نشریه مطالعات ساختار و کارکرد شهری
پیاپی 34 (بهار 1402)

Urban sprawl generally indicates a kind of urbanization with horizontal and inappropriate growth. This is due to the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas, scattered residential areas, and low-density development. The goal of smart urban growth is to solve problems in the urban development process in order to promote urban development and also turn urban lands into more rational and efficient uses. The main purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the pattern of physical expansion of Qaemshahr city which is located in Mazandaran, Iran, with the approach of smart urban growth. To achieve this goal, intensive development, condition of the road network and access, shape and morphology of the city, quality of urban transportation, quality and variety of housing, concentration of activities in neighborhoods, and creation Attractive areas are investigated in 20 neighborhoods of the city, from 8 indicators of mixed use. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Holdern's model, GIS data, and data from the Statistics Center of Iran were used to analyze the data. Also, a questionnaire was used to determine the weight of the criteria and the MOORA technique was used to rank twenty neighborhoods based on smart urban growth indicators. The results of the studies showed that according to the Holdern model, during the period 1380 to 1395, about 56% of the growth of the city, was in line with population growth and the remaining 44% had uneven, horizontal, and spiral urban growth. Also, the calculations performed in the MOORA technique show that neighborhoods 6, 12, 14 and 2 are considered as developed neighborhoods and neighborhoods 1, 13, 11, 10, 9, 7 got the lowest ranks among the others. Moreover, neighborhoods 4, 5, 20, 3, 18, 19, 8, 15, 16, 17 ranked fifth to fourteenth and are in the middle of the development

Morphological analysis or urban shape structure interprets the pattern of land use distribution and access system and directs the development process at the micro level, i.e., the network within urban neighborhoods. Access system analysis is based on matching form and function; In other words, the effect of network shape on improving the function of places, evaluates the desirability of morphological patterns. In this regard, the present study aimed to analyze the quality of the effect of morphological factors of the urban access system on promoting the symbolic function of local mosques. The research questions are ‘what are the positive or negative effects of the access network configuration method on the symbolic function of local mosques?’ ‘Which morphological factors in the local access network affect the symbolic function of the predominant buildings (mosques)?’ The research method includes a combination of qualitative strategy in the form of analysis and interpretation of library information about the indicators of urban morphological approach and access qualities, as well as quantitative / qualitative strategy and software based. The research is done based on a case study which has been observed and analyzed with Space Syntax tool and UCL Depth map specialized software to investigate the spatial arrangement of eight selected and distinct urban context samples in two regions of Qazvin city (region 2 and 3). According to the field observations and software analysis, the type of data is quantitative and qualitative, and the output of the analysis includes simulation maps, and numerical values. The morphological factors of the access network affecting the promotion of the symbolic function of local mosques, have been evaluated and inferred through comparative study, and logical reasoning methods. The results of the research show that among the 4 types of studied access networks, free geometry, dense network and blockage of numerous secondary passages lead to the minimum values of visibility indicators, and on the other hand, relatively regular geometry and straight and consecutive passages branching from the main axis lead to the highest level of readability and permeability. Also, the orientation and geometry of the background texture passages, and the number of communication passages between the square and the context are the determining factors in the parameters' values.

The development of human-oriented transportation is one of the programs that practically and correctly implement and restore peace to the urban transportation system, i.e.  cycling. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to explain the exploratory cycling routes and its effect on the revival of the historical context of the under-study city. This research is a descriptive survey in terms of its applied-developmental purpose, its nature, and method. The collection of information in this research was done through library, document, and survey methods. The statistical population of the research is the citizens of Yazd city. To estimate the sample size, the personal estimation method was used, and 120 people were considered as the sample size. In this research, targeted methods (snowball and theoretical sequence) have been used to collect the information. AHP (Gaussian preference function), Prometheus, and regression (ANOVA) were used as statistical methods to analyze the data. The results of this research show that based on the AHP test (Gaussian preference function), the indicators of the simplicity, shortness of the path, and the presence of shared bicycles, should be given the first priority. Also, the indicators of connecting bicycle paths to the public transportation stations and facilitating the possibility of moving bicycles on vehicles, should be given the last priority. In the following, by using the Prometheus method, the criteria and indicators of the research were prioritized, and it was found that the accessibility criterion with a final rating of 0.359, is in the first rank and the continuity criterion, is in the last rank with a final rating of 0.118. Finally, by using the regression test (ANOVA), it was found that there is a significant correlation between strengthening the cycling path of Farrokhi Street and the revitalization of the historical context of Yazd city. Therefore, strengthening the cycling path of Farrokhi Street can lead to the revival of the historical fabric of Yazd city

Today, urban development has led to the use of dense and compact urban land, the impact of which on the quality of urban environments is very important. As a result, one of the methods used in urban design is the space layout method, which to some extent has the ability to measure and analyze urban spaces in the present and future. The purpose of this study is the effect of spatial arrangement of high-rise buildings in improving the quality of life of residents in District 9 of Mashhad Municipality. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and survey nature and is based on quantitative methods in data analysis. In this regard, in order to collect data, library studies, documentary research, scientific articles and databases of urban development projects have been used. The data was simulated using UCL Depthmap and ArcGIS Desktop 10.8 software. The results show that in region 9, there are 3 types of typology (checkered-organic and lattice) that checkered texture has a better quality level than the other two types to provide services to citizens. Therefore, by knowing the type of texture arrangement, the quality level of the area can be examined, and according to a set of quality indicators, it can be decided whether or not to create tall buildings.

