فصلنامه پژوهش های ژئومورفولوژی کمی
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 43، زمستان 1401)

Understanding the Attributes and Interactions of Forms and Processes Governing River Systems that Understand the Behavior of Rivers in Temporal and Spatial Bounds The importance of developing conceptual models for the environment is of particular importance. There are rivers. In this study, the stability of the Gadar River waterway based on the Nanson and Knight models is evaluated to evaluate the dynamic behavior of the Gadar river and its effect on the river bed changes based on the Nanson and Knighton designs. The aim of this study. The research method is a descriptive-analytical one. Required parameters were extracted from hydrometer station statistics, fieldwork, topographic maps, land use maps, Google Earth application and Auto Cad, WMS9.1, Smada and ARC GIS software. This model divides the Anabench rivers into six classes based on flow power parameters, bed load size, particle size, lateral displacement, islet length to channel ratio. In the range of type five and index of the degree of coherence and vertical increase of islands and sinusoidal ducts are in the range of type one. The islands have grown more rapidly in the arterial and direct intervals because of the greater widths than in the other, and in the Meander interval between the Kiel-Sheen heights to the low-lying village. In the third period, the sediment type of the riverbed and the valley where the river flows is erodible and the width of the riverbed is high, but in the first period, the sediment and bedrock are of the erosion resistant formations. Either there were fewer river changes or very little change. The Gadar River is similar to any of the six tributary tributary rivers and, in general, this channel is not fully coherent with the Nanson and Neyton designs.

Rivers are one of the best geomorphic landscapes of the earth, where the link between the system of forces and the forms of roughness can be clearly understood. Studying the morphological pattern of rivers is essential for understanding current conditions and their potential for future changes, and only then can their natural responses to natural changes or actions resulting from the implementation of remediation schemes be possible. It predicted the direction and fixation of the edges and recognized the extent of their displacement and variations in their dimensions and patterns. In the northwestern part of the country, developed river systems play an essential role in the geomorphological developments of the region. The study area is located in the city of Ashnoye in northwest of the country. The purpose of this study was to investigate and evaluate the dynamic behavior of the Gadder River and its effect on river bed changes based on Nanson and Newton designs.

Data and Methods:

The research process involved collecting data, field studies, generating information layers and adapting them to the status quo, analyzing each layer to investigate the role of the Gadder River morphodynamics in canal stability and evaluation based on the model. Nanson and Nathan. To evaluate the Gadder River based on this model parameters such as flow power, bed load size and size, particle size of the boundaries, lateral displacement ratio, islet length to channel width, coherence rate and vertical islet and channel sinusitis Used. Finally, the role of each of the variables was identified as influencing factors in the stability of the Gadder River.

In areas where the conduit turns into an anchor, the slope of the upstream stream is minimized and changes noticeably. At the end, when the slope decreases sharply, the river changes into an arterial one. More than 95 percent of the coarse-grained sediments are due to the high river discharge to carry the coarse-grained sediments and to the greater adhesion of the riverbanks that are prone to coarse-grained sediments.
The erosion of the river bed (Push Abad village to Darband village) was also observed in the sections where the sediment type was erodible (third interval). In areas where the sediment type is bedrock-resistant, there have been fewer or very minor river changes, such as the first section. The arterial and direct intervals have increased more than other intervals due to the greater width and in the meandering interval between the Kilehin heights to the village of Hazrat Zaza. The fluctuations and changes in the sinocyte coefficient of the river Gadar were lower in the first interval due to the first mountainous interval due to the river route. In the second and third intervals, the rate of sinocytic coefficient increased in the year 1396 compared to the year 1395, indicating a complex increase in the rivers in these two intervals, resulting in a change in river morphology in these intervals. The comparative results based on the evaluation and the parameters of the Gadder River in different types of design indicate that the Gadder River has similarities with each of the six types of Anabench rivers and, in general, this channel coincides with the Nanson and Knighton designs. Do not match perfectly.

The Gadar River islands have grown more in arterial and direct intervals due to their greater width than in other meandering intervals, between the Kileen Heights to the lowland village. In the third period, the sediments of the riverbed and the valley where the river flows are erodible and the width of the riverbed has been displaced for most of the length of this section about 10 to 15 meters. However, during the first period, the sediment type of the riverbed is a type of erosion resistant formations. In the specific and local formation of this anterarchic arterial pattern, neotectonics played the most important role as a locus-setting regulator. The locally developed set of these factors has been a factor in the complete non-conformity of the Gadder River with the Nanson and Newton designs.

Floods are the most common natural hazard in the world that affect many people in the world every year, and population growth and urban development and human settlements have caused floods to become hazards for humans and to reduce casualties and financial losses. From floods, flood risk management seems essential in this regard

In this study, 5 factors affecting the occurrence of floods including: rainfall map, slope, topography, vegetation and physiographic characteristics have been considered.Then, according to the mentioned factors, the layers are included in the model, and the flooding zoning of the area is done. A standard criterion for judging or a rule for testing the desirability of decision-making options is the choice of general rule evaluation criteria that determine these criteria in relation to the situation of the problem; The set of criteria should have characteristics that represent the multi-criteria nature of an evaluated problem
Floods occur mainly in conditions with high rainfall. The map of the basin has been prepared from eleven rainfall stations located in Fars province over a period of 30 years. First, the data were edited in Excel, then imported into the GIS environment, and in the next step, using kriging, the map of the study area was cut from it.
In this regard, using the Topsis model, the above-mentioned criteria have been classified and determined in order to determine the areas vulnerable to flood risk in the hydrogeomorphic basin of Shiraz and the civil basin of Shiraz. Each of these criteria has its own characteristics that have been extracted according to the following methods. Information such as library studies, topographic maps of Shiraz 1.50000, geological maps of Shiraz 1.100000 and 1380 as well as information about altitude digitals taken d aerial photographs of the Shiraz civic area during the four decades of 1330, 1350, 136 from the study area In order to study the behavior of Shiraz hydrogeomorphic basin and also how the development process of Shiraz urban area, using the normal distribution curve, and then the analogical analysis of the results of the above topics on how the flood coefficient of the basin has behaved.

