فهرست مطالب

Sustainable Rural Development - Volume:5 Issue: 2, Dec 2021

Journal of Sustainable Rural Development
Volume:5 Issue: 2, Dec 2021

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1402/02/17
  • تعداد عناوین: 12
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  • Hassan Ali Faraji Sabokbar *, Seyed Ali Badri, Bahman Tahmasi Pages 175-188
    Purpose

    One of the regions with a high risk of earthquakes in Iran is the Tehran metropolitan area, which includes the provinces of Tehran and Alborz. In recent years, due to population growth, uncoordinated and unprincipled growth, and non-standard construction near the faults, the rural settlements in the Tehran metropolitan area have been more exposed to risk and vulnerability. Therefore, this study aims to spatially assess the potential vulnerability of rural settlements in the Tehran metropolitan area to earthquakes.

    Methods

    The study population includes all rural settlements located in Tehran and Alborz provinces, which according to the 2016 census, totalled 1519 villages, and among them, 472 villages whose data were available were selected as a sample. Data analysis was performed using a fuzzy inference system (FIS), creating a database of fuzzy rules and combining different indicators in MATLAB software. The output was converted into a map, and its spatial distribution was displayed using ArcMap software.

    Results

    The findings of the spatial evaluation of population vulnerability indicators, the vulnerability of residential units and earthquake risk indicate the high vulnerability potential of rural settlements to earthquakes. So that the major part of the studied area has a high potential for vulnerability and only limited areas scattered throughout it have a low and medium potential for vulnerability to earthquake risk.

    Conclusion

    The spatial zoning of the vulnerability of rural settlements to earthquakes in the Tehran metropolitan area has the most similarity with the vulnerability indicator of residential units. As a result, one of the top priorities in this area must be considering retrofitting rural houses.

    Keywords: vulnerability, Rural settlement, earthquake, Tehran Metropolitan Area, Fuzzy inference system
  • Solomon Ketema *, Tebarak Lika Pages 189-204
    Purpose
    The study designed to scrutinizing the status of rural households’ food security in Arsi Zone, Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia.
    Methodology
    Primary and secondary data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, FGD, and desk review from total of 336 randomly selected households. To capture clear and comprehensive picture of the household’s food security status in the study area, Household Food Balance Model, dietary diversity, coping strategy index, mean, and cross-tabulations of frequency distribution were used.
    Result
    The number of households prone to food insecurity in the study area accounts for 69.94% which could not acquire minimum daily allowance, 2100kcal during the study period. The result from the Household Food Balance Model indicates that the daily average per capita available for the household was 1743.21, which is far from the nationally recommended 2100kcal.
    Conclusion
    The result from the HDDS revealed that the domination of monotonous dietary for the household in the study area. The coping strategy index shows the presence of moderate to severe food insecurity. Therefore, the issue of food security must receive attention from the government, donors, and other concerned bodies to improve the household-level food security status.
    Keywords: Food in, security, household dietary diversity, Coping Strategy, Arsi, Oromia
  • Aeizh Azmi *, Parisa Amirian, Mozhghan Amirian Pages 205-216
    Purpose

    Rural development programs worldwide place great importance on water and soil conservation, and the success of these programs rests heavily on practical cooperation between local communities and local authorities. Accordingly, the MENARID project was implemented to develop and protect rural soil and water resources as a combined plan in the Rezin region of Kermanshah province in Iran.

    Methods

    This study aimed to investigate the impact of the MENARID project on rural development in the studied area, which was conducted as a practical survey using a questionnaire. According to the Cochran formula, the sample size was up to 100 people through systematic random selection.

    Results

    Our results revealed that the MENARID project has significantly impacted the local economy and environment and expanded rural employment opportunities. In addition, this plan has led to an increase in rural women participating more in the community and producing local products. Moreover, factor analysis results showed that three components were effective: local infrastructure, empowerment, and indigenous participation in the MENARID project. The regression analysis also revealed that indigenous peoples' involvement was crucial to the MENARID project's success.

    Conclusion

    Our results revealed that the MENARID was successfully implemented. This project has improved the protection of water and soil resources. In addition, other results have been achieved, such as improving rural women's contribution, local economy, entrepreneurship development, job creation, and empowerment of women in an agrarian society.

