improves anxiety and depressive symptoms in cancer patients.

Despite benefits of Patient -Centered Communication (PCC), there are problems in its implementation. Problems are related to characteristics of patients or health system; patterns of patient-physician interaction; or perspectives in defining PCC.  This study reports determinants of PCC from the viewpoint of faculty members, medical residents and interns; and patients and recommends tips for improving Patient-Physician Relationship (PPR).

In this qualitative content analysis study in 2018, in Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, data were gathered using focus groups (62 participants), semi-structured interviews (31 participants) and participatory observations, based on purposive until the saturation was achieved. Content was analyzed through a thematic, manifest summative analysis. Standards for methodological rigor were enhanced through different strategies.

The findings were classified at four categories matched with four core concepts of PCC: 1- Respect and dignity, 2- Information sharing, 3- Participation and 4- Collaboration. Sub-categories included: recognition of patients’ individuality; attention to patients’ needs; physicians’ personal characteristics; physicians’ communication competencies; patient-focused care; patients’ trust-supported attitude; physicians’ motivation; physicians’ working context; socio-cultural induction; organizational policies; and physicians’ professional responsibility.

Based on the findings of this qualitative study,  patient-centered communication can be characterized  by: honoring patients’ individuality ; paying attention to patients’ needs; focusing on physicians’ proper personal characteristics in continuing medical education; enhancing physicians’ communication competencies; institutionalization of patient-focused care; creating trust-supported attitude among patients ;  increasing physicians’ motivation;  regulating physicians’ working context; serious attention to social and cultural inductions; making supportive organizational policies; and evaluating physicians’ professional responsibilities.

The family is a support system in the service system for schizophrenia patients. Family-based psychological training for people suffering from auditory hallucinations has not yet been implemented, and no attention has been paid to auditory hallucination nursing. This study aimed to determine the effect of psycho-education enrichment on the family's ability to control hallucinations in Schizophrenia patients.
Materials &

This study is a pre-experimental study with a one-group pre-test and post-test design. From a total of 1343 families of people suffering from auditory hallucinations, 30 people were selected by simple random sampling from Jambi Mental Hospital. The psycho-educational activity was conducted for three sessions of 90-120 minutes. All collected data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test.

The mean age of the study participants was 45.2±13.6 years. After the intervention, the mean scores of knowledge (p<0.001), attitude (p<0.010), and skill (p<0.001) of participants significantly increased in the post-test compared to the pre-test.

Psycho-education interventions can improve the ability of families to control auditory hallucinations in family members with schizophrenia as part of nursing interventions.

The Covid-19 pandemic has adversely affected various dimensions of life and lifestyles, and sexual life is no exception. The present study aimed to determine the effect of multimedia sexual index promotion packages on the sexual function, desire, and satisfaction of couples during the outbreak of Covid-19.
Materials &

This randomized clinical trial study was performed on 60 married people in Qazvin City, Iran, in 2022. Participants were randomly assigned into control (n=30) and intervention (n=30) groups. Demographic questionnaire, Larson Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire, Hurlbert Index of Sexual Desire, International Index of Erectile Function, and Female Sexual Function Index were used to collect data. The Chi-square, independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, paired t-test, and Wilcoxon test were used for data analysis.

In the intervention group, the mean of sexual function, desire, and satisfaction significantly increased in the post-test compared to the pre-test (p<0.05). This difference was observed only in sexual desire in the control group (p<0.05).

Multimedia sexual indexes promotion packages improve sexual function, desire, and satisfaction of couples during the outbreak of Covid-19.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the project-based learning model, age, and motor educability on the enhancement of fundamental motor skills in young children.
Materials &

This experimental study with pre-test and post-test design was carried out on students between the ages of 8 and 9, during February and June of 2022, in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. Students participated in a 30-week Fundamental Movement Skills program that included one session (about 60 minutes) per week and was presented in community settings by a certified local instructor. The motor skills of students were tested before and after the intervention, and collected data were analyzed using Generalized Linear Model hypothesis testing.

