نشریه فرهنگ معماری و شهرسازی اسلامی
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 12، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

According to the available documents, during the Safavid period, the kings of this dynasty, including Shah Abbas I, traveled to the city of Ahar many times and started to create some innovations or complete the works left over from the previous ages. Arsen Sheikh Shahabuddin Ahri, as the only monastic-monument complex in the south of the city and the adjacent garden, is one of the most well-known among them, which has undergone significant changes in the development of its physical system from the 6th to the 11th century A.H. . At first, this complex functioned as a monastery, and then, during its life, sections such as a tomb, madrasa, mosque and garden were added to it and developed and evolved in a meaningful connection with other elements. Dealing with the above topic becomes important when we notice the historical descriptions of the said garden under the construction measures of Shah Abbas I, which is interpreted as Garden of Paradise, but currently only the name of that garden and its annexes are mentioned. It has remained and like many other works of the same period in Ahar, under the influence of various events, especially during the Qajar and contemporary periods, it underwent destruction and serious changes. These destructions were mainly intensified in the 1320s and the creation of new uses. In such a way that only arsenic and parts of the adobe fence around it remained in an area measuring 310×280 meters. In the present research, we tried to do this by relying on descriptive and pictorial documents, by answering the following question: the initial design of the garden of Sheikh Shahab-al-Din at the time of its discovery during the reign of Shah Abbas I Safavid and the process of its evolution after its construction. how has it been The representation of the body and the main structure of the garden of Sheikh Shahab-al-Din during its development should be discussed. In order to obtain the relevant model, library information and visual documents were used using the descriptive-analytical method. Also, it was not possible to obtain some anatomical details of the collection except through field studies and explorations. Therefore, this approach was a complement to some of the unknowns of this garden over time. This kind of dealing with the building requires a deep and detailed understanding of the existing situation and a careful observation of the building. Because every corner of the building and its surroundings can contain a message ready for the microscopic and mental look. In this way, the findings of the research were based on the four main systems of the Iranian garden - road, plant, building and water. Through the analysis, the details of the arrangement and spatial relationship of the various parts of the Sheikh's tomb garden, such as the division into four parts, the irrigation structure and the function of the buildings in the course of its creation and evolution, were obtained. Describing the physical features of the garden arranged on the Sheikh's tomb, while preparing the ground for future researches; It can help to recognize some of the neglected values in Iranian horticulture in Azerbaijan region.

The city, as a phenomenon, consists of many aspects that are always in the focus of researchers' attention from different perspectives. The visual order of the city and its architectural structure is an issue that both represents the material facilities and resources of the city and manifests the rules and cultural and social values of the city. Man, as the most important member of the city, is constantly interacting with the city space and its evolution, which causes the establishment of urban law rules and the need to pay attention to the preservation of citizenship rights. The present article rereads the basics of urban law in a problem-oriented research with a descriptive and analytical method and recognizes it in religious teachings and jurisprudence texts. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to explain the rules of urban jurisprudence as the main source that accurately considers the rights of city residents and states their commitment to the city's civil rules. Also, relying on Gérard Genett's transtextuality approach, the intertextual relationships of these rules are analyzed and a new reading is obtained from them. In the texts of Islamic jurisprudence, we also encounter many rules, from the point of view of Sharia's approach to man and the surrounding environment, mutual individual and social rights, freedom in the privacy of the home, the right to use nature's resources in principle and properly, and responsibility towards individuals. On the other hand, participation in maintaining the urban space and avoiding harming its facilities and resources is a right and responsibility for humans. Harmless jurisprudential rule (la darar), rule of tasleet, rule of etlaf, rule of tasbib and many principles and clauses included in the text of citizenship rights laws are considered among the most important jurisprudential and legal rules corresponding to urban rights. Therefore, we can point out the importance of jurisprudence and legal sources in explaining the rulings and regulations related to urban planning and architecture. In this way, both specialists in the field of urban planning and Islamic urbanism can use these rules, and architects and even citizens can use these principles in the field of civil engineering and the construction process and revive them in contemporary architecture. In addition, in order to achieve a conceptual and theoretical model of jurisprudence rules for their better efficiency, rereading these rules and organizing them from the perspective of transtextuality theory has been done in order to gain a deeper understanding of the textual relationships and their hidden and visible layers. The findings and results of the research show that the harmless rule (la darar)  is one of the most fundamental jurisprudential rules that plays an irreplaceable role in determining the rights of individuals and its fair implementation on all parts of the city. Also, based on the transtextual approach, the effect of the harmless rule (la darar) can be clearly seen in other rules of urban jurisprudence and some articles of the charter of citizenship rights, which indicates that this rule is pre-textual and the adoption of other jurisprudence and legal rules as resulting hypertexts from that. In other words, individual rights, social rights, spatial and environmental rights, whose commitment is explained in numerous laws, texts and legal charters are all based on the consideration of protecting the rights of others and the obligation to avoid harming them, which is the aforementioned rule implies all these concepts.

