فصلنامه کتابداری و اطلاع رسانی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 4 (پیاپی 100، زمستان 1401)

Crowdsourcing is a phenomenon in which any organization uses the population as a resource to perform various tasks and find the best solution for any problem using collective effort and wisdom. By attracting participation, crowdsourcing helps to increase communication, new ideas and make organizations productive. This study aimed at prioritizing the components of crowdsourcing in libraries, archives, museums and galleries in order to provide a conceptual model for better understanding.

This qualitative-quantitative research has been conducted by using systematic literature review and Delphi method in order to confirm the identified indicators, and interpretive structural modeling. The statistical population of the systematic review in this research includes research articles related to the basics of crowdsourcing in libraries, archives, museums and galleries from the period 2006 to 2022 AD for English language sources and the period 1385 to 1400 solar for Persian language sources. Based on the Critical Appraisal Skills Program and screening process, 54 works were selected for further review and analysis. The statistical community of experts in Delphi panel and prioritization of components was formed by 25 experts from libraries, archives, museums and galleries who were selected by snowball method.

First, the aspects and indicators of crowdsourcing in libraries, archives, museums and galleries model were derived from the theoretical literature. They were confirmed by questionnaire conducted with experts in libraries, archives, museums and galleries. The output of this phase contained 76 indicators drawn from twelve aspects. According to the results of data analysis and the ideas of the experts, interpretive structural modeling (ISM) method was employed to make relationship between indicators and aspects for designing the model. The result was an integrated model for crowdsourcing in libraries, archives, museums and galleries at eleven levels. Moreover, the aspects of crowdsourcing were divided into four levels according to the power of guidance and influence of each aspect on the other aspects and the degree of dependence of each aspects to other one.

The existing leveling shows that maintaining participation and interaction with a degree of dependence of 12 is the most impressive and Goal setting with a guiding power of 12 has the most guiding and influencing power. Goal setting was recognized as the main aspect, which contained the bases of the model. For starting and controlling any crowdsourcing, managers ought to consider this aspect quite seriously.The characteristics of the Crowd and Evaluation have weak driving power and little dependence on the system. The characteristics of Training, Crowdsourcing Platform, Reward, Motivation and Maintaining Participation and Interaction have a weak guiding power, but they have a high dependence power on other aspects. Goal setting, Crowdsourcing Ethics, Crowdsourcing Management, Content features and Task features are independent aspects with high guiding power on the system and low dependence power on other aspects. They have the most impact on other aspects and accept the least impact from other aspects. Maintaining Participation and Interaction was recognized as the most sensible aspect of crowdsourcing.

The purpose of this study was to design a paradigmatic model of factors influencing the motivation of Knowledge and Information Science faculty members for voluntary activities of the Iranian Library and Information Association.

Qualitative research method based on grounded theory was used. Qualitative data collection tool was semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling method with theoretical approach. In this research, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 current and former board members of the Iranian Library and Information Science Association. The criterion of qualitative data analysis was based on the systematic design of grounded theory. Therefore, after the implementation, the text of the interviews was analyzed in five steps using open, axial, and selective coding methods.

By identifying the causal factors, background factors, interferers and consequences, the concepts proposed in the interviews were coded in the form of 15 main categories and 89 sub-categories. Accordingly, the paradigm model of the factors influencing faculty members to participate in voluntary association activities was formed. In this research, it was also found that various factors can increase or decrease the motivation of faculty members to participate in community activities. Some of these factors are personality traits and motivations; Such as having a spirit of service and participation, social commitment, encouraging worldview, being warm, interested in the growth of others and similar things. Considering the effective points in the promotion and promotion bylaws for participative activities and encouraging faculty members to participate in such activities can be a useful solution in this field. Also, including appropriate course contents in formal education courses (primary and high school) regarding the importance of associations and respective activities and teaching these concepts through the media (such as radio and social networks) can make families aware of the importance of paying attention to voluntary activities such as associational activities in the development of children's personality. Peace and political, economic, and social stability in society can also play an important role in the development and flourishing of associational activities.