There were significant differences between the effects of the Project-based Learning Model for games with tools and games without tools (p=0.0001), as well as for high motor educability and low motor educability levels (p=0.031), on the enhancement of fundamental motor skills in post-test. Additionally, there was an interaction between the Project-based Learning Model and the motor educability level on the rise of fundamental motor skills in the post-test, which means that the two factors had an impact on each other's effects on the fundamental motor skills.

Fundamental motor skills are more influenced by games using the Project-based Learning Model paradigm than by games without tools, especially if children have high motor educability.

The patient decision-making process can become lengthy and overwhelming. Procrastination in visiting a hospital can have adverse effects on a patient's health. This study aimed to investigate how attitudinal ambivalence affects psychological discomfort and choice deferral in hospital selection. Additionally, the study explores the role of information novelty in reducing choice deferral and accelerating patient decision-making.
Instruments &

This research employed a quantitative approach using a causal study to examine the relationships among variables. The purposive sampling method was used to obtain data based on certain criteria. Data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to patients. The research sample consisted of 385 respondents from private hospitals in Indonesia. Hayes PROCESS Macro software was used to investigate the relationships between variables.

The attitudinal ambivalence affected psychological discomfort (t=2.737; p=0.0001) and choice deferral (t=4.295; p=0.0001). The psychological discomfort influenced choice deferral (t=3.109; p=0.0001). The psychological discomfort had a mediation role in the effect of attitudinal ambivalence on choice deferral (t=10.678; p=0.0001). Information novelty reduced the effect of attitudinal ambivalence on psychological discomfort (t=2.653; p=0.003) and choice deferral (t=2.243; p=0.013). Finally, Information novelty weakened the effect of psychological discomfort on choice deferral (t=2.876; p=0.011).

Limited information can lead to information asymmetry, which can encourage attitudinal ambivalence and psychological discomfort. Providing comprehensive information to patients through digital media can help reduce anxiety and enhance their treatment experience in the hospital.

The problem of drugs is still urgent and complex, especially in Indonesia, and even in the last decade, it has become increasingly widespread. This situation can be seen in the significant increase in drug abusers or addicts, drug crime cases with various patterns, and the massive syndicate network. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of educational media, animated videos, and e-books on adolescents' knowledge in managing drug abuse.
Materials &

This quasi-experimental study with a two-group pre-test and post-test design was conducted in SMPN 5 Kendari City in 2021. Forty eight samples were selected among 8th-grade students using proportional random sampling method and divided into the video animation group (n=24) and the e-book group (n=24). Students' knowledge about drug abuse was assessed before and after the intervention turough a questionare. Collected data were analyzed using ANCOVA.

The mean score of knowledge, before and after education with animated video media and e-books increased. The mean difference of knowledge score before and after the education with animated video media was 1.3 (p=0.001), and before and after education with e-book media was 1.25 (p=0.0001).

Education with animated video media and e-books effectively increases adolescent knowledge in managing drug abuse.

Maternal mortality and morbidity are serious health problems, especially in developing countries. Complications tend to increase in pregnant women with risk factors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of integrated health education in increasing the knowledge of pregnant women to detect high-risk pregnancies.
Materials &

This quasi-experimental study, with a pre-test and post-test design, was conducted on 90 pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy, in Jambi City, Indonesia, from July 2020 to March 2021. The samples were divided into three groups, 30 participants received the Maternal and Child Health Handbook method, 30 others received videos, and 30 others received brochures. Before and after the intervention, participants' knowledge was assessed using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Wilxocon test and moderated regression analysis test.

Most of the respondents' knowledge before the intervention of Handbook was in the Poor category (86.7%). After the intervention, the knowledge of pregnant women was mainly in the Good category (60%). Before the video intervention, most of the respondents' knowledge was poor (46.7%); after the intervention, it was in the Good category (93.3%). Likewise, before the brochure intervention, most of the respondents had poor knowledge (93.3%), and after the intervention, most of them (86.7%) had good knowledge. After the implementation of the interventions, the mean score of knowledge increased significantly compared to before the interventions (p<0.001).

Maternal and Child Health Handbook, video media, and brochures effectively increase pregnant women's knowledge to detect high-risk pregnancies.