According to the studies, the cybernetic coefficient of flooding coefficient of Shiraz hydrogeomorphic basin is as follows:B) Cybernetics of flooding coefficient of Shiraz hydrogeomorphic basin and spatial development of its civil basin from 1330 to 1380.
In the study basin, the compaction coefficient was 1.79, which indicates the average trend of flooding coefficient of the basin and its elongated shape. The behavior of flooding coefficient of Shiraz hydrogeomorphological basin has varied between 1 to 1.9 Gravilius coefficient.
This means that approximately 50% of the development of Shiraz basin is located on the minimum part of the flood incidence coefficient, and 50% of it is located on the middle areas up to the maximum flood incidence coefficient.
C) Normal distribution
1- Normalized limit of flooding in the whole Shiraz basin
The normal limit of flooding coefficient of the whole basin on the coordinate system between 1 to 3 flooding coefficient and the peak of this axis is equal to 2 (arithmetic mean) of flooding coefficient and according to the calculation formula for the whole basin, the integral interval between 1.73 to Calculated -1.73, that the risk of flooding in the whole basin is equal to / 916 or 92%, which is rounded.
2- Normalization limit of flooding in Shiraz civil basin in 1330s
The rate of flooding in this decade was between 1.876 and 1.854.
In other words, the risk of flooding in Shiraz civil area in the 1330s is equal to 1.5%.
3- The norm of flood normalization in the civil area of Shiraz in the 1350s.
The flooding rate of this decade is between 1.88 to 1.67 flooding coefficient and in other words, the risk of flooding in the 1350s is equal to 14%. Of course, the percentages are rounded and indicate the further movement and development of Shiraz towards the areas of maximum flooding.
4- The norm of flood normalization in the civil area of Shiraz in the 1360s
According to the normalization limit of floods in the civil area of Shiraz in the 1980s, the coefficient of floods was between 1.88 and 1.46. The risk of flooding in this decade is equal to 24%.
And indicates the proximity of the urban area to the area is the maximum risk of flooding.
5- Normalization limit of flooding in Shiraz civil area in 1380.
In the 2001s, the normalized limit of flooding of this decade is between 1.96 to 1.4 of the flooding coefficient. The risk in this decade is equal to 32% and in the process of development, the risk of flooding is increasing, and in general, it has led the civil sphere to the areas with the maximum flooding rate.

The results of the studies showed that the Shiraz basin, based on calculations, has a flooding coefficient of 1.79 and a branching ratio of 2.88, and in the equivalent rectangular section has a length of 130.765 km and a width of 16.035 km, which generally indicates It is a moderate trend in terms of flood risk. Analysis of the urban development trend of Shiraz during the four decades of 1330, 1350, 1360 and 1380 according to the flood zoning map shows a minimum in terms of flood risk. However, by examining the flood risk level of Shiraz hydrogeomorphic basin and Shiraz civil basin using normal distribution model and calculations, and considering the urban development course on this model in the range of 1 to 3 flood factors, and 1.73% of the area under the curve, It turned out that, in principle, the trend of urban expansion to 1 flooding factor in the left part of the curve, and indicates a higher risk of flooding.

Karst terrains play an important role in the lives of its inhabitants, and especially in dry and semi-arid countries, they are very important in providing water resources. According to UNESCO's research, karst aquifers are the most important and safe sources of drinking water in the world (Auerli, 2010:6). It seems that in the near future, due to the pollution of non-karstic water resources, as a result of human activities, this amount will increase. Karst morphology plays a very important role in evaluating the sensitivity of karst aquifers. Karstic water resources are the most important source of water supply in Kermanshah province. Due to the characteristics of karstic zones in this area, these resources are very sensitive to environmental changes. Therefore, identifying the karst landforms, observing and analyzing them are methods that cannot be separated from the complex examination of karst zones. Karstic aquifers in the Shahu area feed on many rivers and wetlands in Kermanshah. In addition, local communities around the water use aquifers for drinking and farming purposes. Therefore, based on these facts, it is very important to provide maps that determine the extent of Karst development in these areas.

This research is based on field techniques, tools and libraries. The main data of the research include a digital model of height of 12.5 meters from the US Geological Survey, geological maps of 1: 100000, land use map from Kermanshah County Governor's Planning and Design office. In this research, firstly, Karstic Dolines were identified as the most transformed Karstic Landform in the study area using the CLC method and were validated using field studies. The Dolines distribution map was prepared. In order to investigate the relationship between each of the factors affecting the karst evolution in Shaho area, the maps of each of the effective factors with the Dolines distribution map were overlapped in the ARC Gis software, and the weight of each class of factors influencing karst evolution using the Evidential belief function was gained. A generalized nonparametric analytic collective model is an extension of linear models to generalizations (Hastie & Tibshirani, 1990). In the generalized additive model unlike the linear regression model, data is allowed to determine the shape of the response curve.

The results of the slope factor analysis indicate that the maximum weight of Dolines produced in the Shaho area is 0-5% slope, so that 61% of the karstic dolines in this class are in the high slopes. The highest amount of Dolines is in the northern slope direction. Surveying the results of the region's mineralogy units show that the highest weight obtained from the confidence level of 0.996 is related to the Bisotun massive limestone formation, which includes most of karstic dolines. Land use results show that the most of the karstic Dolines were in the good rangeland (0.45), medium rangeland (0.48) and semi-massive forests(0.7). The relationship between the Dolines and the distance from the drainage show that the highest weight (0.63) of Dolines was observed in the distance of 100-200 meters from the drainage. The area of the Karst transformation classes is presented using the aggregated general model in Figure 1. The results indicate that 27 percent of the region is in a high level of transformation. The generalized additive model show that among the ten factors used in the model, lithology, slope, distance from fault, rainfall, altitude, distance from the waterway, land use and aspect, respectively, were significant in karst development. The coefficient of explanation for the generalized model was 0.74 for functional factors. Finally, the mapping of the Karst developement in Shaho area was evaluated using the ROC curve and its curved surface.
Fig1. The area of the Karst evolution zones in the Shahu area (km2)

The results of validation show that the accuracy of the generalized nonparametric analytic collective model with the sub-curvature level is 0.798 is very good. The results of the model's prioritization indicate that the significance of lithology, precipitation, slope and tectonic factors was more than other factors in the Karst evolution in Shaho area. The results showed that the highest degree of karst evolution is in the low slope of 0-5%, low distance from the streams and the fault and the northern direction of slopes. The extent of karst evolution in Shahu area is higher in good rangelands. As the solubility of calcareous rocks increases with the degree of purity in the karst process, hence the high thickness and high purity of Bisetoon limeston in the Shaho region provide a good lithology for Karst development in this region. Favorable climatic conditions are not currently available for the development of Karst in this region. just at high altitudes above 2500 meters can be see the effects of the Karst evolution. The variation of karst landforms in this area is very high and therefore it is necessary to determine how using of this resources and appropriate protective measures prepared.