An important point that should be kept in mind in order to increase the motivation of faculty members to participate in association activities, and the findings of the present research emphasize it, is the effort to explain the position of scientific associations in solving various problems of the country through appropriate policies in this field. Scientific associations are one of the dynamic institutions that enable the interaction of experts and receive informal training, and therefore can be attractive and effective. Creating a safe and attractive environment and providing the opportunity for veteran professors to interact with young professors can be another reason for scientific associations to attract faculty members.

The purpose of this study is to prioritize the indicators of the scholarly publication system for implementing this system in Iran.

A qualitative method was used to collect data, and a descriptive method was used to analyze the findings. The statistical population of the research is scholarly publishing experts. The sample includes 19 experts who were selected by snowball sampling. A semi-structured interview was used in this research. The research questions were formulated based on the components and indicators of the scholarly publication system; professors and experts confirmed their validity in two consecutive stages. The interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The research questions include 12 components: access, communication, control, infrastructure, language, materials (information resources), support, technology, economics, evaluation, education, and ethics. Most of these components include indicators such as form, type, scope, and format, covering 39 indicators. A quantitative method was used to extract the data, and MAXQDA software was used to analyze them.

The research funding showed that in the access component, indicators of access type and scope of access; in communication and control components, indicators of format; In the infrastructure component, the form of the infrastructure; in the language component, the scope of language; in the support component, the indicators of form and type of support; in the technology component, the form of technology; in the economics component, financing; in the evaluation component, the form and format of evaluation are in the priority of implementing the national scholarly publication system. Therefore, in order to implement the national scholarly publication system, the components of technology, education, ethics, and their indicators do not need to be prioritized, but other components must be implemented based on prioritization.

The results of the research indicate that 21 indicators out of 39 ones were prioritized to implement the national scholarly publication system. The components of technology, education, ethics, and all its indicators are necessary to design this system, but the indicators of other components should be considered based on the priorities set. According to the economic, technical and cultural conditions, prioritizing the identified indicators of the scholarly publication system helps the countries and scientific communities start the basic steps for the implementation of the national scholarly publication system to take advantage of its benefits such as improving the quality of scientific outputs, supporting publishing processes, observing ethical principles, developing scientific communication, integrated access to all scholarly outputs, identifying investment opportunities in scientific publication, forecasting future developments and crises in different dimension of scholarly publication ecosystem and reducing costs.

Voluntary activities play an important role in the development of organizational programs as well as the development of communities. One of the groups that can have an effective presence in volunteering activities are students. The purpose of this research is to investigate and compare the willingness of students to do online and offline voluntary activities, especially for libraries.

The current research is of an applied type carried out using a survey method. The statistical population of the research was the students of Semnan University. The samples were selected using random sampling method. Finally, 267 people, about 75% of the sample members, cooperated with the research. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect research data, and its validity and reliability were also confirmed. The questionnaire, made up of 42 items, measures the degree of students' willingness to do online and offline volunteering activities, as well as their willingness to do online and offline volunteering activities, especially for libraries.

Students had an average desire to do volunteering activities, and the average desire to do online volunteer activities was higher than offline volunteer activities. Among the types of voluntary activities, students are more willing to do social and civil activities, cultural activities and educational activities, and the least desire was related to care activities and relief activities. The study of students' willingness to do volunteering activities for libraries also showed that students' willingness to do offline volunteer activities for libraries is more than online volunteer activities. Among the types of libraries, students prioritize volunteering for public, university, and rural libraries more than other libraries. Also, the study of the relationship between demographic variables and the tendency to do voluntary activities also indicated the existence of a significant relationship between the variables of gender, marital status, occupational status, and educational field with online and offline volunteering activities. Women are more likely to be volunteer than men, and single people are more likely to be volunteer than married people. Results also indicated that there is no significant relationship between the level of willingness to do voluntary activities and the level of education of students. Examining the relationship between students' fields of study and the desire to do volunteering activities also showed the significant difference between doing volunteering activities according to the field of study. Technical and engineering fields tend to do online voluntary activities, and art, humanities, and social sciences groups tend to offline voluntary activities. In general, the fields of humanities and social sciences, natural resources and animal husbandry, and art had the greatest desire to do voluntary activities. It seems that the nature of the disciplines has an effect on people's willingness to play role as volunteer.