After the entrance of modernity and its way of thinking to historical countries, some attempted to modernize all aspects of life and concepts. In these countries such as Iran, because modernity does not conjoin with cultural and intellectual movements, there is still a substantial contrast between modernists and traditionalists. Therefore, the will to achieve authenticity appears ubiquitously alongside thinkers in several fields like architecture. In the 21st century, authenticity is not a principal value for most experts but is often a concept to accentuate history and culture. But Iran, as a specific place which is not dominated by western modernity, had a dazzling past in written and tangible forms. Iranian distinguishable thought, which integrated Greek philosophy, Islamic theology and ancient Iranian wisdom, was developed by some masterful thinkers such as “Suhrawardi”. As these studies are deeply dependent on the philosophical view, it is critical to find an effective way of theorizing cultural specificities. In modern times, a French philosopher and Iranologist Henry Corbin brought Iranian thinkers and philosophers to the fore. This study investigates the notion of authenticity discussed by Corbin as well as his other concepts relevant to architecture. By employing the content analysis method, the relevant works of Corbin and some of his commentators have been analyzed and evaluated. Also, in order to develop a "conceptual framework of authenticity" the "descriptive-analytical" method is used. The central question of this article is how the notion of authenticity, especially in Iran, is explored and a consequent question is: what is the relation between architecture and Henry Corbin’s philosophy. In order to investigate and categorize the viewpoints related to the concept of authenticity, due to the connection between architecture, restoration and urban planning, sources related to authenticity in the aforementioned fields were included in the review. The review showed that almost all debates related to authenticity in Iran are direct translations of foreign works or indirect influence of their thoughts. This article seeks to find a suitable authenticity framework capable of reflecting and resonating with the history of Iranian thought and civilization, the body of this article has been divided into two parts: A) Issue of Authenticity in Corbin’s thought B) Art and Architecture in Carbon's thought. In the first part, by investigating the Corbin’s studies in Shahab Al-Din Suhrawardi and the School of Illumination and his reintroducing of eastern and Islamic philosophy, the article shows that it is “Alame Mesal” or “the world of ideas” which had the main role in Iranian creative thoughts. In the second part, the quotations that directly point at Art and Architecture have been discussed. In conclusion, this article shows that the disappearance of the Iranian worldview in the modern era has cleared the field for predominance of Occidental world. While the article does not investigate exact Corbin’s solutions to the authenticity problem, a brief discussion of Corbin’s works, as the basis of philosophical thinking, points us in the direction of a new, or perhaps old but forgotten, way of thinking about Iran and its architecture.

