نشریه مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق کوهستانی
پیاپی 10 (تابستان 1401)

The purpose of this study was to analyze the aesthetic behavior of villagers from the perspective of environmental psychology using Maslow's pyramid of needs. The research method was descriptive -analytical using a survey. The statistical population included the rural people of Kermanshah province, 385 of whom were selected by stratified random sampling with proportional assignment. The research instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by a panel of agricultural extension and education experts. Its reliability was calculated by performing a pre -test using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.71≤α≤0.82) which indicates the acceptable reliability of the research instrument. The findings showed that most of the respondents were in the fourth level (need to esteem). One -way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD paired comparison post hoc test showed that there is a significant difference among rural people with the levels of "physiological", "safety", "social", "esteem" and "aesthetic" needs in terms of environmental aesthetic behaviors; In this way, people with "physiological -safety needs" exhibit low aesthetic behavior, "social needs" exhibit moderate behavior, and individuals with "esteem - aesthetic needs" exhibit higher -level aesthetic behavior, which is consistent with Maslow's pyramid philosophy of needs. According to the obtained results, suggestions were made to improve the environmental aesthetic behavior of the villagers.

Drought, as a climate threat, has a significant impact on the environment and, consequently, on humans and other living organisms. Therefore, monitoring and predicting this phenomenon is necessary. This study, to examine and evaluate the drought forecast in the west and north -west of Iran, including Hamedan, Kermanshah, Kurdistan, West Azerbaijan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, Zanjan, Qazvin, Ilam, Markazi, Gilan, and Lorestan, have been used multivariate standardized drought index (MSDI) and methods based on artificial intelligence. To predict the values of this index in the study area, monthly rainfall, and soil moisture, as the input, and the calculated amount of MSDI, as output, was applied. The grid data on precipitation and soil moisture for a period of 36 years (1980 -2016) were obtained from the MERRA database. The results of monthly drought analysis based on these data showed that the most severe drought in the study area occurred from March to October and the main focus of this phenomenon are Lorestan provinces, especially Ilam and Kermanshah. The findings were following seasonal and annual maps. According to the MSDI index classification, no severe drought was observed in the study area and the droughts were in the middle class. The results of artificial neural network modeling also showed that the use of artificial neural networks, in general, has an appropriate ability to simulate properly. Among the algorithms used to optimize the artificial neural network, the genetic algorithm has the best performance compared to other methods in predicting drought.

Ecotourism is a mixture of opportunities and threats for different regions. In fact, successful ecotourism seeks to increase opportunities and reduce threats. If an opportunity is recognized, it will become a profit, and if a threat is not avoided, it will become a cost. The economic benefits and success of ecotourism depend on effective planning and control. In this research, the purpose of this research is to identify the relationship between ecotourism, agrotourism and geotourism in the development of tourism and help to improve the economic sector in Semiram city, so the map of each type of tourism is prepared separately and finally by preparing the maps, The location of the important points of Semiram city is adopted to make sustainable development decisions or appropriate strategies for development planning. In order to prepare agrotourism and ecotourism maps, the field survey method was used by completing and analyzing the questionnaire by tourists and using the opinions of officials and experts of the departments as well as interviewing local people. Finally, by performing statistical tests and applying the SWOT model, it was analyzed and solutions and suggestions were presented. Shannon's entropy model was also used to prepare geotourism maps. By using Butler's method, it was determined at what stage the tourism industry is in Semiram city. Swat and Butler models are very effective in showing the current and future changes of societies against the conditions and characteristics of the internal and external environment of the region. The results showed that Semiram has passed the first and second stages of the life cycle of Butler's tourist destinations and is currently in the third stage of this model, which is development. In this way, the investments in this city indicate the beginning of the growth and development of tourism, especially agrotourism and geotourism in the destination of Semiram. Therefore, if more facilities and services are provided, tourism development in this area will move towards stabilization (Butler's fourth stage).