Development of public transportation as One of the ways to reduce the negative effects of transportation in cities, is considered by most of the countries. The main purpose of this study is to provide a model for optimal routing of high-speed bus lines in Shiraz city using congestion optimization method, and field surveys. Several indicators are analyzed in this study including cost savings, reduced travel time, safety, air pollution, comfort, reduction of vehicle depreciation, variety of transportation options, traffic management, employment, cost, noise pollution, and reducing the construction of parkings. In the meantime, in order to review the indicators and also prioritize the lines of fast transportation systems, the related scenarios in this section are prioritized through the congestion optimization method, and then the most important selection and the most appropriate ways of analysis are applied through fast system Network Analysis in ArcGIS software environment, Station position, and location of terminals Analysis Spatial which has been used in ArcGIS software environment.The results showed that in the status of the busiest routes and the most important centers of purpose and destination of travel in Shiraz, two routes were selected: i) the distance between Karim Khan Zand Boulevard to the customs crossroads ii) the fifth entrance (Esteqlal Boulevard) to Mulla Sadra Street. The other important result of this study is the identification of 24 suitable routes for locating high-speed bus stations in Shiraz which is determined   according to the existing standards, and the final travel destination of the passengers.

The various forces and facilities of a creative city like Sanandaj, are provided by developing and applying the city's capabilities, which lead to urban development in various dimensions. Moreover, the creative city of Sanandaj has been active for a long time in the field of culture and art, especially music, and has been globally registered in the last few years. However, Sanandaj’s operation is far from the optimal level and the scope of its activities is not extensive at the international level. The shortcomings in parts of its socio-cultural structures, may lead to the reduction of the utilization of this creative city’s capabilities. Therefore, the present study aims to explain the practical proposals for the development of Sanandaj as a creative city in musical field, by investigating the performance of the socio-cultural components and the factors stimulating and developing it. This research is an applied type in which the one-sample t-test and regression model are used to examine and analyze the data. The results indicate that Sanandaj, as a creative, and musical city, has an acceptable and proper performance according to most of the observable indicators of the following socio-cultural structure components including the ability and talent of human capital, socio-cultural diversity, stimulating social capital, and tourism attractions. Indicators with proper performance are related to human and social capital as well as the identity of Sanandaj city, which have created stimulators and macro-trends influencing the development of artistic affairs and activities, and have paved the way for the formation of Sanandaj as a creative city of music, despite of the presence of various constraints. To enhance the qualities and quantities related to the hosting of Sanandaj city in the process of holding events, as well as for its future expansion and development as a creative city of music, it is required to prioritize the following actions in the plans: to enhance the desirability of tourist attractions, to promote the activities of elites, scholars, and local celebrities, to support social media and the activities of scientific associations and centers, to promote individual and social freedoms, and to pave the way for the music production.

Social cohesion includes interpersonal dynamics and a sense of connection between people. Increasing social cohesion can bring various physical and mental health benefits. The main purposes of this research are to investigate and analyze the components of environmental quality with vitality and social cohesion, and also to determine the relationship between these variables at the level of the neighborhoods of Sanandaj city, which have different textures and typologies in terms of the qualities of the structural environment. The data of this research were prepared through two methods of library studies and questionnaire. The statistical population of this research is 300 residents of 28 different neighborhoods of Sanandaj city. Structural equation modeling and AMOS were used to analyze and test the conceptual model of research, and determine the relationships between variables. Two components of urban vitality and social cohesion were considered as hidden variables and the artificial environment was used as an obvious variable. The general results have shown that at the level of neighborhoods in Sanandaj city, urban vitality has a positive relationship with artificial environment variables, such as distance from the city center, neighborhood density, access to local facilities, access to public transportation, and green space. However, access to local facilities and green spaces, play the biggest role in the vitality of the neighborhoods of this city. In terms of the social cohesion of Sanandaj’s neighborhoods, some variables of the artificial environment, such as the distance from the city center, and the density of the neighborhood, have negatively related to the cohesion of the neighborhoods of the city. Finally, policies and executive strategies were presented to improve the quality of the environment in order to increase vitality and social cohesion.