The Akhavan's writings are a collection of diverse and coherent topics about various sciences and skills including geometry and architecture. The remaining fifty-two treatises of scholars of these writings cannot be placed in a single framework. The Akhavan did not pursue a single issue and in accordance with social need, offered innovative and astonishing analyzes of various subjects such as geometry. The main goal has been the intellectual reform of society, especially in the field of reason, philosophy and religion and according to some thinkers, this group has advanced thinking. Geometry in Akhavan’s view of the science is the knowledge of quantities, dimensions, and quantity of types and properties. The origin of geometry is an important point in this view, and according to the Greek philosophers, geometry is divided into two parts of intellectual and sensory. The triangle has been used as a basis for entering into rational geometry and theoretical foundations. The purpose of prioritizing geometry over other sciences and placing it after number science is to guide students from the senses to the senses, as well as to promote students from the physical dimension to the spiritual dimension. Geometry is the structural basis of the universe in the metaphysical world. The Akhavan's view is manifested in the form of creating a geometric order between shapes in order to achieve a unified whole of geometry in architecture. This order can exist as a geometric order of squares, circles and rectangles. Creating visual order in the viewer's perception using points and lines as the axis of symmetry has been introduced as a solid thinking in creating basic order. Creating visual balance in vision and visual perception in vertical lines is important according to the criteria of placing the inherent nature of the human body in its dimensions and dimensions. According to the analysis and geometric studies performed in the research, it is clear that attention to mathematics as a logical and intellectual science has been of great priority to the Akhavan. According to the Akhavan's interactive approach in addressing the sciences and the needs of the day, mathematics and geometry have been one of the most practical and widely used sciences in relation to architecture and education. Mathematics and its sub-sciences, such as geometry, have been named by the intellect as the truth of existence, which is addressed in the philosophy of the perfect man. According to this view, paying attention to the skill of architecture in meeting the practical needs of individual and social life of the people of the time has been one of their main challenges. The teaching of geometry in this article has been done in a way that can be easily understood and followed by the literature of its time. This has been done better in dealing with architects who have also had a higher level of knowledge than ordinary people. In this study, by examining the architectural landmarks in the period before the fourth century AH, when the presence and formation of Islamic scholars such as the Akhavan were intensified, it was proved that based on the basic geometric principles obtained for use in architecture, buildings of the previous period were weak in this regard since the fourth century AH. Among other things, in most of these buildings, the models of the past, such as the Sassanid period, are strongly seen, which show the weakness of scientific computation in the uses and needs of the day. After the fourth century AH, with the presence of Islamic scholars such as the Akhavan in various skills such as architectural skills, recognizing the rise of geometric skills in creating architectural buildings in the field of design and execution can be completely analyzed geometrically. The results of the research include geometric principles that have been presented by the Akhavan Al-Safa to an industry such as architecture. According to the results of the research, the Akhavan Al-Safa has considered geometry theoretically to include philosophical sciences, jurisprudence and numerical laws of mathematics. In the practical part, in order to communicate with industries and the ability to respond to functional issues, the principles of drawing have been used in order to apply geometry and its learning by the architectural industry. These drawing principles are in the simplest proportional drawing modes for scale adaptation to architectural themes. The result of this applied geometry is order, integrity, readability, and a complete response to individual and social needs in the form of an architectural structure that the Akhavan Al-Safa, as Islamic mathematicians, has emphasized.

Statement: 

The neighborhood has always been considered as the turning point of thinking about the city. Neighborhoods in the past had internal cohesion and spatial continuity and had a homogeneous social fabric. In the contemporary era, especially since the second decade of the 13th century, in line with the political, social and economic developments of the society, the subsequent compilation of plans and macro-policy-making documents and its physical manifestation at the regional-urban level caused the collapse of the economic self-reliance structures, the coherent social and physical shape of the neighborhood, and its importance as the cornerstone of urban planning and design began to decline. This phenomenon has also had many effects on the lived experience of the neighborhood residents and made their healthy coexistence vulnerable in different dimensions. The emergence of the Corona epidemic has been one of these crises that has caused immediate changes in the way of living and new demands in the last four years. The daily worries caused by the epidemic have put the physical, mental and psychological health of the neighborhood residents at risk. Goals: Therefore, the main objectives of the research are 1. Rethinking the concept of the neighborhood as the center of the Iranian-Islamic city and 2. Rethinking the concept of neighborhood health as required by the post-pandemic era.