Humans have turned to dam construction to meet water needs, develop agricultural and industrial activities, and control floods since ancient times. These problems are evident both upstream of dams and downstream. Downstream problems of dams and rivers include changes in erosion and sedimentation processes in the river bed, redirection, and depth. The other part is the problems with environmental issues. The goal of this study was to analyze and investigate the effect of Glaber Dam before and after its construction on erosion and sedimentation downstream of the Sojasrood River. For this purpose, after extracting time series Dems before and after the construction of Glaber Dam from Aster satellite imagery, these Dems entered the gcd extension in ArcGIS software. The gcd model revealed the morphological changes of the riverbed before and after dam construction and the Rate of changes in volume and area of erosion and sediment along the riverbed was determined.

Sojasrood basin is located in the northwest of Iran, south of Zanjan province, between 36 degrees and 7 minutes to 36 degrees and 30 minutes north, longitudes 48 degrees and 16 minutes to 48 degrees and 50 minutes east. According to the studies, it is about 2494 square kilometers, of which 1298 square kilometers are alluvial deposits and the rest are elevations. In this catchment area, the plains are in the form of major hills and a rugged valley that is separated by high elevations or low-lying Polyoplostocene deposits. The Sojasrood River originates from the east and from the Mazidabad plain and flows into the Qezel Ozan River with the east-west trend after passing through the city of Sojas in the Downstream of the village of YengiKand
To conduct this research, images of L1A and L1B series aster, Google Earth Engine system, R programming language, topographic maps of 50,000 armed forces geographic organizations, digital elevation model ALOS, GPSgarmine device, ARCGIS software, GCD software and extension, ENVY 5.3 software, and field visit were used. The research methodology is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of the nature of the survey and analytical. After preparing the required historical Dems, the model was implemented in ArcGIS and gcd extension by three methods of Minimum Level of Detection, Propagated Errors, and Probabilistic Thresholding

By implementing the minimum detection level method with thresholds between 0.10 m to 0.80 m in GCD extension in the period before dam construction (2003-2007) based on the maps and output diagrams of the Minimum Level of Detection method, it was found that the sedimentation process in the riverbed dominates the erosion process. According to the output of the method, the Minimum Level of Detection in the period after dam operation, the sedimentation process is intensified and erosion is minimized. The output of the riverbed geomorphological changes model in the Propagated Errors method shows that between 2003 and 2007, which is the stage before dam construction, the sedimentation rate in the riverbed, like the Minimum Level of Detection model, is almost twice the erosion level which is completely in line with the output of the runoff chart generated in the google earth engine system. This trend has decreased exponentially after the construction and operation of Glaber Dam, i.e. between 2013 and 2019. Due to the storage of water behind the dam and the reduction of runoff, the erosion rate has decreased exponentially from about 220 thousand to 78 thousand cubic meters. In the method of determining the Probabilistic Thresholding, thresholds were analyzed based on statistical models and by determining the different confidence intervals of volumetric changes of erosion and sediment to obtain a more accurate estimate of the geomorphological changes of the riverbed. The Probabilistic thresholding model in the second time series, ie 2013 to 2019, shows that the volume changes related to the sedimentation process in the riverbed are more than 2.5 times the changes related to erosion. The slope of the changes in the low confidence interval is very high compared to the 95 % confidence interval. Similar to the Minimum Level of Detection model for the second time series in this model, the total difference in net volume is more than the volume changes of erosion surfaces. Therefore, it can be easily understood that by constructing Glaber Dam, while reducing river runoff downstream of the dam, the share of erosion in the bed has decreased and the sedimentation rate has increased. Also, in the time series 2013 to 2019 with 95 % confidence level, erosion levels reached 19808 m3, and sedimentation levels reached 53277 m3 in the whole substrate.

The output of the graphs and the three methods of the GCD model show that, firstly, in the whole period studied (2003-2009), the sedimentation process prevails over the erosion rate. Second, the deposition process in the time series 2019-2013 increased compared to the time series 2007-2003 and on the contrary, the erosion rate was decreasing. Therefore, considering that the amount of rainfall is not statistically significant between the two periods and there are no extensive land use changes around the river downstream, and also the amount of runoff in the second time series has decreased compared to the first time series, It can be concluded that Glabar Dam has a direct effect on reducing runoff and river dynamics downstream and has caused a general reduction in erosion and sedimentation rates and deepening of the flow bed. The results of this study can be fruitful in identifying the different effects of geomorphology, environmental impacts of dam construction on rivers and help geomorphologists to better manage the environment.

In spite of the excellent results achieved by international scientific community, the topic of quantitative evaluation of geodiversity is still an open issue. The complex geological and geomorphological environment, related to the diversity of topographic and climatic characteristics leads to the dynamics and evaluation of natural systems.
Geodiversity studies include key cognitive methodological issues such as those used for scientific observations (scale, ranking, sampling, measurement, and errors) in geomorphology.
Methods for assessing geodiversity are quantitative, qualitative and quantitative-qualitative. The study of geodiversity on a regional and local scale with traditional mapping techniques is often a difficult and costly process and statistical modeling, which is one of the quantitative methods, is used as a suitable approach in the analysis and mapping of geodiversity. The accuracy of output maps of geodiversity depends on the scale and accuracy of input data. The purpose of this study is to investigate the indicators of diversity in the Dorungar River basin.

the Dorungar River basin With an area of 2456.18 Km2 is located in the central section of the Kopeh Dagh mountain ranges, northeastern Iran. The study area is located between 37° 11΄ to 37° 42΄ North latitudes, and between 58° 11΄ to 59° 27΄ East longitudes.
The methods applied in this study can be divided into two main types, namely(1) descriptive-analytical and (2) quantitative, which has been done using an ASTER GDEM with 30*30 meters resolution, geological maps of 1: 250000, Google Earth satellite imagery, land use maps, office studies and field observations. We used the modified index of Serrano and Ruiz-Fleno (2007) to assess the amount of geodiversity. In the first stage, based on the components in the formula, the land use index, geomorphology, and topographic layers were extracted. In the second step, the required maps were prepared and produced by ArcGIS software and compared with the images obtained during fieldwork.