    Keywords: Menarid, Empowerment, Participation, Education of Indigenous People, Kermanshah province
  • Parvin Amirkhani, Farahnaz Rostami *, Shahpar Geravandi Pages 217-226
    Purpose
    Huge costs and time are spent on water resources management projects (WRMP) in Iran, especially water pumping stations(WPS). The success to which Iranian Rural develoing projects such as WPS, are undergoing transformation continues to be strongly debated. Analyzing the causes of project failure is important to better manage them in the future. The main purpose of this study was to find, how local participation can activate WPS projects. In other words, the purpose of this study was to answer the following basic questions; Why has the implementation of rural development projects, including the water pumping station project, not been successful? What factors contribute to the success of these projects?
    Methods
    in addition to reviewing literature and documents, in-depth semi-structured interviews with farmers were conducted in Kermanshah,  Iran's Western province. A three-pronged approach was designed to accomplish this purpose. In the first Phase, 46 indicators were discovered by combination of literature and interviews. The next step, 11 indicators were found  in  critical situation, according to the Eisenhower matrix, five indicators of them described urgent and necessary action. But it was important to address how to solve these problems. So in the third stage, practical solutions were extracted through in-depth semi-structured interviews with farmers.
    Results
    We found that the reason for the failure of many rural development projects, including water pumping stations in Iran, is not technical and macro-economic indicators. Because there are prominent technical experts in the field of water in Iran. They have high technical knowledge. But they have only a technical point of view and do not pay attention to the social aspects of project implementation. Neither is the cause of failure in terms of macro-economic indicators. Because the government has allocated a large budget for the implementation of water pumping station projects. In general, the critical indicators, that failure to pay attention to will lead to the failure of water pumping station projects, are social and micro-economic indicators at the local level. Farmers' consensus on improving the status of critical indicators has emphasized the following: “involving stakeholders in planning”, “helping target area to develop income diversification”, “allocating financial resources to stakeholders during projects”, “ using local people as labour ” and “settling legal issues of land ownership”.
    Conclusion
    Comprehensive policy frameworks for the successful implementation of rural development projects, including the water pumping station project, should address the social and economic issues of local people. We argue that the policies in these frameworks should go beyond providing technical support and services, as well as address the socio-economic constraints and challenges of local people in achieving the desired performance and results of project implementation. Using a Participatory Learning Approach is a good way to achieve the goal.
    Keywords: Local Participation, Water Pumping Station (WPS), Activation, Community Management
  • Esmael Nasiri Handehkhaleh *, Shahram Amir Entekhabi, Fazlolah Esmaeili, Seyedeh Yasaman Mohagheghpour Pages 227-236
    Purpose

    This study aimed to evaluate the policy of village-to-city conversion and its effect on the quality of life of Tolem City's residents in terms of physical,environmental, infrastructural, service provision, economic and socio-cultural dimensions. Turning the village into a city or a town can lead to changes in the quality of life.

    Methods

    This study is applied in terms of purpose. Primary and secondary data collection methods were used in this study. The statistical population of the study was the rural households of Tolem City in Sowme'eh  Sara ounty.

    Results

    The highest correlation coefficient among the components is for physical-environmental indicators (R=0.583, P<0.01), and the lowest correlation coefficient is for social-cultural indicators (R=0.144, P<0.01). Table 11 shows that this transformation had more effects on improving education and health services (5.22) and access to communication services and Post Bank (5.13).

    Conclusion

    This study found that the village-to-city conversion greatly affected physical, infrastructure and service provision, economic, social and cultural dimensions from the residents’ viewpoint.

    Keywords: town, village-to-city conversion, Quality of Life, Tolem City
  • Habib Mahmoodi Chenari, Farzaneh Nasiri Jan Agha, MohammadAli Rahimipour Sheikhani Nejad, Seyyedeh Fatemeh Emami *, Seyyedeh Mohadeseh Hatami Shah Khali Pages 237-246
    Purpose

    The purpose of this research is to identify business obstacles and challenges in rural and peri-urban areas and provide an optimal model. The current research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical method in nature

    Methods

    Data analysis was carried out using content analysis and open and Axial coding, in the Maxqda software.

    Results

    The results of the research showed that the main small business obstacles are divided into four categories: financing factors and production inputs, cultural and social factors, skill training factors, and support and influential factors. the main obstacles include inflation and market fluctuations, high prices raw materials, insufficient financial support for farmers, low motivation for people to continue working due to existing problems and obstacles, weak sales market due to lack of proper advertising, weak demand and lack of appropriate training and advice for sales marketing, redundant administrative bureaucracy and insufficient supervision. It depends on the work process of the executive and administrative bodies and the long process of obtaining a permit from health.

    Conclusion

     to facilitate the path of business development in the rural and peri-urban areas of this province, an integrated business ecosystem model is needed, which can remove the challenges and obstacles of workers and producers from the beginning on the path to the sale of the product and provide them with the necessary specialized training and advice.

    Keywords: business obstacles, small businesses ecosystem, Guilan province, MAXQDA
  • Rahim Ali Mohammad Nejad, Nasrollah Molaee Hashjin *, Eisa Pourramzan Pages 247-258
    Purpose

    Migration from the village to the city is considered a common phenomenon. Although many studies have investigated the consequences of migration phenomenon in villages (origin) and cities (destination), there are not many studies about maintaining the population in rural areas. This study aimed to explain the process of population changes in rural areas to provide sustainable population strategies for Rasht County in Iran.