This research has been developed in terms of its scientific-review nature and based on the correspondence of experiences and literature of two fundamental concepts "Iranian-Islamic neighborhood" and the emerging concept of "pandemy". In terms of the type of research, it is applied, developmental and based on the research method, the theme is based on this, and the studies related to "neighborhood" are based on two physical-spatial and socio-economic components through searching religious texts, jurisprudence and Islamic Sharia, and the interpretations of Islamic thinkers from the Holy Qur'an, the Sunna of the Prophet (PBUH) and Nahj al-Balaghah.Also, studies related to "epidemic" by searching in Science direct, Springer, Scopus and Elsevier databases based on the researcher's category of "bio-medical, bio-psychological and bio-geographical" from the review of 182 valid articles were conducted. The study was carried out so that, based on the obtained data, the content correspondence of the two concepts of the Iranian-Islamic neighborhood and the epidemic, as well as the realization of the research goals, would be possible.

Based on the findings of the research, 18 criteria related to bio-location, 10 criteria related to bio-psychology and 7 criteria related to bio-medicine have been promoted in the field of contemporary urban planning. The summary of the criteria related to the Iranian-Islamic neighborhood also confirms 18 criteria as well. Examining the basis of the criteria of livability during the pandemic and the criteria of the Iranian-Islamic neighborhood shows that these two heterogeneous phenomena (in terms of life and time) not only do not have fundamental contradictions in content, but also have a content coherence. It is evident between the criteria. This research is important because it shows that the Islamic neighborhood has the possibility of development in life and improving the health of its residents in such a way that it can be used with the contemporary interpretation of the epidemic in the field of improving the health of the Iranian society. Therefore, the importance of the implicit thought in non-Islamic urban planning in the field of "healthy neighborhood in the contemporary era" under the pretext of the emerging phenomenon of the Corona epidemic is criticized and strongly needs to be reconsidered.

Bazaars, as one of the key urban spaces, have always played a significant role in the formation of cities, therefore, for a deeper understanding of traditional bazaars by people, visual perception as the most basic perceptual dimension can be effective and in order to achieve this goal. The principles and rules hidden in the architecture of spaces should be identified. What can be seen in urban spaces today is the effect of various personal and environmental factors on the level of visual perception of people, and the lack of research that deals with the effect of these factors is considered as one of the necessities of research and in this regard, the traditional bazaar of Tehran was chosen as a case study and one of the historical and ancient textures of Tehran. In this research, based on a combined method and with an exploratory approach, information related to the environmental and physical indicators of the spatial structure of spaces such as timchehs, seras, mosques, squares, etc., in the Tehran bazaar, to investigate the components that affect people's visual perception, such as natural landscapes and artificial lights and shadows and views and the types of colors and decorations used in them, the quality of surfaces such as floors, walls and ceilings and the proportions including the placement and geometry and the movement of people or vehicles that have been obtained received by the sense of sight and has influenced the level of visual perception of people from the environment. In the next step, to evaluate people's visual perception, a questionnaire was prepared in the form of a checklist for the key areas of the bazaar, where each question in the questionnaire covered one component. Therefore, the statistical population of the research, which included 120 people from businesses, buyers or passers-by who were willing to participate and had a high level of perceptual and cognitive performance, were asked to determine the influential components based on their perception and feeling in 5 index spaces according to differences in use and structural features and importance and their relative knowledge in the bazaar environment, Then, using Kolmogorov tests, Spearman correlation test, Kruskal-Wallis and U-Man-Whitney tests, the data of the qualitative stage was analyzed by SPSS software. The results of the analysis showed that in traditional bazaars, the sense of sight creates a double relationship between the structure and spatial elements and people's perception, and the components affecting visual perception are different in each space, and users who were unfamiliar or had limited familiarity, had the ability to better evaluate the components and were responsible for recognizing the spaces, but the number of visits of people did not have much effect on their visual perception, and factors such as the duration of the business activity, gender, and the level of education of the people participating in the research had a positive and significant effect on the visual perceptions of the people, and between the index spaces of the study In the bazaar of Tehran, Imam Mosque had the highest amount of visual perception and Amir sera has the lowest amount.

