جستارنامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 22 (زمستان 1401)

Myths are narrative patterns that spread in different ways according to the conditions of the society in different eras; Therefore, in addition to epic and religious texts, its works can also be seen in Ghanaian poems. The poem Weiss and Ramin by Fakhreddin Asad Gorgani is full of mythological elements. In this research, the author tries to investigate the themes and mythological incidents related to the beloved in the descriptive-analytical way and the library tool, considering the features of adaptability, repetition and adding meaning in the process of the story, and to answer the question which of the themes Mythological characters have been able to appear in Weiss and Ramin, related to the beloved? And how have these themes been transformed according to the content and special structure of Weiss and Ramin's system? The results of the research indicate that in the narration and plot of the story of Weiss and Ramin or the pattern of events, there are mythological events and incidents such as ascension, descent, magic, virginity, the test of honor and marriage, and concepts that are connected with mythological beliefs and rituals and in the formation Events have played an effective role; Is mentioned.

Researchers have been interested in writing scientific articles and discussing interdisciplinary discussions about them in recent years. One of these topics is the expression of the science of psychology in literary works and its adaptation to new theories of psychology. In this research, an attempt has been made to study the components of the psychology of compassion of Gilbert according to the book Qaboosnameh and to adapt it to the modern science of psychology. Compassion and kindness are among the moral and human concepts that have been addressed in the texts of Persian literature as well as in psychology. In this article, the authors deal descriptively-analytically with the subject of compassion in Qaboosnameh based on the psychological components of Gilbert. Despite the overlap of this word with words such as pity, kindness, empathy and sympathy in Persian literature, its psychological meaning is different from the meaning of the mentioned words. The word compassion in the translation of the books and theories of Gilbert and Neff contains the twelve characteristics according to which "compassionate man" is defined. By comparing and examining the psychological components of Gilbert's compassion with Qaboos, it is concluded that the human concepts expressed by Keikavus existed and were discussed centuries before the formation of these concepts in psychology. This shows the literary and cultural richness of the Persian language and literature, which has unfortunately been neglected in our society, and has been superseded by the advanced psychological and Western sciences in confirming such concepts and theories.

The principle of contradiction is one of the most important factors in the development and flourishing of personality in the collective unconscious part of the human mind, which in Jung's school of analytical psychology is the motivator of all behavior and the producer of all mental energy. By making scientific comparisons between mental energy and sustained biological force, Jung establishes a deep connection between the intensity of the mental energy of myths and their conceptual nature, so that their conceptual place in the deep layers of literary and artistic works is well illustrated. In this study, considering the mental energy and inner force of myths, the works of creators such as Forough Farrokhzad and Amal Dunqul are explored based on Jung's principle of contradiction or duality, to determine the extent and intensity of their influence on the paradoxical and symbolic nature of mythical elements and The unified paradoxes of fire and water and their negative/affirmative revelations are studied in the works of Farrokhzad and Donqol in relation with such elements as rain, lake, river, Satan, flood, etc. Considering the discontents of the contemporary world, an analytic/descriptive method has been used in order to show the political thought and idealistic objectives of these two poets which concern the meaningful notions and dual psychological tendencies of sacred and ideal myths such as purity, purging, fertility, fecundity, rebirth, dynamism, immortality, deliverance and illumination.

Complaint is one of the sub-literary themes and types, which means heartache and complaining about the painful and agonizing events of life and recounting the pain, despair and gloom of its speaker. The important issue is that basically complaints are diverse in terms of subject and content, and many factors such as the sensitivities and mental conditions of the poet himself, as well as the social and political factors governing his life environment, affect the variety of themes and concepts in the complaints. In this article authors try to answer this question: "What are the most important complaint themes of the Rumi in Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi?" The hypothesis of the article indicates the existence of three macro themes, cultural, political and religious. The findings of this article by using a descriptive and analytical method showed that cultural complaints include: complaints about the envious, cunning and arrogant, artless imitators, skeptics, ungrateful, cloak-wearers and hypocrites. Complaints with political themes include: complaints against tyrannical rulers, oppressive governments, power seekers, and finally, Complaints with religious themes include: complaints against religious and false claimants, lovers of the world, irreligious people, and religion sellers.