Students have a high potential to do voluntary activities. Organizations, especially libraries, can use it to promote their programs. The design and planning of voluntary activities for students should be in accordance with their interests, expertise and skills, and in accordance with the type of activities, virtual space should be used.

Voluntary activities, including voluntary works/actions in libraries are new titles that, like other categories, require legal review. However, the problem is not only its novelty, but the Iranian legal system itself has a specific model in processing contracts. According to this model, identifying the nature of volunteering activities in libraries has a direct impact on the salary of the provider of volunteer activities in one hand and the library institution, on the other hand. This research tries to show that how should the nature of voluntary activities be in libraries if the law cannot expand this category in the society and at least does not prevent it from development.

The required data were collected using the library method and analysis with jurisprudential and legal logic. The scope of legal studies is limited to Iranian law and the scope of jurisprudence studies is limited to Imami jurisprudence.

May be claimed that there are two independent Unilateral Acts, considering it as a contract is closer to the mission of law (regulation, but regarding the type of contract, by examining the relevant contracts, it has been proven that the general rules governing endowment in Iran's civil law do not include the action (work/activity) due to the assignment of the object. Also, due to Article 10 of the Civil Code, the researchers prefer justification of voluntary activity in that form over its justification in the form of peace. Including it in the form of representation also means confining the parties of this modern activity is in forms that may not be based on the will of the parties.

Recognized voluntary activities as a separate contract (indefinite/anonymous/non-patterned) before drafting and legislation of legal rules and related laws, based on the general rules governing contracts (in general) and the general rule mentioned in Article 10 of the Civil Code (specifically) to consider effective in principle and based on the common will of the parties and the obvious elements of this type of activities (including doing non-compulsory work and non-receipt of wages) should be interpreted. It is clarified that in this legal interpretation, public order and justice should not be harmed, for example, it should not be considered irresponsible the organization that is served (library) from a legal point of view for any expenses of the volunteer provider though it has not been stated in the contract. As it should not include issues like gifts and rewards (donations) or activity certificates with the free nature of these types of activities that are deemed inconsistent.

The present study was performed aiming to investigate the relationship between health literacy and the resources of gaining health literacy among the librarians working at Astan Quds Razavi. Health literacy is an important factor which preserves and promotes health and prevents disease. Gaining and increasing the health literacy leads to an increase in the health and life quality of people. Therefore, health literacy determines the health level.

This study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive correlational in terms of methodology. Its data were collected using health literacy questionnaire applied by Montazeri and colleagues (2015) and the resources of gaining health literacy. The questionnaire included six attributes including accessability, study skills, understanding, evaluation, health information decision and application of health information. In order to confirm the validity of the research tools, the comments and viewpoints of some professors teaching at Imam Reza International University of Mashhad, Iran, were applied. In order to study the reliability, Cronbach’s alpha was used. The total alpha coefficient for the health literacy was 0.95 and it was 0.7 for other dimensions of health literacy. This shows the reliability of the research tools. Considering the research time and place, the population was composed of all librarians working at Astan Quds Razavi library from 2020 to 2021 (160 persons); all were working during the corona pandemic as employed, contract, temporary contract, and daily staff. For the present study, considering the population features, random sampling was done among the librarians, and so 112 ones were selected.

The research findings indicated that the librarians’ health literacy level is higher than average; and gaining health literacy was mostly done through the internet, the virtual world and audio-visual media. Based on the findings, health literacy has a significant relationship with the resources of gaining health information such as internet, the virtual world, and participating in workshops and conferences related to Corona; moreover, there is a significant relationship between health and the dimensions of deciding upon health information and its application via audio-visual media.

The findings of this research showed that there is no significant relationship between health literacy and the resources of gaining health information through doctors and nurses as well as knowledgeable people among relatives and friends and merely, there is a significant relationship between the dimensions of deciding upon health information as well as its application and the resources of gaining health information through the staff of medical centers and relatives and friends. Hence, utilizing such resources can increase the librarians’ health literacy.

Nowadays regarded to the importance of knowledge and its related activities in advancement of countries and organizations, scientific cooperation among the society elites and other groups can lead to unity and solidarity among them. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the role of knowledge sharing intention to unity among the faculty members of universities of Birjand and teachers of seminary schools.