The present study examines the relationship between the architecture of contemporary mosques and the historical traditions of mosque architecture and tries to formulate a special classification for the types of this relationship. At the beginning of this paper, some weaknesses of the existing categorization models for the general approaches of the architectural design of contemporary mosques are explained. Since in the existing classifications, the whole mosque is viewed as a single entity, the resultant classifications become ambiguous in many cases. For example, when a particular mosque is introduced as an example of the modern approach, it is possible that in the same mosque there are certain physical elements with a completely traditionalist approach, and vice versa, in mosques that are introduced as examples of traditionalist mosques, it is possible that certain elements and components of the mosque are designed in a modern way. Due to the generality and vagueness of the mentioned categories, it becomes difficult to explain issues such as the impact of the desired approach on qualities such as "recognizability" and "newness" of the mosque design from the audience's point of view. Another problem is that these categories generally do not have the ability to explain the homogeneity or heterogeneity of style in the design of the mosques in question, and usually when a term is used to describe a mosque, it is not yet clear whether the design of the mosque in question is original or eclectic. In this study, after an analytical review of the relevant scientific literature, four approaches to the historical traditions of mosque architecture are identified. Based on his expertise and professional views and the specific conditions of the project, an architect approaching the design problem of a contemporary mosque and in the face of the design of any of the main physical elements of the mosque can follow any of the traditions of mosque design (Imitation approach); the architect can somehow reconcile any of the historical traditions of mosque design with contemporary architecture and offer new interpretations of them (conservative approach); he/she can challenge some architectural traditions of mosque design (challenging approach); or one can wholly avoid these traditions and break from them (abandonment approach). In the present study, two modes are considered for each of the two conservative and challenging approaches: One is the case where the relevant approach is followed more intensely and the other is the case where the desired approach is followed with less intensity. In the present paper, each of these approaches is assigned a specific digit from zero to five. According to the specific field of the present study, which is dedicated to the exterior view of the mosques, for every mosque three main elements are examined consisting of the dome, minaret and other exterior surfaces. By assigning a digit to each of these three elements of the mosque according to its specific approach, a three-digit code is produced for each mosque. The code assigned to the examples of contemporary mosques can be a reliable indicator for explaining the physical characteristics of the mosque in question, explaining whether the mosque is recognizable or ambiguous from the point of view of the audience, whether the mosque design displays a homogeneous or eclectic style, and whether it is innovative or imitative. Next, the application of the proposed model to twelve examples of contemporary mosques, both in Iran and in the world, is described. In the present study, in describing the functions and properties of each of the afore-mentioned approaches, it is stated what issues and aspects are emphasized in each approach. Finally, it is stated that these four approaches are a set of possibilities that contemporary architects are equipped with in the face of the open problem of the contemporary mosque design and none of these approaches are inherently right or wrong, but it is important that they are used properly and appropriately. What is important is to face the design problem responsibly and self-consciously. If the architect decides to imitate some of the past traditions of mosque architecture, his decision must be based on awareness and wisdom, and if he decides to abandon some historical traditions, his decision must be a responsible and wise decision too.