Self-efficacy in making professional decisions refers to people's confidence in their abilities to complete tasks and display particular behaviors, which enables them to successfully connect these activities to their career goals. This study aimed to examine and determine the level of self-efficacy of high school students in choosing a career during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Instruments &

This cross-sectional pilot study survey was conducted on 469 high school students in Boyolali Regency and Surakarta City, Indonesia, who were selected using the cluster proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy Scale-short Form was used to gather the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS 23 software.

The self-efficacy of high school students in making career decisions during the Covid-19 pandemic was rated as moderate. There was no significant difference in the level of self-efficacy in career decision-making between the male and female students (p>0.05). However, there was a significant difference between junior and senior high school students in Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy (p<0.05) and problem-solving (p<0.01).

Problem-solving indicators can be used to create guidance and counseling programs in schools and have implications for future career planning.

Caring for patients during the Covid-19 pandemic exposes nurses to both physical and emotional challenges. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the professional quality of life and caring behaviors in nurses working during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Instruments &

This cross-sectional and correlational study was conducted in 2022. The study population was all nurses working in selected hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences. 124 nurses working during the Covid-19 epidemic by using convenience method were selected. Data collected using the demographic and occupational information form, Stumm's professional quality of life questionnaire, and Wolf's caring behaviors of nurses’ questionnaire. All questionnaires were completed by self-report method. Data were analyzed by Spearman's correlation coefficient, Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and linear regression tests using SPSS 22 software.

The overall mean score of caring behaviors was 82.06±7.76, and the overall mean score of professional quality of life was 106.18±18.31. There was a significant and direct correlation between the professional quality of life and caring behaviors of nurses working in the Covid-19 epidemic (r=0.435; p<0.001). The linear regression method also showed a significant and direct linear relationship between the two variables.

The professional quality of life is significantly and directly correlated with caring behaviors in nurses working during the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, improving the professional quality of life of employees can be effective in providing better and more quality care.

Diabetes foot is a complication of diabetes mellitus that can be avoided by practicing proper foot care. This behavior is influenced by factors such as self-efficacy and family support. The presence of communication and language barriers between healthcare providers and patients with diabetes mellitus leads to difficulties in understanding diabetes education, which ultimately hinders self-care. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a community health worker intervention program on the self-efficacy and family support of patients with diabetes regarding foot care.
Materials &

This quasi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with a control group was conducted on 72 diabetes mellitus patients who were in the working area of the Lempake Primary Health Care Center, Samarinda City. The respondents were selected by purposive sampling method and divided into two groups, including the intervention group (n=36) and the control group (n=36). Data were collected using Foot Care Confident Scale and Family Support Questionnaire and were analyzed by Statistical tests.

There was a significant difference in the mean score of family support in the intervention group compared to the control group (p=0.01). Meanwhile, for self-efficacy, there was no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.48). However, significant differences were observed in self-efficacy and family support before and after the intervention (p<0.05). Whereas in the control group, there was no significant difference in self-efficacy and family support (p>0.05).

Community health worker intervention programs can increase family support and self-efficacy of diabetes mellitus patients in foot care.

 Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by chronic elevation of glucose in the blood. This disease is currently considered a major public health challenge worldwide, and raising awareness of risk factors and complications associated with diabetes has been a common strategy for controlling disease incidence. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge level about diabetes and its relationship with demographic factors in students of Health and Medical Technology University in Baghdad City.
Instruments &

 This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 119 students of Health and Medical Technology University in Baghdad City, during 2021-2022. Data were collected using a research-made questionnaire consisting of two sections: The first section included demographic information, and the second section included diabetes information. The knowledge levels were classified into three classes: adequate, acceptable, and inadequate. A logistic regression test was used to investigate the contribution of demographic variables to the knowledge level of subjects. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software.

 47.1% of respondents had adequate knowledge, 27.7% had acceptable knowledge, and 25.2% had inadequate knowledge. The contribution of four demographic factors, including age, gender, habitat, and family history of diabetes, in the adequate knowledge level of the subjects was 88%, 78%, 77%, and 81%, respectively (p<0.001).

 The knowledge of the students of Health and Medical Technology University in Baghdad City about diabetes is at an adequate level. Four demographic factors, including age, gender, habitat, and family history of diabetes, play a role in the adequate knowledge level.