فصلنامه آمایش محیط
پیاپی 59 (زمستان 1401)

The development and expansion of cities are one of the main factors in the land use change that have been neglected due to environmental, and socio-economic, environmental problems. The present research is aimed at a comparative study of urban development and land use change in two metropolises of Tabriz and Karaj during the period 2000 to 2017. The research is applied and descriptive-analytic. The object-oriented method and Heldern model were used to analyze data. Comparison of urban growth indicates the rapid growth of Karaj compared to Tabriz. Tabriz has grown 4.2% during this period, but Karaj has grown by 7% and this development has been 1.5%, 2%, and 0.5% respectively in Tabriz and 4%, 2%, and 1% in Karaj and the most degraded rangelands (10%) in Tabriz have had the most combined use of garden and agriculture with 4.5% of destruction. Holdern model shows that Karaj's growth has followed the growth of the population, and the high growth of the population has undermined the city's growth. Tabriz has an average of 0.55% growth due to population growth and 0.45% growth due to urban growth.

Natural disasters around the world have always been a major challenge for sustainable development. As a result, ways to achieve this development through vulnerability reduction models have become necessary. Explaining the relationship between resilience to natural disasters and how social, economic, institutional, and political capacities of societies influence resilience enhancement and recognition of resilience dimensions in society is therefore important to reduce the risk of disasters. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the status of resilience in Farahzad problematic fabric and to present optimal patterns in these fabrics using single sample t-technique and structural equations. The results of the t-test of social, economic, and managerial-institutional resiliency indices showed that seven variables were used to evaluate the social index and also the analysis of collected data showed that people's satisfaction with ability variables, adaptation to turbulence, and participation rates, social bonds with neighbors are above average, and there is acceptable satisfaction. The p –value of the T-test for these six variables is 0.00, since the error is less than the acceptable error rate of the test, which means less than 0.05, the difference can be statistically meaningful. The level of satisfaction observed for these measures is moderately satisfactory to a level that is significant at the 99% of confidence level; however, for the variable of knowledge and awareness of the crisis, the level of satisfaction is moderate and there is a significant dissatisfaction in this regard, and since the observed p-values for all of these indices are less than 0.05, it can be concluded that the observed difference from the respondents’ viewpoint and the average level of community satisfaction were quite significant. Finally, the social resiliency index was 3.50 and the p-value was less than 0.05 (0.000). It shows the satisfaction of the people of the Farahzad neighborhood with the index of social resilience.

The purpose of this research is to examine the mental image of men and women. The present study was a descriptive-analytical one. The data collection tool was a questionnaire with a sample size derived from the Cochran formula and sketch maps. In analyzing the data obtained, comparative and descriptive tests and content analysis were used. The results showed that there was a significant difference between men and women in terms of the mental image of urban spaces, and the mean value of the ranking showed that the mental image was stronger in men than that in women. Also, the mental image of men was more general than that of women, and women were more likely to shape their mental image in details. Men in their mental image presented themselves at all levels of the mental image hierarchy, called places with different points of gravity and with emphasis on paths. In contrast, women pointed out less to the names of the places while they focused more in their mental image on the most detailed maps, social and spatial interactions focusing on their habitat as a point of gravity, and their main emphasis was on landmarks.

Nowadays, residential complexes are designed in such a way that the amount of social exchanges in them has decreased. One of the factors that has diminished the role of social interactions in residential complexes is the issue of environmental security. Therefore, in this research, the role of social interactions in creating environmental security in residential complexes has been investigated. The research method in this study is based on the survey-correlation method. The statistical population in this research was sampled from among the residential complexes of Tehran. Ekbatan residential complex was considered as the smaller part of the statistical population and finally, by analyzing the obtained information, the hypothesis related to the project was tested. According to the obtained information, it was found that there is a significant relationship between social interactions and environmental security in the residential complex.

Simultaneous with the transformation of planning interaction and urban development market, under the influence of globalization processes and urban competition, the economic growth indicators of cities have also found a new form in such a way that some production centers and factories have been able to diversify the economic base of cities through the development of high-value-added trade and commerce; however, some others have not been successful in this way. Since in our country, in practice, little attention has been paid to facilitating business and marketing processes on economic scales as well as electronic and digital platforms to achieve economic cities; therefore, this article tries to use the method of content analysis for sensory marketing, which is recently one of the newest and most important methods of marketing in the world of social networks, which has become one of the most popular tools in cyberspace these days. This research in terms of its purpose is applied and in terms of how to analyze the data is qualitative and in terms of its approach is exploratory. For this reason, a group of marketing experts was selected and were interviewed in details. In this study, the purposive sampling method was used and the process of selecting experts and conducting interviews with them continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. Sixteen interviews were conducted. Finally, the research results led to the presentation of a conceptual model of sensory marketing in social networks based on the dimensions of the five senses, emotions, thinking, action and relationship.