The growth of the phenomenon of urban dwellers and the increase of migration to the cities leads to the uncontrollable development of urban areas, the reduction of the level of welfare, the phenomenon of marginalization and creating many problems for cities, especially in developing countries, and the combination of these factors causes concerns for planners and politicians of the urban area and it has caused managers, urban planners as well as politicians in this field to enter and look for the causes of this incident, because not paying attention to the status of any influential variable has led to widespread issues and problems such as : poverty, unemployment, inflation, environmental pollution, destruction of infrastructures, etc. in the urban environment. Therefore, during the last few decades in order to create a better, more favorable, healthier, easier and more pleasant environment for the residents of a city, various approaches have been proposed in the field of urban management, and good urban governance is one of the most prominent of these approaches. In the managerial approach of good urban governance, the rights of citizens have been properly identified by managers and planners and taken into account in urban management, so that all urban policies and programs are shared with them during the preparation and before implementation. And in the end, its output is approved by them and therefore it will have the most efficiency and impact. Good urban governance has been confirmed and emphasized by national and international organizations in contrast to the state-oriented urban management approach, and they always consider it as one of the prerequisites and elements of sustainable cities. Good urban governance is one of those concepts that consider the welfare of citizens and social justice, and its policies and programs are placed in the form of private indicators. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate and evaluate the variables of good urban governance. Looking for an answer to this question: To what extent are the principles and values of good urban governance considered in urban management? For this purpose, the method of doing this research is combined in a way that includes descriptive-analytical methods and logical reasoning. First, by using library studies and field observations, the desired indicators (participation, transparency, accountability, rule of law, justice, responsibility) were extracted and a closed questionnaire was prepared using a five-point Likert scale and among the statistical population with the volume A sample of 384 citizens over 20 years of age living in Neyshabur who were selected by random sampling method were distributed and then the data were analyzed using t-test in SPSS software environment. The results show that the average judgment of the citizens about the performance of the urban management of Neyshabur is the best in the transparency index with an average of 2.34 and the weakest in the justice index with an average of 2.18, and it is clear that favorable attention to the indicators Good urban governance is not seen in the performance of the municipality and city council of Neyshabur as the important urban management organizations.

Residential neighborhoods, especially historical neighborhoods, have a special place in cities. Nowadays, inappropriate planning and design policies in Iranian cities have caused socio-physical problems for these neighborhoods, causing their sustainability to be considered. Hence, to reach sustainability and enhance life quality in historical neighborhoods, it is proposed to apply regeneration and revitalization approaches. The present study aims to examine regeneration components and indicators in historical neighborhoods from the perspective of experts to improve the quality of the environment in them. Therefore, it pursues two objectives A) explaining regeneration components and indicators in historical neighborhoods, and B) proposing planning strategies, interventions, and design tactics that can improve the physical quality of historic neighborhoods. The current study is applied descriptive-analytical research carried out using quantitative methods and modeling experts' minds. Moreover, multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) techniques are applied to prioritize the components influencing the regeneration of historical neighborhoods. The current research includes three main stages. The first stage reviews the theoretical foundations of urban regeneration and explains its components and indicators in historical neighborhoods. In this stage, the required data are collected through information sources, and finally, the conceptual research framework and historical neighborhood regeneration components are presented. In the second stage, the historical neighborhoods of Shiraz city are investigated in regeneration components and indicators explained in the previous stage from the perspective of experts (in the field of urban planning and architecture). It should be mentioned that at this stage, 14 selected experts (academic and professional, in the field of urban restoration, architecture, urban design, and planning), who were fully familiar with the historic fabric of Shiraz, participated in the research. Moreover, in this stage, the evaluations carried out were analyzed using MADM techniques (Dematel and Network Analysis Process). The network analysis process was applied to rank the regeneration components and indicators using the Superdecision V.2.10 software. In the last stage, according to the results of the evaluations, planning strategies, interventions, and design tactics were suggested for valuable historical neighborhoods. The findings showed that the economic component, with two indicators of local economy and job creation, had top priority, followed by the social component with the security indicator. Moreover, the physical component and density development indicator were relatively less important in the regeneration of the historical neighborhoods of Shiraz from the point of view of experts. This view of the experts can be attributed to the fact that indicators such as the local economy can strengthen other dimensions and criteria and thereby, provide a sustainable context and enhance public participation in neighborhood regeneration. The network analysis of the relationships between the regeneration indicators reveals that security and the quality of the residential environment are the most important indicators. Also, the mentioned indicators are considered the most influential and influenced regeneration indicators from the experts’ viewpoints. Finally, based on the findings, some planning, and design strategies are suggested to urban decision-makers in three dimensions: A) Economic strategies, including strengthening micro-socioeconomic activities in the neighborhood; B) social strategies, including engaging residents in the design and planning process, as well as revitalizing cultural and social events; and C) physical strategies, including enhancing the quality of the residential environment, preserving and revitalizing outstanding historical elements in the neighborhood, and strengthening public realms.