    Methods

    This research is an applied and descriptive-analytical study in terms of its purpose and method. Document reviews, interviews, and questionnaires were used to collect data. SWOT and AHP models were used to analyze the data.

    Results

    The most appropriate strategy for maintaining the population in the rural settlements of Rasht County is to provide infrastructure for economic development and job creation in the villages, and designing and implementing projects with these goals can be significant.

    Conclusion

    Unsustainability of the rural areas in Rasht County have undermined the current capabilities of this region.  Therefore, it can be concluded that the decrease in population is consistent with weak infrastructure and lower production potential.

    Keywords: Demographic changes, population sustainability strategy, Rural Areas, Rasht
  • Hoshmand Ataei *, Reza Mokhtari-Malekabadi, Behrooz Mohseni Pages 259-270
    Purpose
    Significant reductions in runoff have created severe challenges and complexities in water resources development projects. Protecting the rights of stakeholders and investments in dams and other water facilities requires recognizing hydro climatological changes. This study aimed to investigate the changes in precipitation and temperature on the 60-year discharge trend of the Kasilian watershed by non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Sen's Slope tests.
    Methods
    In these studies, the discharge of Kasilian station, rainfall and temperature of 16 stations have been analyzed. Using non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Sen's Slope tests, the increasing or decreasing trend was tested monthly, seasonally, and annually at 5%.
    Results
    The results show that the annual discharge has a significant negative trend. Also, all seasons are faced with a decrease in discharge, the trend of which is significant in spring, summer, and autumn. However, the precipitation of the Kasilian basin does not have a significant trend at the level of 5%. The average maximum temperature in three months of the year also the average annual maximum have a significant positive trend. The average minimum temperature of the basin in all months of the year has a significant upward trend. The highest temperature increase is also observed in autumn.
    Conclusion
    One of the most important reasons for the decrease in discharge, despite being almost safe from development factors and upstream compared to most of the country's watersheds, is the increase in the average minimum temperature, which is one of the essential factors in reducing discharge in this area.
    Keywords: Precipitation, Temperature, Flowing trend, Man-Kendall, Sen's Slope
  • Seyed Mahmoud Taghavi Sangdehi, Mohsen Vafamehr * Pages 271-284
    Purpose

    This study has been carried out with the aim of Assessing the globalization model of traditional architecture through industrialization with an approach to sustainable development.

    Methods

    This studyis practical and analytical in terms of purpose, and is quantitative research. A questionnaire was used to collect data and data analyzed using SPSS software as well as (FARAS & BMW) models.. To mentionThe validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and their reliability was also confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha of 0.89. The statistical population consists of expert professors and elites in the fields of civil and urban engineering, architecture, and rural planning; 30 people were selected as a size based on targeted sampling.

    Results

    the results showed that economic, social, cultural, political, technological, and environmental dimensions are adaptable to rural areas in Iran. Based on the obtained results of the FARAS model, the cultural dimension with a weight of 0.462 has the highest adaptation, while the political dimension with a weight of 0.280 has the least adaptation. Finally, the results of the BMW model showed that the highest degree of adaptation in the economic dimension belongs to the economic policy variable with a weight of 0.110in the social dimension belongs to the education variable with a weight of 0.107 in the cultural dimension belongs to lifestyle variable with a weight of 0.118, in the political dimension belongs to the government support with a weight of 0.057, in the technological dimension belongs to the technical equipment variable with a weight of 0.079, in the environmental dimension belongs to the sustainable development with a weight of 0.082.

    Conclusion

    the findings showed that the implementation of an industrialization strategy in the traditional architecture in rural areas of Iran requires access to government support, government policies, political trust, lifestyle, consumption patterns, informing, identity formation, production and distribution, investment, economic policies, economic stability, advertisement and awareness, social marketing, education, social cohesion, technical requirements, upgrading equipment, environmental preservation, ISO compliance, and sustainable development.

    Keywords: globalization, Traditional Architecture, Industrialization, sustainable development, Iran’s rural areas
  • Farhad Farahani, Azita Rajabi *, Nasser Eghbali Pages 285-302
    Purpose

     Rural areas have always been exposed to natural and man-made hazards while they are of special importance due to providing and distribution of countries' food security so that in rural reform projects, the principles of passive defense should be taken into account. In this regard, this study aimed to analyze the role of the passive defense principle on rural regeneration plans of suburban areas.

    Methods

     This is a descriptive-analytical research and practical applied in terms of objectives. Data were collected using questionnaires and library studies and analyzed through Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, factor analysis, Spearman's correlation coefficients, and coefficients of variation using SPSS software.