Pathological view of controversial issues such as the regional sphere in which different sciences and attitudes are involved in its conceptual, functional, and executive foundations is very important. For this purpose, the present study aims to have a meta-analysis of the pathological view in internal documentary studies based on the level of the region. Work process at the level of documents such as upstream documents and reports, some published and unpublished drafts, provincial cover projects, among doctoral dissertations and master theses and articles (scientific research, extension science, and journal conference) relied on two phases; The first stage is based on the method of documentary methods and collection of primary and secondary sources and documents (categorized damages) and the second stage is based on meta-analysis methods, content analysis, and grounded theory (obvious and hidden case damages). The obtained results show that in the first stage, the most important results of categorized damages have an emphasis on document approach, method and procedure, area management, economic issues, concepts and ideas, practical field and implementation, and in the second stage among the 54 types of research in the field of the nature of research with the highest frequency with 42 cases with applied research, in the field of research method with the highest frequency with 25 cases with survey-field, in the field of data collection techniques with the highest frequency equal to 27 cases were resulted based on a questionnaire. Also, 31 cases had the reliability of measuring instruments, of which 27 cases had an average between 0.7 and 0.9. Also, 43 of them had research hypotheses or questions, and finally, considering the use of the majority of research from an analytical framework, the application of the nature of research in the use of theories shows that most research studies, or 48 of them, are only based on theory testing and the rest of them have been a kind of theory testing supported by providing models and suggestions. Thus they can be included in the theory-based research; however, they did not fully have the policy and principles of fundamental and theoretical research.

Cities are facing increasing environmental, social, and economic challenges that threaten urban resilience, urban areas, and residents who live and work there. It has always been exposed to chronic, acute stress and shocks, which are strengthened by the effects of the natural environment, such as climate change, earthquakes, floods, etc. And since the world's population is increasing and it is estimated from 7.7 billion in 2020 to 9.7 billion in 2050, it will face countless other problems and challenges, including the spread of widespread epidemics. In the meantime, urban planning seeks to help urban resilience by changing the approach. Therefore, urban resilience is a concept that is strengthened by urban planning. One of these solutions to increase resilience is a set of measures called nature-based solutions (NBS). These solutions are derived from a systemic approach to strengthen the maintenance, improvement, and restoration of biodiversity and ecosystems in urban areas, and to expand green infrastructure resources, and climate adaptation based on the ecosystem.

During the pandemic and spread of Corona Virus, human life, and cities were exposed to a difficult risk, which has exposed urban societies in all their elements, more than just local and topical damages. Therefore, the current research aims to analyze the effective factors that increase social resilience to the Corona epidemic through social crisis management. This research is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of its purpose. Based on an analysis of the theoretical foundations of the research and a Delphi method with experts in urban planning who belong to research centers and universities as panelists, the research components were identified. This research used a library method and a survey method in the form of a questionnaire to collect the required data. In the analysis section of the confirmatory factor analysis model in the form of structural equation modeling in AMOS software, the type of components was analyzed according to the impact and effectiveness on other components. The analysis of the structure of the identified effective factors using confirmatory factor analysis shows that the identified factors have a significant structural relationship in creating resilient communities against Corona in Zanjan. The results also show that participation and social networks factor (F1) with a factor load of 0.89, social capital factor (F2) with a factor load of 0.88, knowledge and skills (F3) with a factor load of 0.85, and awareness (F4) with a factor load of 0.75, have the greatest effect in creating resilient societies against the corona disease.

Based on the findings of this study, out of the 27 identified factors that contribute to fabric regeneration in Tabriz's Eighth District, nine factors were selected as critical drivers for screening. Among the scenarios, strong scenarios were selected as desirable ones. Among the strong scenarios, the first, second, third, and fourth ones were identified as the most favorable scenarios due to the high degree of utility. The results show that improvement of indices: managerial factors, tourism development, restoration of monuments and traffic management are necessary for the recreation of Tabriz's Eighth District because these indices are on the verge of becoming a crisis and thus the continuation of this process impedes favorable regeneration in the Tabriz’s Eighth District.

The location of most of the cities in the boundaries of active faults has increased the vulnerability of urban buildings to earthquakes. The city of Marand is located within 15 kilometers of the active fault line of Azerbaijan in earthquake zoning. The presence of marginal and worn-out tissues will cause double damage to these tissues against earthquakes. The present research has investigated and analyzed the earthquake risk in the human settlements of Marand using a descriptive-analytical methodology. The statistical population of this research is the worn-out tissues of Marand. In order to assess the earthquake risk in the study area, first the earthquake risk assessment model was presented in the worn-out context of Marand, and then by weighting the indicators using the opinion of urban science experts and information processing in the geographical information system environment, through the model weighted overlap, vulnerability zoning map of worn out fabric of Marand was extracted. Building quality indicators, building age, structure type, distance from roads, facade type, building density, and population density have been used to evaluate the vulnerability of worn-out fabric. According to the maps derived from the weighted overlay model, 40% of the worn-out fabric area of ​​Marand with an area of ​​372,958 square meters (37.2 hectares) is exposed to very high and high vulnerability to earthquakes.