Geomorphological evidence of the study area indicates the continuation of neotectonic activities during the Plio-Quaternary period. in other words the study area is been located in an active tectonic zone which is resulted in an abundance of structural landforms. In addition, tectonic deformations and structural landforms control drainage patterns and channel bed streams. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the geodiversity of the study area to lead to better planning for environmental protection. Our results found that 60% of the study area has low, 29 % moderate, and 11% high geodiversity, respectively.
The results of previous studies have shown that the index of geodiversity is consistent with mountainous areas and this index is a function of the number of non-living elements and is directly related to roughness. The study area can be considered high geodiversity due to its mountainous nature and high number of geomorphological features.

Geodiversity assessment is a new attempt to achieve quantitively and qualitative components of the physical environment to compare their frequency and variability in the landscape phenomenon. the study of Quantitative geodiversity enhances the understanding of diversity in each unit and provides it possible to identify the role of different variables and their importance. In addition, geodiversity has economic, practical, educational, and aesthetic value and unique archival diversity of climatic and environmental conditions. The results showed that in the geomorphological map, low areas have less energy and this causes the role of any morphogenic factors to be minimized and Get the lowest score for diversity. In fact, These regions are regions with low gene diversity (homogeneity) and in other words, uniformity in geomorphic genes or processes, these systems are very vulnerable to environmental changes. The high diversity was related to mountainous areas with high sensitivity and low elasticity, and in this area, the heterogeneous system had high and complex gene diversity In areas with high land use scores, the impact on natural areas with unprincipled exploitation is low and land degradation is less. In areas with low land use scores, human impacts were maximal due to the disappearance of geomorphic forms and landforms and there was the most land use degradation.
In the geological map, class I, which includes igneous and metamorphic rocks, has the lowest score related to geodiversity. The class with moderate diversity is related to sedimentary rocks. Class III includes calcareous and dolomitic formations and due to the high sensitivity of this type of rocks to dissolution, their importance in the characteristics of roughness and the formation of special shapes has the highest diversity points.
Therefore, with the study of lithology units and geomorphology landscapes, we can focus more on issues related to sustainability and environmental protection, especially in the study area because of having three protected national parks in Iran. Quantitative geodiversity study is a new method that leads us to understand the structure of terrestrial phenomena, their distribution, and the relationship of these phenomena with the landscape of the region.
According to previous researchches, it can be said that considering the above indicators will give acceptable results about the preparation of diversity maps.

Investigating and measuring the amount of rill erosion at ground level is one of the sensitive and time consuming tasks in erosion management. The aim was to measure erosion using image analysis in the southwest of Kermanshah. Images of 12 erosion events were taken on different days. Photos were taken in ten-meter increments, magnified and scaled through software. The width and depth of the rills on the ground were measured with a caliper and on the image with the help of software. In this study, a new method was introduced to calculate the depth of erosion. Erosion events were recorded using a full-frame camera with a 100mm and 125mm macro lens. In addition to the two-dimensional data, the wall shadow of the rills was used to measure the depth of erosion. The dimensions of the rills were calculated by direct and indirect measurements, and the obtained data were analyzed. The results showed that the error between the direct and indirect values of the dimensions of the rills is in the range of 5%. The measured data from the recorded erosive images showed that this method has good accuracy in determining the volume. The accuracy and speed of the rill dimensions were measured. In the process of measuring the dimensions of rills erosion, it is generally assumed that there is a real or accurate value, although this exact value may never be revealed; But based on the least time and resources available, we tried to find this ideal value within the ability of the method and tools. The method used during the measurements may have slightly different results. No real or exact value, how do you now report your findings for the best estimate? The most common way is to provide a range of near-realistic data. The closer the measured data on the image (rills erosion dimensions) to the actual data or the accepted value, the more measurement error it provides. This provides the relative accuracy of the measurement. The degree of consistency among independent measurements is the same quantity (here width, rills depth) that results in reliability and reproducibility; Shows measurement accuracy. An ideal or real value is needed to accurately measure the dimensions of the rills on the images. To do this, the field dimensions of the rills were measured three times simultaneously with imaging (February 6, 2017 and May 2, 2016) with calipers and rulers (direct and real data); The same rills erosion was then imaged. Using the image analysis algorithm in the software, measurements were made on the same rills (indirect data). It was assumed that the ideal or real data is the same as the field data; From it for the correctness of the results obtained; used. Because there is no theoretical data for furrow erosion facies, it is assumed that even if the true value is not revealed, the same available field values can be trusted. In this regard, reference data is not available for either the actual value or the measured value to be compared, with both measured values being equally accurate. Therefore, there is no reason for the former to be superior to the latter and vice versa. Uncertainty is an estimate that was considered for the accuracy and precision of measurements.The accuracy of the data is measured by the proximity of the data extracted from the rills erosion event image to a real value. The distance between the calculated error value and the measured value showed that the method used in this study is reliable. Accordingly, the data of other images of erosive events were analyzed with reference to the small amount of measurement error between the actual data values and the measured data.According to the characteristics of the rills in the other images, the results showed that the width of the rills was between 23.7 to 141.26 mm and their depth was between 19.39 to 58.99 mm and their length varied from 6236 to 91755 mm. The width and depth of the rills are suitable indicators to evaluate the development of the rills. In fact, it was used to evaluate the use of field images to measure the properties of rills, auxiliary data, and the position of the sun and amplitude at the time of shooting. With the arrival of these auxiliary factors in the extraction of rills depth data; The distance between the actual data and the data measured on the image minimized their sharpness. Among the rills erosion characteristics, measuring the width and length of the rills was easier than the depth of the rills. Because two-dimensional sizes can be easily measured on image pixels. More than 2450 transects in the width and length of the rills were drawn to calculate the width, shadow length of the rills wall and the length of the rills, from data that were taken three times at the same time as imaging (February 4, 2017 and May 2, 2016) with calipers and rulers. Were measured (direct and real data) used to control indirect data. By comparing the results of this type of measurement with direct measurement of the same data, the amount of measurement error was determined; The results of direct and indirect measurements show that the extracted data of two-dimensional images are suitable for measuring object erosion.To measure the characteristics of furrow erosion in traditional methods, rulers, chains, filling furrows with soil and other artificial materials are still used, but they do not have the ability to study changes and spatial distribution of furrows, but in this method, which is used in the erosion range It was possible to determine the morphometric parameters of the furrow, which in traditional methods only allows the calculation of the volume of lost soil. In this study, it was found that measuring through ground photographs and analyzing them not only increases the speed and accuracy but also Provides spatial distribution, in addition to estimating the extent of spatial damage of soil erosion.