    Results

     The factor analysis test showed that the principles of strengthening and securing vital structures and selecting the optimal scale of dispersion and economic justification of projects have the most and least compatible with rural regeneration plans in Fardis village. The results of Pearson's correlation coefficient test showed that the success of rural regeneration plans in order to achieve the principles of passive defense is evident in the principles of strengthening and securing vital structures. Finally, the results of the variation coefficients and percentage distribution of the items showed a higher percentage of regeneration in the economic, social, environmental, and physical dimensions of most of the items from medium to high ranks.

    Conclusion

    A prerequisite for the successful regeneration of worn-out rural texture is the integration of sectoral approaches, emphasizing the principles of passive defense.

    Keywords: Regeneration, Worn-Out Rural Area, Passive Defense, Qarchak, Southeast of Tehran
  • Leili Moradi, Mohammadbaset Ghoreshi *, Timur Amar, Parviz Rezaei Pages 303-318
    Purpose

    Rural guide plans are extensive rural physical plans in Iran that mainly focus on the physical texture of villages. These projects need evaluation and examination to be sustained and improved. The current research investigated the role of rural guide plans in the sustainability of the physical system of rural settlements of Abdanan County in the west of Iran.

    Methodology

    This study used a descriptive and analytical method. The statistical research population is rural settlements where the Rural Guide Plans have been implemented. Data collected through library studies, interviews, surveys of experts and officials and field observations. ArcGIS and SPSS software and Prescott-Allen’s sustainability measurement model method were used to analyze the data.

    Findings

    The study used the barometric method for the level of physical-spatial sustainability Rural Guide Plans. The results on housing indicators showed that the villages of Shahrak-e Hezarani, Haft Cheshme and Posht Ghale have a good level of sustainability with values of 0.763, 0.714 and 0.614, respectively. However, Hungeh Village is at an unsustainable level with a value of 0.189. The effect of Rural Guide Plans on road network indicators was at the highest point in the villages of Shahrak-e Hezarani, Haft Cheshme, and Posht Ghale are in good sustainability levels with sustainability values of 0.782, 0.756 and 0.689, respectively. In this regard, Hungeh Village was at an unsustainable level with a value of 0.162. For the land use and service indicators, the villages of Shahrak-e Hezarani and Haft Cheshme are at the level of good sustainability with sustainability levels of 0.659 and 0.636, respectively. For this indicator, Hungeh Village is unsustainable, with a value of 0.112. Finally, the lowest sustainability indicators are in the land use and service components, with an average value of 0.348.

    Discussion

    In conclusion, Rural Guide Plans impacted the dimensions of physical-spatial sustainability in the studied villages, and the highest impact was for the housing and participation dimension.

    Keywords: Rural Guide Plan, Sustainability, Rural development, Abdanan County, West of Iran
  • Arezu Khorram, Leila Sadat Hamidian Divkolaei, Faeze Gholizade * Pages 319-332
    Purpose

    The current research aimed at investigating sustainable materials and their place in achieving sustainable development goals in the rural settlements of Noshar Rural District in Rasht County.

    Methodology

    The current study is applied in terms of purpose and analytical in terms of its method. It also uses quantitative research methods. Finally, SPSS software, FSORA + FKOPRAS models, and WASTPAS and FBMW models were used for data analysis.

    Findings

    The findings indicated that sustainable items are the item of the expected life of materials with a value of 3.00 (technical dimension), the items of reducing the cost of disposal with a value of 3.12, beauty with a value of 3.21 (social dimension), and the potential recycling and reuse with the value of 3.00 (environmental dimension), in the villages of Noshar Rural District. Also, the spatial analysis results showed that in terms of (technical, socio-economic and environmental) dimensions, Moridan Village has the highest use of sustainable materials. Also, the results of the Spearman correlation test showed a significant and positive relationship between sustainable materials and the sustainable development of rural settlements. Moreover, the results of fuzzy ARAS and fuzzy COPRAS) models indicated that sustainable materials affected the physical dimension of sustainable development more than other dimensions. Also, the FBMW model showed that the most affected items from sustainable materials included safety and security with a value of 71.15 (physical dimension), using durable materials with a value of 17.01 (economical dimension), change in behaviors to change the consumption pattern with a value of 17.90 (social dimension), production of materials with low environmental impact with a value of 18.91 (environmental dimension).

    Discussion

    In conclusion, for sustainable development of rural settlements in Noshar Rural District of Rasht County, policymakers should pay attention to sustainable materials in relation to dimensions of sustainable development. To this end, rural development, sustainable development and materials experts must be used.

    Keywords: Sustainable materials, sustainable development, Noshar Rural District, Rasht County