فصلنامه خانواده پژوهی
پیاپی 72 (زمستان 1401)

Marriage is one of the most essential and long-lasting interpersonal relationships that is truly important in the transition to adulthood. This study investigates the rate of girls' early marriage in 2016 and its indicators in the country's counties. The research method of the article is a secondary analysis of 2016 census data. The results designate a higher predominance of girls' early marriage in the northeastern and northwestern regions of the country. The outcomes of multivariate analysis showed that among the studied factors, the level of education (negative effect), the ratio of rurality and the social pressure to marry on men (positive effect), respectively, have the most significant influence on the early marriage of girls aged 10-14 years. Concerning the early marriage of 15-19-year-old girls, education (negative effect) and the social pressure to marry on men and rurality ratio (positive effect) had the most impact. Consequently, education is a protective factor against early marriage. In contrast, rurality and the social pressure to marry on men are major drivers of early marriage.

In this article, we seek to find out with field research based on interviews, what is the degree of agreement or disagreement between couples and the legislators. Surveys have shown that the couples' understanding of privacy does not primarily result from the knowledge of the civil law, nor does it result from the understanding of the legal text if they are aware of the law. Couples' understanding is more influenced by external knowledge of the concept of privacy. However, this research has shown that many do not even know what privacy is, so we want to check the extent of its similarity with the understanding of the legislator. The result of the research has shown that there is a vast difference between the legislator's understanding of privacy and the activists' understanding of it, and the legislator should come to a new understanding of privacy and amend the existing law and fill the legal gap. Couples should also temper their understanding of privacy with the understanding of the legislator, although individual opinions cannot be used as a criterion for judging the rights of the parties and cannot be submitted to legal authorities.

Cancer not only affects the patient's life but also changes the function of the family, especially the spouse as a caregiver. The aim of this article is to determine the effectiveness of couple therapy based on mindfulness for improving the sense of coherence and marital satisfaction in caregivers of patients suffering from prostate cancer. The method of this study was quasi-experimental within the framework of a pretest, posttest, follow-up (PPF) design. In this study, 63 couples of cancer patients and their caregiver from the Shohada Tajrish Hospital volunteered to participate in the study. The six session protocol was conducted. In this research, Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence Scale and Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaire were used. Findings showed that couple therapy based on mindfulness significantly improved the sense of cohesion and increased marital satisfaction in women who care for their husbands. According to the results of the study, it can be argued that interventions concentrate on unmet needs of caregivers can enable them to carry on.

The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of two methods of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and transactional analysis on cognitive emotion regulation strategies of incompatible couples. This research is an experimental design of pre-test and post-test with control group. Based on this, 60 couples were selected by purposeful sampling method and 20 people were randomly divided into three groups of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy, Transactional analysis and control group. The subjects completed the Marital Adjustment and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire before and after the intervention and they were trained for 10 two-hour sessions. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21 and descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential (analysis of covariance and variance). The results showed that cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and transactional analysis had a positive effect on improving cognitive emotion regulation strategies of Incompatible couples (p <0.05) and cognitive-behavioral couple therapy was more effective.

The application of relevant religious rules to Iranian minority groups dates back to the early days of legislation in Iran. Nonetheless, in a recent step, the Iranian Parliament vested the ‘highest religious jurisdictions’ of minorities with judicial competence to be decided in cases of personal status. This paper studies different aspects of this unprecedented provision. Not only this innovative law would, at last analysis, contradict the Iranian Constitution, but also several issues of interpretive and practical character will arise. This paper provides Iranian courts with two guidelines on how to deal with the new provision. First, the new provision shall be interpreted in a way not to restrict the general competence of courts to hear cases of personal status of non-Shiite Period Secondly, courts are advised not to give effect to decisions rendered by religious authorities unless they meet, mutatis mutandis, rigorous conditions of recognition, and enforcement of foreign judgments.