The present research, through an applied method, surveyed the problem among university faculty members and teacher of seminary schools. Data were gathered by two validated and reliable questionnaires. The statistical population consisted of university faculty members and teachers of seminary schools. Among them, 198 individuals were selected as the sample of study through stratified random sampling method.

There was a significant difference among the two groups in control beliefs, total score of knowledge sharing, capability to tolerate the outsiders, and communication actions. Also, there was a significant relationship among the control beliefs to knowledge sharing with seminary (by university) and intention to unity. The results showed that attitude and norm beliefs to knowledge sharing with university (by seminary) significantly correlated with organization norms; control beliefs to knowledge sharing with university (by seminary) have significant relationship with sense of brotherhood; knowledge sharing behaviour with university (by seminary) significantly correlated with communication action, and organization norms have significant relationship with intention to unity. According to the results, there was a significant difference between the mean scores of knowledge sharing with outsider group and desire level. Total score of knowledge sharing with seminary (by university) had significant correlation with intention to unity and it components but total score of knowledge sharing with university (by seminary) just only was significantly correlated to organization norms and intention to unity. Also, the results revealed that attitude, control belief and intention to knowledge sharing with seminary (by university) were predictors of intention to unity and also, the knowledge sharing behavior with university (by seminary) was significant predictor of intention to unity. Knowledge sharing with academics by seminarians was not the only factor related to their desire to unite with academics, but factors such as technological factors, non-common specialized fields, organizational factors, etc. were effective in their desire to unite.

In general, knowledge sharing and scientific cooperation have important role in intention to unity among the two groups. Since belief control is affected by facilitating conditions and facilitating technology, creating specialized knowledge management software networks for both groups in the web environment will have a beneficial effect on knowledge sharing and unity between these two groups. Therefore, necessary measures should be taken in this regard.

To better understand the flow of knowledge throughout organizations (of any type) and to answer the questions such as what knowledge does the organization need, where is that knowledge, how is it used, what knowledge problems exist and what improvements can be made, you should take advantage of the first step in knowledge management, which is "knowledge audit". The present research was conducted in order to identify the components of knowledge audit.

This research was carried out under the positivism paradigm. In order to collect information, library and field methods have been considered. First, knowledge audit components were obtained by Delphi method. Then, to compare these components, data were collected through AHP questionnaire. Questionnaire was distributed among faculty members and doctoral students of Knowledge and Information Science of Tehran state universities and AHP method was used for data analysis. In order to analyze the data, MAXQDA, SPSS 25 and Expert Choice11 software were used.

The findings obtained in this research show that the components of knowledge audit include the component of identifying organizational repositories, which includes the items of knowledge discovery, knowledge storage, knowledge registration, knowledge inventory development, and map creation. Knowledge includes the items of map drawing, prioritizing knowledge, linking knowledge, organizing knowledge, identifying knowledge flows including items of knowledge identification, identifying knowledge strategies, identifying knowledge processes, identifying the discovery of knowledge sharing, human knowledge capital including The items of knowledge, skills, competencies of the organization's employees and managers, the knowledge audit team including the items of knowledge analysts, Strategy experts, organization planners, knowledge consultants, analysis and evaluation including knowledge health assessment items, gap analysis, use of knowledge, knowledge risk analysis including items for identifying potential risks, adopting appropriate solutions, educational dimensions and aspects including the subjects of holding training courses in the field of knowledge audit, holding publications and conferences in the field of knowledge audit, organizational culture including the subjects of attention to values ​​and norms, attention to innovation, attention to organizational goals, The environment of the organization. These ten components were ranked according to their importance: The first priority is the identification of organizational repositories, the second priority is the creation of a knowledge map, the third priority is the identification of knowledge flow, the fourth priority is the identification of knowledge flow, the fifth priority is human knowledge capital, the sixth priority is knowledge audit team, the seventh priority is analysis and evaluation, the eighth priority is knowledge risk analysis. The ninth priority was assigned to educational dimensions and aspects, and the tenth priority was assigned to the component of organizational culture.

By focusing on the example of identifying knowledge reservoirs, drawing a knowledge map and identifying knowledge needs, a big step can be taken towards the realization of knowledge audit in the organization.