The physical space in the neighborhood is the bed of social activities in the social relations of the neighborhood. On the one hand, this space is formed during social relations, therefore, the architecture of the physical space and social relations are in a two-way relationship. On the other hand, social relations are the primary core of forming and strengthening social capital. Therefore, the architecture of the physical space is effective in the formation and strengthening of social capital, and not paying attention to it leads to many social problems, including reducing social participation, lack of security, increasing criminality, and finally, the loss of satisfaction and a sense of being pointed out. Today, despite the efforts of specialists to create sociable physical spaces, social relations have not expanded significantly, and following this reduction of relations, social capital has been in a downward trend. There has been no formation and strengthening of social relations in the neighborhood, and the decrease in presence in the neighborhood has led to a decrease in the possibility of social relations and ultimately an unprecedented decrease in local social capital. The review of the literature on the subject shows a lack of agreement between the most desirable physical space to promote social capital, so the purpose of this research is to explain a model of the architectural qualities of physical space at the neighborhood scale that will promote local social capital and reduce social problems, more precisely, the main question of the research is about the physical aspects of the neighborhood space, through which the social capital of the neighborhood is formed and increased. In this regard, to formulate the theoretical framework of the research, the theoretical texts related to social capital and the architecture of the body of space are examined. According to the findings of this section, the key component of promoting social capital is social relations in the form of social groups with purposeful joint activities. Then, the necessary samples for examination are identified and selected in four steps from among the neighborhoods of Tehran. In the continuation of the research method section, evaluation, and measurement of the level of social capital in selected samples were done. Evaluation of social capital was done by examining the composition of group social relations in the selected sample stations by counting group relations. It should be noted that the selected stations are selected by stratified random sampling. Finally, the analysis of the qualities of the physical space is carried out by the method of field perception and the evaluation of how these variables are related by the method of logical inductive reasoning which creates the final model of the research, and based on this model, the creation of public spaces with a small scale in the neighborhood space can be achieved. Both pedestrian axes and stopping places (independent variable), these spaces, while emphasizing the presence of residents (mediator variable) instead of temporary transit, lead to the promotion of local social capital (dependent variable); meanwhile, the qualities of these public areas are discussed in the final model.