Geotourism tries to pursue the goals of protecting the environment and preserving the geographical heritage by using the values of geomorphosites. The fundamental goal of geotourism is to improve the economic level of local communities by creating jobs and increasing awareness about environmental protection while taking advantage of the capabilities and values of geosites and geomorphosites.
Geotourism is defined from two different perspectives: (1) geological or geomorphological 2) geographical. In the definition of geo sites, two main approaches are followed, including a restrictive approach and a prolonged approach. According to the restrictive definition, geosites are considered as geologic objects that are of special interest for understanding the Earth, climate, and life history that determine the scientific quality of the site (rarity, exemplary for science) and land etc.). But some authors such as Paniza (2001) and Paniza and Piacente (1993; 2003) have provided a prolonged definition. They consider any geological object as a geosite - a mineral site, a landform, a fossil, etc. - that provides a certain value due to human understanding or exploitation (Reynard, 2009). The authors distinguish four types of values in geotourism: scientific, aesthetic, cultural/historical and economic. They believe that the scientific interest is related both because of the importance of the place for reconstructing the history of the Earth and its importance for the development of life.
Due to its special geomorphological features and its location in the ancient Sassanid area, Firuzabad region can play an important role in the sustainable development of the region through geo-tourism. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to investigate the capabilities of geotourism and evaluate its capabilities for the development of geotourism in Firozabad city in Fars province.

Firozabad city is located in 52°19' to 52°38' east longitude and 28°36' to 28°45' north latitude. The study area has an area of 723 square kilometers and is a sub-basin of the Firozabad River. The most important geomorphosites and geosites that can be used in geotourism can be found in Dokhtar Castle; The Carved figure of Ardeshir's victory; Sasani Road, Firozabad; Manarmilo; Tang Haighir; Tang e Khorgheh; Tange Chogan; Tange Tashgah e mimand; Tange Mehrak;Tange Tari; Ghar Ashkeft Gavi; Chah Ghar Siahchal Firozabad; Tangab spring; Tangab dam lake; Morjan salt dome; Global salt dome and Konar siah salt dome pointed out.
To achieve the reaearch goal, three methods, Peralong, Kubalikova and Game, have been conducted simultaneously. In the Pralong method, the tourism grade of each place is obtained from the average of four grades of external aesthetic, scientific grade, historical-cultural grade and economic grade with 5 different scoring levels. The sum of the scores of each of the investigated indicators gives the final score of each site.
The GAM method is based on two structures: main values (MV) and complementary added values (AV). In the main values, there are three scientific-educational criteria (VSE), aesthetic and scenic criteria (VSA), and protection criteria (VPr), each with four sub-criteria, and in the structure of added values, two functional criteria (VFn) and tourism criteria (VTr) is included in the evaluation. The evaluation in this model is based on the opinions of specialists and experts.
Kobalikova's method emphasizes scientific and intrinsic values, educational, economic, protection and other values. The total score of scientific and intrinsic values, protection and other values is 3 points, and the total score of educational and economic values is 2 points.

The results of the Peralong method show that several geosites, such as Tang Haiqar and Qale Dokhtar, have the ability to drive tourism activities in the city due to their special scientific and educational attractions as well as their aesthetic quality. In this model, the results show that the level of geotourism potential is high, but the level of productivity and utilization of this potential is at a low level. According to the Kobalikova method, the geosites of Tang Hayqar, Ghala Dokhtar with high scores and two geosites of Tangab Dam Lake and Ghar Ashkeft Gavi got an acceptable score for the development of geotourism. Based on the determination of the final value of the GAM matrix, it indicates that by locating of geosites in the Z21, Z22 and Z32 zones, this area has the natural approporiate capacity and potential for geotourism activities. However, complementary values indicate low development measures and require geosite protection controls.

It can be concluded that due to the variety of geotourism phenomena on the one hand and on the other hand, the conditions of access to geotourism capabilities and potentials are prominent in the region. Also, Firouzabad city is considered one of the prominent historical and ancient heritage sites of the country, and the connection between the two can improve the regional development process by relying on various forms of tourism, especially geotourism. However, the complementary values of geotourism indicate low development measures and require protection controls of geosites. Therefore, conservation planning and development model a long conservation planning are among the proposed further studies in this field.