The most important feature of the economic structure of the country's villages is the lack of diversity in economic contexts and job opportunities. In this regard, the approach of diversification of rural economy activities has been presented as a useful solution that many development theorists emphasize in order to reduce the effects of this structure and in the framework of sustainable development model. Problems and analysis of obstacles and deterrents and diversification of economic activities in the villages of Masal county have been discussed. This research is applied according to the purpose and its method is descriptive -analytical. The statistical population of the study is 68 villagers and experts of economic systems in rural areas of Masal county that the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula. The data collection tool is a researcher -made questionnaire whose items were prepared and arranged with the expert opinions of university professors. Considering that Cronbach's alpha for all research variables is higher than 0.7 and equal to (0.892), the reliability of the questionnaire has been confirmed. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The results of the present study showed that 32 inhibitory factors are involved in diversifying the economic activities of the villages of Masal county . Also, standardized beta coefficients related to institutional -management structures equal to 0.595 has been obtained, which has the highest value compared to other independent variables entered in the regression model. Therefore, it can be said that among the existing barriers, institutional - managerial barriers have been the main obstacles to diversification of rural economic activities

Rockfall is one of the most important geomorphological hazards in mountainous areas, which always causes great financial and human losses, especially for communication lines (roads and railways). Zanjan - Teham and Tarem are also one of the most dangerous mountain roads in Ardabil province, where the risk of falling rocks seriously threatens the road. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the danger zones along this road. For this purpose, in addition to a field visit to the desired area and using the 2021 Landsat OLI sensor satellite images, the layers and maps that are effective in rock fall, including: geology, slope, elevation levels, slope direction, land use and vegetation, fault, distance from Road, distance from watercourse, precipitation levels, isothermal, freezing data were used. The drop points collected with dual - frequency GPS (mapping tool) were checked in the ArcGis pro software environment with the aforementioned criteria. Then, using the statistical method of frequency ratio coefficient, information value method and Shannon's entropy, which uses environmental data, zoning of the risk of falling was carried out through combining and algebraic summing of the maps in five risk classes from very low to very high. According to the results obtained in the information value method, 64.23% of the area was assigned to high to very high risk areas. In the case of frequency ratio method, this number was 41.7% and Shannon's entropy method was 44.01%. In order to evaluate the zoning accuracy of the mentioned methods, two total quality indicators and accuracy index (experimental probability) were used. The evaluation of the models showed that, in the information value model, the mentioned indices were obtained as 0.34 and 0.95, respectively, which have higher quality and accuracy compared to the frequency ratio and Shannon entropy models.

Today، the need to pay attention to the role of advertising in choosing a brand of tourism destination، is one of the effective factors in attracting and retaining tourists to the tourism region. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cyberspace advertising on the choice of tourism destination brand، with the mediating role of tourist self-concept، and the original identity of the tourist destination in Ardabil province. The research method is descriptive-correlational in nature، and is classified as applied research in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this research consists of all specialists، experts and university professors in the field of tourism، and is 68 people. The sampling method in the present study is the total census method، and 68 people were selected as the sample size. The data collection tool of this research was a 49-item questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed based on structural equation modeling with SmartPLS software. The results showed that cyberspace advertising، on the destination tourism brand، with a path coefficient of 0.32، cyberspace advertising، on the tourist self-concept، with a path coefficient of 0.77، cyberspace advertising، on the original identity of the tourist destination، with a path coefficient of 0.42، the conformity of the tourist self-concept، on the original identity of the tourist destination، with a coefficient of 0.22، the conformity of the tourist self-concept، on the brand of the tourist destination، with a coefficient of 0.25 and the original identity of the tourist destination، on the brand of the tourist destination، with a coefficient of 0.37 has been effective. Therefore، virtual advertising has influenced the choice of destination brand with the mediating role of self-concept، and the original identity of the tourist destination، and attracting many tourists، requires a sense of tourist self-concept with the destination brand.