In this study, a design method is presented based on the compass geometry. After invention and development of Cartesian coordinates system, world had undergone a significant change and it is said that every technological device and architecture software such as laser cutters, 3-D printers, AutoCad, 3Ds Max and so forth, has been working with the principles of this geometrical system. Therefore, the compass geometrical space is long forgotten since the invention of the Cartesian coordinates system. So, due to this considerable alteration, the application of this geometrical system in Iran’s architecture had been forgotten after the world’s major development. The compass had been the main Iranian architect’s tool in the past eras and due to this fact, the designed products of that time were usually based on arcs, so it is argued that there has to be some fundamental differences with the compass geometry and Descartes geometry. There seems to be a relative approach in Cartesian geometrical system, on contrary, Iranian architects considered the geometry as a quite qualitative issue and because of this fact, the proportions between different parts of a building were much more important rather than the quantitative issues such as dimensions. The lack of architecture plans like the ones that are available in its current form regarded to be a crucial issue that has given rise to lack of acquaintance of methods and design devices of Iran’s historical architecture. This research tried to express the characteristics of this geometric space and the challenges that an architect may come across in the design process with this system and also its fundamental differences between Descartes’ geometric space. In addition, providing a simple model of a tool that can produce form in this geometric space is considered to be another important objective of this research. In order to achieve this purpose, at first, a paradigm based on the compass geometry space was simulated. At the next step, nine prototype tools with different capabilities were presented based on the simulated paradigm. And finally, a tool was designed and after that, a related architectural design was modeled with the designed tool. Presenting this tool and designing a prototype based on it are among the results of this article. The main questions of this research are: what are the origins of the compass geometry, what tools are needed, and how they can be used. Pursuing these questions would give rise to the results such as reproducing Persian architecture, more accurate analysis of this architecture, and providing a new tool that is compatible with Iranian culture. The methodology of this research was conducted based on a scientific paradigm which is associated with analogical reasoning that three strategies- comparison of Cartesian and the Compass geometry, logical strategy, and the simulation of the Compass geometry- have been carried out. To achieve this goal, at the first step, the roots of the current western architecture was explained and a comparative study between Descartes’ and compass geometry in Iran’s architecture was carried out. Then, the characteristics of compass geometry and the rules based on this geometrical space were explained. In the next step, the compass’ geometrical space was simulated based on this system. And finally, a design pattern was modeled and presented based on this geometry.

Culture is a dynamic and continuous set of codes. Every text has a network of codes in its heart and thus introduces the culture that emerges from it. This complex system of codes is built in different layers and produces meaning based on the interaction of these layers during reading and studying. But in the meantime, apart from culture, text, and author, another factor is also influential in the production of meaning: the audience. The work of codes within the text only begins when it engages with the mind of an audience. When facing an architectural sign, the audience's mind does not lead to only one signified. Each element of a building produces different meanings in different layers. In this study, these layers were the following: functional, environmental, aesthetic, and phenomenological. The functional layer refers to the primary use of the audience; the environmental layer is focused on the essential relationship of the elements with humans and the surrounding environment of the building; the aesthetic layer focuses on the way sense is produced through elemental art; and the layer of phenomenology is related to the platform that each building provides for understanding man and his relationships with the surrounding world. The meanings created in these layers in a hermeneutic process leads to an indeterminate meaning. The main question of the present article is how the cultural implications of architectural building elements interact with each other in different layers. In this regard, the architecture of Mellat and Astara cinema campuses were examined as a text under four functional, environmental, aesthetic, and phenomenological layers. Each building was analyzed in three stages open, central, and selective coding. The results showed that Mellat campus has led to the complete integration between the four layers and the strengthening of the meanings of each layer by the other layers and the achievement of a new definition of the architectural and artistic space. In Astara campus, it has led to focusing on the functional dimension of cinema and neglecting the communication between layers and the lack of satisfaction of the audience from being in the artistic space. The most important components of interaction between layers are the importance of creative form and the expression of different ideas, the prominence of architectural elements, the importance of the relationship between humans and the surrounding space, and a limited adaptation of form and function. The interaction of semiotic layers in the studied buildings presented some important results 1- The content of each building plays a fundamental role in the way the layers interact. The commercial complex has economic content, the cinema campus has art content and the mosque has religious content. This content acts as a central tool for bringing the layers closer together. In cinema campuses, artistic content increased the importance of sense. In such a way that the layers of environment and aesthetics and phenomenology interacted with each other based on this idea. 2- The layers of aesthetics and phenomenology, as expected, have a lot of interaction with each other, and in a way, the understanding that is created in the audience's mind in the field of phenomenology is a complement to the production of aesthetic implications. Therefore, these two layers can be studied in future research on religious buildings. 3- Although the functional layer is less important than the others in appearance, it is the foundation of any understanding that comes from the building because the function of each architectural element is the first interaction of the audience with that element and the underlying understanding is built in the first encounter.