Introduction:

“Space identity” and this effects on analyzing the patterns of settlements and their space syntax, have opened new horizons in geomorphology and presented cognitive geomorphology to its world. Cognitive geomorphology is the understanding of space identity and its contribution to the meaning of collective biomass patterns of social mechanisms (Valdi, 1400). In cognitive geomorphology, the relationship between natural and human phenomena has become more clear and suggests the necessity of cooperation and cooperation of natural and social researchers. Obviously, what has been understood and obtained in the phenomenological method and space analysis of digital data is significantly different from what is mentioned in classical geomorphology. In cognitive Geomorphology, space identity is of particular importance in understanding the environment. In order to gain recognition and understanding of space identity, we must return to the memory of natural history, space and the logic of space syntax. In this research, by explaining and formulating the pattern of settlement space, in the realm of geomorphological knowledge and based on Gilbert's view, which relies on a kind of Paraphrastic phenomenology, The theory of "cognition" was analyzed and evaluated according to the geomorphic characteristics of the region. Geomorphic evidences, statistics and their role in identifying social mechanisms were investigated. Accordingly, in Yazd basin, the space identity of glaciers and lakes played a significant role in the syntax of urban and rural configurations. That,the logic of space syntax of cities can be considered as a function of the coastline of old Lake Yazd and rural mechanisms in this region as a function of the water and ice equilibrium line during the Quaternary cryogenic period. In the meantime, the technological achievement of the people of this region, with the invention of Qanat in the continuation of the natural Allometry relationship between mountain and the hole of this region despite major environmental changes, can be considered as one of the empirical intelligences of these peoples from the cognition and understanding of the environment.

Methodology:

The present study was conducted by phenomenological method. This method has a trend to advance the research objectives, which includes the following steps:Step 1: In this stage, based on the theory of "lakes of the fourth era of urban civility bed in Iran", (Ramesht 2001) the pits of Yazd were studied and its lake was proved. Topographic analysis (PO) was performed. Therefore, in this stage, the characteristics of Yazd hole and its relationship with the mountains adjacent to it were determined.Step 2: At this stage, it was necessary to identify the identity-building parameters in the region based on its historical memory because the existence of this lake raised the question of what mechanism the water of these lakes was directed to this hole by and what characteristics it had.Therefore, first, the separation of Yazd Lake from meybod hole of Ardakan from the hydrologic point of view, then the alometry components were calculated.Step 3: In this stage, based on Hillier's method, the relationship between glaciers and node points of biological identity was drawn and after achieving the syntx of these points in space, its logic was calculated.

Results and Discussion:

 In this study, the discovery of space identity and its role in the identification of social crystals in Yazd is the main goal in cognitive geomorphology. The researcher's view and subjective background here have played the main pillar in a new approach to creating social mechanisms in cities and villages of Yazd and also played an important role in presenting the final propositions as a result of the work.The two space identities of glacier and lake obtained in this study have defined the logic of space syntax of cities and villages of Yazd. The logic of this space syntax was the theory of "hillier space syntax logic", which has been confirmed with the support of the theory of "lakes of the fourth era of urban civility in Iran", "Geoallometry" theory and "space cognition" theory.

Conclusion:

The results can be considered as a foundation for fundamental planning studies in Yazd province, which are expressed as several propositions:1- Yazd-Meybod-Siahkouh pit formed a lake during the Qutterner era. The lake was divided into two lakes of Yazd and Meybod-Siyahkuh due to tectonic factor. Yazd Lake dried up a little later because it benefited from the support of Shirkooh and the building of Yazd city was founded on the lake bed. The meybod-siahkouh derpache was dried earlier in the thermal period and the first social mechanism was built on the terrace of Meybod Lake and the traces of the lake are now seen as desert in Siahkouh.2- Geoalometry theory in Yazd showed that the ratio of lake surface to ice-making surface was proportional in the past, but today this ratio has disappeared and unbalanced has occurred in this ratio.3- Glacial space identity and water and ice equilibrium line play an undeniable role in the logic of rural layout. Spatial identity of lake and land and water equilibrium line play an essential role in the logic of urban syntax. These two identities are relics of the memory of the region's past natural history, some of which have been left behind.4- Biological crystals in the formation of yazd urban network organization and villages reflect their superiority in space identity and with the pattern of urban and rural social mechanisms in identity-building points (water and ice and land equilibrium line). Of course, what happened in the modern era in Yazd has been the disruption of this order in the city.

The space syntax of human settlements in the geographical context of Iran has caused the emergence of different landscapes. The study of space syntax and the diversity of social configuration attracted researchers in the field of geography. The efforts of these researchers in the 2000s led them to the concept of Space identity. Space identity" refers to a specific feature of a place that describes that place as a "dwelling" feature. In simpler terms, "Space identity is the dignity and order of a place in space, which it has described as 'habitable.'" This concept in addition to the space syntax and dispersion of Social configuration, also responds to their diversity, which was introduced in a new branch called cognitive geomorphology. Cognitive Geomorphology is the understanding of Space Identity and its contribution to the meaning of bio-collective patterns of Social configuration.
The purpose of this study is to study the urban configuration in the Siahkuh hole. These kinds of research help to create new cities not only consider each place in terms of quantitative components such as height and slope but also determine the type of Space identity and its layout logic so that in the future Social configuration will face the least problems.
Each research examines and studies the issue of research in a special framework to follow a uniform and orderly process in the research process. Each research is studied from a particular point of view in the context in which it is a school or theory. In the present study, the Isfahan school was used as its framework.

In this research, we used scientific data and information such as topographic and geological maps, exploratory core wells, data elevation maps (DEM), satellite images, and documentary studies including books, articles, and dissertations. An attempt was made to present an analytical Noumenonology method on the Space identity of the Siahkuh hole or Ardakan-Yazd plain and urban configuration.

Every land-context in the memory of its Space Memory has evidence from the past that is sometimes a phenomenon and sometimes a Noumen (In Hegel's philosophy). Four indicators of geomorphic phenomena were used to confirm the existence of a lake in Siahkuh :1. water vector network pattern analysis 2. Analysis of exploratory core wells at flat surface 3. Analysis of Noumenonological Geomorphology 4. Existence of lake terraces and controlled hills on the flat surface. The first analysis respectively confirmed the first and second terraces at 1100 m and 970 m. With the second analysis, the first terrace was confirmed at the level of 1100 meters. With the third analysis, the water level of the ancient Siahkuh Lake was determined from the first terrace (1100 meters) in Meybod to the present black hole of Siahkuh. The fourth analysis confirmed the existence of a lake in the mentioned hole. Therefore, the Space identity of the Siahkuh hole is a lake. The Space identity of the lake has features that have made it attractive. This analysis showed that recognizing the space identity and meaning that the people living in the land –context understand and perceive is very important at the original position of social configuration. Therefore, it can be said that the spirit of the place hides in the space identity. The characteristics of space identity Indicators are the bedrock of social configuration that people display in configurations, sometimes in the form of architecture, collective collaborations such as Bunih, and aqueducts, which are civil and cultural processes. The inhabitants of this land – context, understanding the spirit of the place, built the urban configurations of Meybod, Ardakan, Aghda, Nain, and Bafran on the shore and bed of the lake.