The most important goal of this article was to identify and explain the effects of developmentstimulating projects with a regeneration approach on the quality of the environment of the central fabric of Tehran, as well as the mechanisms of such effects. The theoretical basis and conceptual framework of this research was based on the approach of regeneration and the approach of sustainable urban environment quality. The methodology structure of this article is based on the quantitative method and specifically the survey method. Harandi neighborhood is a symbol of a central fabric neighborhood that has faced many problems from different aspects of the urban area and various interventions have been made in it, it was chosen for investigations and obtaining more accurate results for this study. The statistical population of the survey included the residents of Harandi neighborhood aged 15 and above, based on Cochran's formula, 378 people were selected as the sample size, but in order to strengthen the results of the survey, this number was increased to 400 people and the questionnaire was distributed. The results of this article showed that despite the implementation of many measures in the central context of Tehran city, not much positive changes have been made in the quality of the living environment and its activities. The results of Pearson's correlation test showed that there is a significant relationship between the quality of implementation of development stimulating projects and the quality of the living environment and activities of residents in the central context. The correlation value between the two also showed. The results of the regression analysis showed that the intervention measures in different areas are effective on the quality of the environment of the neighborhoods of the central city of Tehran, and among them, the variable "quality of physical measures" has the highest influence value with a beta coefficient and the variable " Quality of environmental actions" had the lowest beta coefficient. Also, the quality of the implementation of physical-spatial measures by organizations and institutions is influenced by components such as the quality of decisions, policy making, participation and implementation of measures in the environmental and socio-cultural fields. The quality of environmental measures has been most influenced by the way decisions are made and the quality of the implementation of measures in the social and cultural spheres.

The process of the formation of ancient cities in different historical periods and conducting archaeological studies in them can have very important effects on the development of urban tourism in different regions. Dasht al-Shatar is a green area with a pleasant climate and rich soil, which has always been the home of different tribes and human groups since prehistoric times and is one of the significant tourist destinations of Lorestan province. Therefore, the current research was designed with the aim of a contextual study of factors affecting the development of tourism facilities and institutions in the historical and ancient destinations of Al-Shatar city. This research, in terms of developmental-applicative goal, in terms of paradigm in the qualitative research group and in terms of method, it has benefited from the basic theory which is based on the inductive approach. The statistical population consisted of two categories of key informants (experts and tourists inside and outside of this city) who were selected by purposive sampling method, 23 people were selected by snowball method and using in-depth and semi-structured interviews and finally reached Data were collected to theoretical saturation. To analyze the narratives, the open, central and selective threestage coding method was used, and then a basic theory was drawn based on the paradigmatic model of the semantic understanding of factors affecting the development of tourism facilities and institutions in the historical and ancient destinations of Al-Shatar city. The findings showed that the factors affecting the development of tourism facilities and institutions in the historical and ancient destination of the studied area in the order of access categories (transportation, water and electricity and communication and commercial management of the region, infrastructure facilities and facilities (services accommodation and catering: canteens, villas, hotels, apartments and inns), transportation network at the destination, nature tourism environments and parks, rural and nomadic tourism have been important and the most important category (core category) was recognized as "components of tourism structure".

City Development Strategy (CDS) based on institutional and community capacity building is among the most widely used and effective methods in targeted city development by creating appropriate interactive platforms between all associated agencies in urban management. Undoubtedly, the current governing rules and regulations provide integrated urban management and are the most critical executive tools in this field, which are different in different parts of the world. Social participation is considered the most basic executive guarantee of integrated urban management. This article examines CDS based on institutional and community capacity building in the Karaj Metropolis using a descriptive-analytical method. SWOT-DEMATEL and SWOTAHP methods were used to analyze the data. According to the results of the DEMATEL method, management and environmental institutional variables were the most effective and affected variables according to the Di-Ri values, respectively. Also, the findings of Expert Choice indicated that the WT strategy (with a final score of 0.254) was the best CDS in the Karaj Metropolis. It was also found that SO and WO strategies had the highest and lowest sensitivity in the urban development of the Karaj Metropolis, respectively. Therefore, institutional and community capacity building significantly impacts different aspects of urban development.