The existing information and communication technologies have provided a platform through which researchers are able to share even the data used in their research, which may have been difficult to obtain, with other researchers and others to reuse and reanalyze. The purpose of this research is to investigate the situation of Iranian Basic Science researchers in sharing and reusing research data.

In terms of purpose, this research was applied and carried out with a quantitative approach and in a survey way. The research community was formed by researchers in the field of Basic Sciences who had articles in the Web of Science database in 2021. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire designed electronically based on the relevant literature. Sample society consisted of 309 Basic Science researchers participated in this study. SPSS software was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that more than 64 percent of researchers do not have the experience of sharing research data. Individual, cultural and behavioral, legal, and political factors affecting the sharing of research data are in a favorable situation, but organizational and technical factors are in an unfavorable situation. No difference was observed between individual, technical, cultural and political, organizational, legal and political factors with the demographic variables of the research, except in some cases in the gender variable. The researchers of this field are familiar with this concept to a great extent and a positive attitude of this concept has been formed in their minds and they have developed a desire to do it if the conditions are available. However, technically, organizationally, and structurally, the conditions are not yet available. The relevant laws, regulations and instructions have not been prepared, material and spiritual stimuli have not been created in the relevant organizations and institutions, and the hardware and software technical infrastructures and required standards have not been provided.

Despite the fact that there is a positive attitude among Basic Science researchers for sharing and reusing research data, it is not technically and organizationally possible to realize it; Therefore, formal and informal working groups should be created among researchers and they should work in the field of raising awareness about sharing research data and related matters, educational campaigns should be created in order to create a culture of data sharing in scientific and academic centers, conferences and awareness sessions on the benefits of sharing research data and requirements for its implementation should be held for managers and related officials in scientific and research centers of the country, necessary hardware and software technical infrastructures should be created in scientific databases and organizational repositories to facilitate storage and long-term protection of data, how to use the existing systems to share research data with various methods and continuously should be taught, the rules and regulations of sharing research data as well as their reuse should be formulated in compliance with research ethics, and various material incentives should be considered for researchers who share their research data.

Library as an organization needs creativity and innovation to eliminate stagnation. One of the latest concepts raised in the field of helping to create innovative ideas in libraries, which somehow guarantees the presence and participation of users in library processes, is Makerspaces. 'Makerspaces' in libraries is a relatively recent phenomenon - a natural adjunct that crosses disciplinary boundaries of educational innovation, integration of formal and informal learning, Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (stem) outreach and engagement. Combined with the Arts (steam), the overlapping interests can drive innovation and entrepreneurship across the supported communities. Therefore, this research investigates the facilitating and inhibiting factors of implementing Makerspaces in public libraries.

This is a qualitative study. A semi-structured interview was used to collect data, and a content analysis method was applied to analyze the data. Purposeful sampling was used in the study. Fourteen librarians were willing to take part in the interview process. The saturation of themes was well reached among the 14 participants. The interviewees were 14 managers and librarians of public libraries who had initial familiarity with the makerspaces in libraries. The themes and questions of the interview were extracted by reviewing the texts related to the implementation of makerspaces in libraries and information centers. The interviews were used to gain feedback regarding the makerspace locations in each library. Interviews were digitally audiotaped and transcribed.

Results were organized into thematic codes. The findings showed that the knowledge and recognition of facilitating factors (managerial, technological, and human factors) and inhibiting factors (intra-organizational and extra-organizational factors) by managers and librarians had a significant impact on the use of Makerspace in public libraries. Furthurmore, the results indicated that each facilitating factors, as well as inhibiting parameters, had some sub-categories.

Motivated by curiosity and supported by the library resources, the acquisition of 21st century skills ranging from information, media, and technology skills to innovation, life, and career skills are a natural outcome of engagement with the library materials. Since public libraries need changes and use new approaches to maintain their dynamism, they should look for mechanisms to implement such changes. One of the factors that can help the dynamics of public libraries is the Makerspace. Identifying the facilitating and inhibiting factors in this direction can inform the policymakers, library managers, and librarians of public libraries about various aspects of the implementation of Makerspaces. Therefore, they can make rational decisions in line with such spaces.