The old fabric of Kermanshah city is an inseparable part of the city in terms of different dimensions, and a considerable part of the city's history has been manifested in the body of this texture. Today, due to various structural and social changes (structural-physical changes of the Pahlavi era, severe physical erosion of the old city and the expansion of the dilapidated part of the city and the continuation of neglect of the old city, the indiscriminate expansion of the city in the surrounding lands in the years after the revolution, unplanned and unspecified actions and interventions in recent years) has suffered social and not physical changes in the old texture. These developments caused structural changes in the social fabric and old neighborhoods and the social relationships that had been formed in the Old City for centuries have been weakened and destroyed. Accordingly, Abshouran neighborhood (the oldest and most basic neighborhood from which the city has begun to grow) in the old texture of Kermanshah city and the developments that have also taken place in different periods, it lacks of strength of existing buildings against earthquakes with problems such as physical exhaustion, non-conformity of old texture with the needs of the day, lack of cultural-social disproportionateness of texture and lack of sense of place.  This has led to the critical situation in the present period as one of the challenges facing Kermanshah city and neighborhood. Due to these problems, the necessity of recreating a city neighborhood based on modernism, which is based on sustainable development and returning to traditions and restoring the structure of the neighborhood and the identity of the city, requires that it focuses on one of the approaches of this intellectual stage such as modernism. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to recreate (physical and functional) the sense of place, based on the ten principles of the New-urbanism charter of Abshouran neighborhood in Kermanshah. Descriptive-analytical research method and its type are applied. Also, documentary studies, field observation and questionnaire tools were used to collect data. The statistical population of all residents of the western part of Abshouran neighborhood (Sabzeh Meydan to Madras) is Kermanshah city, among which 166 people were selected as the sample size using Cochran formula. For data analysis, SPSS software version 24 was used in the form of statistical tests such as Spearman correlation method and multivariate regression test. The results indicate that all ten principles of the New Urbanism Charter are effective in recreating the sense of place of Abshouran neighborhood, Kermanshah city. On the other hand, paying attention to physical and functional elements in regeneration have a direct impact on the sense of place and can lead to the improvement of the location and resurgence of the Abshuran neighborhood.

The effect of the city’s form on the emergence of crime anomie is logically discussed in the sense that the  form and the social order of the city, cannot be separated. Rather, they develop in parallel and mutually inspire each other. For this purpose, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of urban form on the occurrence of theft crimes in Mashhad. The research method is descriptive-analytical and it is done based on spatial analysis models. The statistical population includes theft crimes in Mashhad in the period of years 1390-1400. In order to analyze the data, ArcGIS, Geoda and Depth map software were used. The results of the research indicate that 58.9 percent of theft crimes have occurred in fine-grained textures. In fact, the regions with the area of ​​51-75 square meters have the highest amount of theft crimes. Investigating the effect of texture classification on theft crimes showed that 60.43 percent of the thefts occurred in peripheral textures (marginal areas of Mashhad, districts 4, 5, 7, 15, 16 and parts of district 13). Also, 19.2 percent of theft crimes occurred in checkered areas (western neighborhoods of Mashhad), 14.6 percent in star areas (the central part of the city and around the holy shrine of Razavi), and 5.7 percent of theft crimes were also committed in middle areas (Region 1 and parts of Region 2). The results of the research indicate that the more land is used, the less amount of theft crimes will occur, so that only 22% of theft crimes occurred in areas with high land-use mix. Investigating the correlation between macro interconnection and theft crimes in Mashhad, showed a positive and significant relationship (correlation coefficient equal to 0.878) between them, which indicates that increasing the interconnection and permeability of the road network, causes the amount of theft crimes to increase. Finally, investigating the effect of urban form on the occurrence of theft crimes, showed that the scattered form pattern with 56.76 percent has a greater effect on theft crimes than the compact form pattern.

The Industrial Revolution, the rapid expansion of urbanization, and the movement from urban centers to suburbs, created a car-oreinted view of the thoroughfares, and as a result, pedestrians were forgotten as the main users of the streets. In response to this view, designers and planners presented the idea of complete streets, which is an example of contemporary measures to combat the car-centric paradigm, as opposed to the inefficiency of previous approaches. The philosophy of the complete street approach is to connect the needs of the people, and to design, implement, operate and maintain transportation networks to meet the safety needs and to make it accessible for all the users in all ages and abilities. In other words, it is a scientific method for creating multi-purpose systems and routes of motor and non-motor transportation to serve tasks such as: mobility, access, recreation, business, social activities and readability of local communities. The present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the most suitable street to create a complete street in District 6 of Tehran. This research is purposefully applied and analyzed based on descriptive-analytical method, mixed-method, and AHP-TOPSIS model. Based on theoretical studies in this study, 4 main criteria and 31 sub-criteria were considered as complete street features. According to experts, the results showed that, each of the criteria of walking, cycling, public transportation, and private car, respectively weighed 0.56, 0.26, 0.12 and 0.05. Also, the results of using the TOPSIS model showed that among the statistical population of ten streets in the sixth district of Tehran, Keshavarz Boulevard had the best capacity to design and implement a complete street compared to the considered criteria. This street can achieve the most important goals of the complete street, namely to return people to urban life and human-centered planning, to increase the health of citizens, to reduce the use of private cars, and to reduce environmental pollution