Space identity is a concept that humans understand and perceive to build their Social configuration. Space identity exposes its characteristics to the public. And the inhabitants of each land–context establish Social configuration and civilization based on their understanding of Space identity. Therefore, it can be said that the spirit of the place lies in the Space identity.
The results of this research are expressed in propositions: 1. Space identity and understanding of its characteristics show in the manifestation of Social configuration such as urban, rural, and nomadic and their other forms such as Hoornisheni, jangalnisheni, and hootaknisheni in each land – context. 2. The urban configurations of Meybod, Aghda, Nain, and Baferan are built on lake terraces and Ardakan on the lake bed 3. today, in locating urban and rural configurations, one must recognize the space identity and make optimal use of it. The presence of geomorphologists can help reduce the structural problems by recognizing the Space identity and by expressing the spirit of the place in the social issues of the cities.

Geomorphotourism is a tourist attraction based on the geomorphic systems on the ground, which has an extraordinary ability to attract tourists by creating attractive and beautiful landforms. One of the main goals of geomorphotourism is to educate and enjoy tourists from geomorphic phenomena, as well as to protect the natural environment and its landscapes in relation to not changing and avoiding human interference in disturbing the earth landscape. In fact, geomorphotourism is one of the fields of land studies and tourism studies that emphasizes the recognition of geomorphosites or special geomorphological landscapes. Thus, geomorphotourism can be defined as the study of geomorphosites or specific geomorphic landscapes that have scientific, ecological, cultural, aesthetic and economic values at the same time. According to this view, geomorphosites are geomorphological landforms that have acquired scientific, historical-cultural, aesthetic or socio-economic value due to human awareness and exploitation. These sites have a variety of landforms that are created by the interaction of internal and external factors of the earth over time in a specific territory and play an important role in understanding the long-standing geomorphological changes of a place. These sites are significantly different in terms of size and variety of geotourist attractions. From the point of view of diversity of geomorphic features in geosites, the concept of geodiversity is used, which means the diversity of geological and geomorphological features and is usually related to geoheritage elements such as geomorphosites and geomorphological elements and show an increasing attention to the effects of inanimate nature. Therefore, it is important and necessary in order to be aware of the geological heritage in the whole planet and to coordinate and adapt to the conservation approach, and since it includes numerous and diverse geological phenomena, it can indicate the structure and geological characteristic of a region and its geotouristic capabilities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the playa geomorphosites and to acquaint the managers and planners of the tourism industry with the playa geomorphotourism attractions of Yazd province in order to pay more attention to the potential of these attractions in the tourism industry.

To prepare information about this research, field studies, library and documentary studies, as well as topographic maps (1,500,000), geology map (1: 100,000) and digital elevation map with a resolution of 30 meters of Yazd province were used. The combination of information obtained from the mentioned sources has determined the overall value of geosites in the study area. The modified Kamensko method has been used to evaluate the capabilities of geosites and higher value geosites that have more potential for geotourism development have been identified. Research on geomorphosite assessment methods in Iran shows that the best method for assessing geosites is the Kamensco method. Because this method uses several other methods such as Reynard, Pereira, Peralong, Coratza, Giusti, Bruschi, Cendrero, Zouros, Erhatic and Serrano evaluates geosites and puts more emphasis on the Managerial and aesthetic indices.

The Kamensko method was introduced by Kamensko in 2011 and is based on 5 values includes scientific, aesthetic, cultural, economic and managerial. Of course, the score of each value is based on several sub-criteria and is averaged. But since in this evaluation method, the emphasis is on managerial and aesthetic indicators, such as the attractiveness of each geosite for all age groups, creating a sense of calm for the tourist, the ability to play and entertainment for children and adolescents, and therapeutic features and medicine has not been paid attention. In the present study, some weaknesses in this method have been modified. Hence, the entertainment and attractiveness index has been added to the indicators provided by Kamensco, which include sub-criteria such as attractiveness for all age groups or for a specific age group, length of stay in these geosites, creating a sense of calm and relaxation, play and entertainment capabilities especially for children and adolescents and finally therapeutic and medical features. Due to the high importance of this index in the field of tourism, it has been given the highest score. Because the final composite index is based on the model and framework of the Kamensko, the same Kamensko scores are used, so that the score of each of the criteria assigned to the other indicators by Kamensko is reduced and dedicated the new index. In the present study, 15 significant playas, in Yazd province, have been studied and evaluated in terms of tourism capabilities in terms of size and features in them, including: Ardakan playa (Black Mountain playa), which is the most important playa in the region. It has located in the form of a horseshoe with a northwest, southeast direction in the northeast of Ardakan. The most famous playa of Yazd province is Abarkooh playa which is located in the form of a circle between two mountain ranges. Other playas of Yazd province are Saghand, Daranjir, Herat and Marvast, Bahadoran, Taghistan, Taq Siah, Abgir, Allahabad, Tal Hamid and Gorabkhor.

The results of the evaluations of playa's geomorphosites in Yazd province, based on the modified Kamenskoye model, show that among the 15 playas in the province, Bafgh playa with 76 points, had the highest score among them. After that, Ardakan playa with 68 points, Saghand playa with 62 points and Abarkooh desert with 57 points are in the next ranks. One of the most important features of these playa is the variety of geomorphic features and spatial suitable for activities and entertainment of different age groups from children and infants to adventurous youth and middle-aged people who can go to various activities such as hiking in the playa, walking on the sand dunes of the edge of playas, seeing various geomorphic landforms of the playas, seeing the surfaces of salt marshes, salty rivers, seeing clear skies and stars at night, relatively cool weather in hot seasons and things like camping, camel riding in the playa, Off-road vehicles, motorcycling and even cycling in the playa are among the other services and entertainments that can be considered for the deserts and attracting tourists.