This study defines parenting styles based on the level of parental concern. A qualitative research design was chosen to address the research questions. A total of 473 statements from 388 parents’ naturally occurring conversations and 512 statements from 428 parents’ conversations in 45 Iranian TV series and films, which were relevant to parental concern, were analyzed using the conceptual model of cultuling. Results demonstrated that parents in unequal and informal situations were concerned with matters such as matters as assistance, consultation, persuasion, advice, forcing their opinions, saving face, avoiding blame, blaming, complaining, protesting, and avoiding responsibility. These expressions   could indicate cultural patterns, such as masculinity, collectivism, and holism, particularly in parents with traditional thinking. In addition, a new classification of parenting styles in terms of concern levels was introduced: Apathic, Sympatric, Empathic, and Metapathic parents (a: imposed and b: persuasive). The findings revealed the most common forms of parents’ concern were empathy, metapathy, and then sympathy. This demonstrates that the majority of parents interact with their children empathically, and the imposition of opinions in traditional Iranian families has declined in recent years as more individuals move toward individualism. Moreover, some families prefer apathetic and sympatric parenting styles. In extreme cases, this may create an emotional and generational chasm between parents and children with long-term repercussions for children. Therefore, it is essential to establish a balance between parenting styles.

Violence in the family is one of the most acute social issues. Today, for many children, the family has become a place of violence and this has caused a disruption in their socialization process. The purpose of this research is to study the causes and consequences of child abuse from the perspective of counselors and aid workers in Ilam city. The research method is qualitative and based on thematic analysis. The studied community includes counselors, experts in the field of social harms and workers working in child protection centers, social emergency and correctional centers, who were selected as the research sample through targeted sampling and based on theoretical saturation criteria. Data analysis was done through the steps conceptualized by Clark and Brown. The data collection tool was also a semi-structured interview. The results show that the factors related to the phenomenon of child abuse from the experts' point of view are: blockage of communication, lifestyle disorder, unbalanced family, low cultural capital, structural taboos, weakening of intergenerational communication. Also, according to experts, the most important consequences of child abuse are the three categories of damage related to agency, educational damage, and social damage.

The aim of this research is to investigate the phenomenological experience of parental stress from the point of view of mothers of children with Down Syndrome (D.S). For the purpose and nature of the subject-matter, i.e. mothers' lived experience of living with a child with D.S, the method of this research is a descriptive phenomenological strategy. The participants in this research are 7 mothers of children with D.S (3 to 6 years old) in the age range of 33 to 55 years in accordance with the characteristics of the participants of this research, the purposeful sampling method was used. After examining and summarizing the answers of mothers of children with D.S about their experience in the process of parenting, the main areas highlighted by them can be classified into six main categories, which are: accepting the child; worry about the child's future; lack of familiarity with appropriate educational strategies; small emotions; Problems related to the child's health and problems related to other family members. These categories can be used in the process of designing family-oriented educational and rehabilitation programs for mothers of children with D.S.

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of psychological capital and family functioning in predicting the tendency to self-harming behaviors in female teenagers aged 13-15 years. The research method is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the present study includes all 13 to 15-year-old female students in Bijar City who were studying in the 2021-2022 academic year. From the target population,306 people were selected using the Cochran's formula for which five schools were selected purposefully. And the electronic link of the questionnaires was placed within the school social media groups. For data analysis, SPSS software were used. The results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between the overall score of psychological capital and family functioning with a tendency to self-harming behaviors among 13-15 year old female teenagers (p≥0.05). Also, psychological capital and family performance in total were able to predict,13.7% of the variance of tendency to total self-harming behaviors in 13-15 year old female teenagers. According to the findings, it can be demonstrated that psychological capital and family performance play a role in the tendency to self-harming behaviors in teenage girls aged 13-15 years. But the role of psychological capital in predicting self-harming behaviors (direct and indirect dimensions) was more prominent than family performance.

The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of family-based therapy for anorexia and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on the self-concept of female students suffering from anorexia nervosa. The method was quasi-experimental, pre-test and post-test and quarterly follow-up with the control group. The statistical population was adolescent girls suffering from anorexia nervosa in the academic year 2020-2021 in Karaj, 45 students and their families were purposefully selected based on the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. During 10 sessions, the first experimental group received family-based therapy and the second experimental group Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Participants in all groups were assessed in the pre-test, post-test and quarterly follow-up stages by the Rogers self-concept scale. The results of multivariate analysis of covariance and mixed analysis of variance showed that both FBT treatment and ACT treatment lead to positive self-image in students. There is also no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two methods. The follow-up results also showed that the effectiveness of both methods is lasting.