Today, tourism is one of the most important industries in the world, which also plays a key role in the development of cities. Therefore, planners seek to use new and principled methods for its development in the future. In this regard, this study intends to plan for the development of tourism in Ardabil based on the method of future research. The present study is descriptive-analytical in nature and applied in terms of purpose. The statistical population of this research is experts familiar with tourism in Ardabil city, 10 of them have been used as a selected sample of the research by snowball method. In this research, content analysis model (CVR), structural equation model (interaction analysis), scenario writing method and combined model PESTEL and SWOT have been used. In this regard, the results of the study have shown that the variables of human resources, sanctions, specialized management, health services, education, planning, diversification and competitiveness are the driving forces of this research. Also, out of many scenarios, 5 strong scenarios were obtained, 2 of which are optimistic. In the most optimistic state, tourism in Ardabil will be developed on the horizon of 1420. In this regard, the offensive strategy is the chosen strategy of research. Finally, it can be concluded that various factors are involved in the development of tourism in Ardabil, which is necessary in any planning for the development of tourism in Ardabil to pay attention to the key and fundamental role of these factors and in accordance with the extraction scenarios, Developed appropriate strategies.

Today, development planners and policy makers refer to tourism as a key element of development. In this regard, creative tourism with principled planning can play an effective role in urban development, diversification of the economy and, consequently, economic development of cities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify a set of effective indicators of economic sustainability of creative tourism in the city of Kalibar. This research was interview and survey in terms of basic and applied purpose and with qualitative and quantitative method and in terms of nature and method of research. The required data were collected by Delphi, documentary and field methods (questionnaire). In order to analyze the data, Delphi method and Pearson factor analysis and correlation tests were used. Based on the interview using Delphi method, 3 final dimensions (economic justice, economic stability and economic welfare) with 23 semantic units were extracted. The results of factor analysis in order to affect each of the dimensions of economic sustainability of creative tourism in the city of Kalibar showed, respectively, the dimensions of economic well-being with the amount (25.34), economic stability with the amount (21.22), economic justice with the amount (16.33), They have the most and the least amount of influence from creative tourism. Finally, the results of the correlation test between the indicators of creative tourism and sustainable economic development show a significant and positive relationship between these two variables at the significant level (0.000).

Product pricing and marketing is one of the most important agricultural policies, which is rarely used correctly in Iran. Most farms and production units in Iran faced challenges such as inappropriate pricing system, distribution of products in the market and reduction of the share received by the villagers from the consumer price after the changes in the exploitation system and agrarian reforms. Therefore, the present article was designed with the aim of investigating the "marketing margin of Iran's agricultural products" over a period of 20 years (1998-2018), based on the method of narrative and meta-analytical research and providing a necessary framework with descriptive-analytical and applied techniques. For this purpose, after a detailed evaluation of various internal databases, 50 published studies were finally approved, of which only 18 studies (31 products) were selected to form the meta-analysis table due to the availability of the full article; And statistical methods (such as calculating Cohen's d effect size correlation) were used to organize and extract the information of the variables. The results of the meta-analysis showed that only the variables of the livestock product marketing margin in the presented model were consistent with the mark-up model. According to the findings, marketing margin variables also have an effect on the price of Iranian agricultural products with high correlation coefficients (effect size) (more than 0.5) and large effect size (more than 0.8). Also, the supply of horticultural products has the most influence from Iran's marketing margin, and after that, greenhouse, livestock and agricultural products are affected by the market margin, respectively. Also, the results indicate that the variable of marketing cost has the greatest effect on the price of crops, the variables of producer, wholesale, retail and marketing costs have the greatest effect on the price of garden products, the variables of marketing and retail costs have the greatest effect. on livestock products and retail price variables, producers and marketing costs have the greatest effect on the marketing margin of greenhouse products in Iran.