Mystics consider divine memory to be one of the most important steps of mystical conduct to reach divine closeness. In this mystical view, we have studied Sayed Ali ibn Shahab ibn Muhammad Hamedani (714-786 AH), one of the mystics of Ahl al-Sahu and a follower of the Kabruyeh Tariqat (Doctrine), and Sheikh Abul Hassan Ali ibn Jafar ibn Salman Kharghani (352-425 AH), one of the mystics of Ahl al-Qabz and Bayazid Bastami's follower in a comparative study. The purpose of this research is to investigate the concept of Zikr (Remembrance), similarities and differences, explanation and effect of Zikrs from the perspective of the two mystics. Considering that Kharghani and Hamedani have had attention and special initiatives in the field of Zikr, it was considered necessary to examine their opinions in this field. From the comparative study of the concept of Zikr from the point of view of the discussed mystics, it is known that they were able to give meaning to the concept of Zikr with a romantic view and combine science and practice with knowledge. According to the findings of the research, the most important similarity in the concept of Zikr, from the point of view of these two mystics, is that they considered Zikr as divine remembrance and self-forgetfulness and fading into the essence of divinity. They gave importance to verses and traditions in their Zikr. The most important difference between them is the popular attitude of Kharghani and scholar attitude of Hamedani and the type of saying Zikr (public or secret), the highest Zikr and the time of Zikr. For this reason, their opinions have been examined according to the type of epistemological knowledge in their conduct and divine proximity. This research, with an analytical, documentary-descriptive method, with an emphasis on the theoretical framework of Kharghani and Hamedani's prose works, in library and digital form, has explained the differences and commonalities of the foundations and consequences of Zikr in their conduct.

Poets when leaving the conventional norms, innovate weird tricks in the language and content for the resurrection of their word through defamiliarization to create a relationship with their audience in a new abs large spectrum, and change their normal perception and call this art resurrection, literary technique. Norm-evading is among the considerable approaches of transforming language as literary material into a poem that is in the mind of the creative group as long as don’t damage the original expression. Leach, the English linguist, considers norm-evading as the tool of poem creativity. The present article tries to investigate and analyze norm-evading in Yadullah Royaii’s poems based on Leach’s eight patterns (the syntactic, periodic, conceptual, wordily, styling, writing, dialectical, and vocal norm-evading) and with an analytic-descriptive method pays to the norm-evading components of Yadullah Royaii’s poems, the volume-oriented poet. The results show Yadullah Royaii, the contemporary poet and reviewer, has used some methods and tricks in this way which include: Balancing (poem melody): any extra-normative type: the conceptual extra-normative and defamiliarization. The predominant aspect in every collection of Royaii’s poems is different compared with other poem collections, and Royaii has benefited more from a part of those tricks depending on the time of composing the poem and the evolution of his linguistic experiences in each one of his poetic collection.

Every story is made up of parts that make up the body of that story, and the criticism of the authors' art of storytelling is expressed by examining and analyzing these elements. This article is devoted to the investigation of story elements in the novel "The Postman" by Chista Yathrebi. The selection criterion was the audience's attention and acceptance of this novel. The purpose of this research is to criticize and analyze the elements of the story and the quality of its use in this romantic novel in order to answer this question: "what are the most obvious story elements in the novel ‘The Postman’?" For this purpose, by using library-documentary manner, descriptive-analytical method, structural elements, after stating the general plan of the research, the literature review, and after explaining the types of stories, the important elements of this novel was investigated. The most important finding of this research is that the plot of the stories follows a certain cause and effect order and often has a simple and elementary plot. The characters are more human and static. The romantic and often true-like theme is present in the stories. The point of view used to narrate the stories is the first person point of view and the conversations are very effective in the process of the story. The author often mentions the scene in the manner of summarizing and shortening it.

Resistance is one of the natural things that its necessity has been beautifully discussed in Persian poetry and the principles of this necessity have been emphasized in the verses of the Qur'an. God Almighty, on the one hand, forbids Muslims from compromising and surrendering to their opponents, and on the other hand, emphasizes the need for patience and perseverance in the face of enemies. The Qur'an and Islamic traditions consider the cost of compromise and surrender to the enemies to be much heavier than resistance and perseverance. Islam is a religion of moderation and resistance and stability against the factors that upset the balance of society - both internally and externally. In Persian poetry, resistance is considered necessary both for its current goodness and for having divine goals and social effects. These matters are among the intellectual foundations and ideas of resistance which are clearly explained and detailed in the Qur'an. The present article deals with the descriptive and analytical method of the Quranic principles of the necessity of resistance that have been raised in Persian poems. The results show the need for resistance in Persian poetry in various aspects of the current goodness such as purposefulness, holiness and .... and having divine goals such as preventing false domination, the dignity of the religion of God and ... and social effects such as community pride, the spread of justice Nourishes.