Geodiversity is recognized as an important aspect of nature conservation in itself and is a material consideration in planning decisions in developed countries. In recent decades, many researchers have turned their attention to the definition of geodiversity and its relationship to biodiversity, natural environment protection, ecosystem services, and geotourism. In the emerging science of geodiversity, geomorphodiversity evaluates the shape of the surface features of a place or region. Different geomorphological landforms may occur in a geographical environment that creates a variety of landforms called geomorphodiversity. The purpose of this study is to provide an indicator of geomorphodiversity as an attempt to replace landforms with DEM-derived morphometric parameters and finally to prepare geomorphodiversity maps of the study area; Geomorphodiversity Index (GmI). DEM As the only input data, this approach makes it possible to achieve topographic variables with different horizontal resolution and vertical accuracy and to test more than one topographic data for an area. Thus, the GmI method uses geomorphological data only for result validation and not as input parameters to avoid the limitations mentioned in geomorphological thematic mapping. The Mishu Mountains contain a variety of geomorphological phenomena.
this mountain are less popular today among different regions due to habitat destruction and species extinction. In the past, it was one of the most valuable regions in the country in the regional network and was considered an irreplaceable region. Due to the recent droughts and the lack of codified management plans and also due to the lack of attention in control and supervision of miners and also one of the main conflicts in the Mishu Mountains, we can point to the imbalance between livestock and rangeland. This area has witnessed many destructions over the past years. Mainly the geodiversity of the Misho Mountain region has been involved in its development, providing both opportunities and constraints that need to be managed and understood. With the advent of new approaches in geodiversity, geographical spaces such as Mount Misho can be used effectively.

The study area is located in northwestern Iran. Its highest peak is Ali Alamdar with a height of 3155 meters. In terms of morphological and geological characteristics, it is divided into two parts, Eastern Misho and Western Mishu. In this study, the GMI Quantitative Geomorphodiversity Index presented by Melelli et al. (2017) is used to evaluate. Analysis of indicators and using advanced software such as GIS software, Land Face software and SAGA increases the validity of research findings and results. This analysis includes five factors taken from Melelli et al. The sum of these five parameters shows the geomorphodiversity of the region (Equation 1).
1 : GmI = Geov + Ddv + Rgv + Spv + Lcv
GmI Index of geomorphodiversity:1. Geov is a classified raster map of geological diversity.
2. DdV is a categorized raster map factor for drainage density variability.
3. Rgv Classified raster map is a factor of roughness variation.
4. Spv is a categorized raster map.
5. LcV Classified Raster Map is a factor in Landform classification diversity.
It is necessary to mention that except for the geological map factor, in other factors, the maps went through two stages of processing. The first step is to extract the raw data. The second stage is normalization using natural ruptures. This algorithm reduces the variance within the groups and maximizes the variance between them. Normalization uses the ArcGIS 10.7 reclassification tool to create five classes for each factor. V1 is the lowest while V5 is the highest diversity class (V). This formula is classified into five categories (very low) to (very high). The focus of the research method of this model is the spatial analysis of indicators obtained from Dem 12.5 meters. To evaluate the variability of each parameter, a focal function (neighborhood statistics function) is applied as a result of the variability.

The results of this study showed that the range of geomorphodiversity of the study area decreases from the peaks to the plain and areas with low geomorphodiversity value are located in the plain. The lowest diversity (V1) consists of Quaternary deposits and the highest diversity (V4 and V5) is composed of carbonate formations, intrusive masses, and volcanic formations because they are the rarest type of rocks all over the earth's surface, located mainly in the eastern Mishu. The high values of diversity in the geological factor are related to the erosion-resistant geological substrate (such as volcanic compositions and intrusive masses) and the lowest values of diversity are related to the Quaternary deposits along valleys and plains. The geological factor, waterway network, and landform classification show the highest percentage of area in the upper classes of diversity compared to other parameters of the geomorphodiversity equation (Equation 1). In geological factor due to the large area of carbonate and alluvial assemblies. In the other two factors,

The results of the present study showed that the range of geomorphodiversity of the study area decreases from the peaks to the plain and areas with low geomorphodiversity value are located in the plain. Also, the lowest diversity (V1) consists of Quaternary deposits and the highest diversity (V4 and V5) consists of carbonate formations, intrusive masses and volcanic compounds because they are the rarest type of rocks all over the earth, which are mainly in The eastern parts of Misho are located. The high values of diversity in the geological factor are related to the erosion-resistant geological substrate and the lowest values of diversity are related to the Quaternary deposits along the valleys and plains.The geological factor, waterway network and landform classification show the highest percentage of area in the upper classes of diversity compared to other parameters of the geomorphodiversity equation (Equation 1).

Soil salinity in recent decades due to increasing population in the world and especially in developing countries, has been considered as an environmental hazard that is a very serious threat to the lives of residents of areas prone to desertification, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. This issue has intensified the process of desertification in these areas due to the decrease of precipitation and the gradual increase of temperature. However, soil salinity, like other environmental hazards, has no immediate effects (Metternich and Zink, 2013); but because of its consequences in human life, it is highly studied in today's world and is considered as a serious risk (Yu et al., 2010). At the same time, salinity is considered as one of the 7 factors of desertification and is 80% of the cause of desertification (Karam et al., 2019). Since the expansion of soil salinity and the destruction of fields and rangelands in the north of Isfahan province is one of the environmental hazards in this geographical area, the present study aims to identify and investigate this unfortunate phenomenon in this area using It deals with satellite numerical data as one of the important factors of land degradation. It may provide a platform for planning de-desertification and soil management in the region to achieve sustainable development and improve environmental conditions.

Soil salinity is one of the most important processes that limit plant growth and causes the spread of desertification and land degradation in arid and semi-arid regions. Distribution of soil salinity in different landforms and its changes over time and prediction of salinity patterns have a significant contribution in environmental management in arid and semi-arid and desert areas. The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes of soil salinity phenomena in desert landforms in the north of Isfahan province using Landsat satellite images, TM5 and OLI-TIRS sensors in the period 1987- 2020. For this purpose, 200 images were extracted in the 27 warm months of the year from June 1 to the end of August during this period. After the necessary preprocessing and mosaic and the composition of the band of the 4 images covering the image covering the study area, the salinity indices of NDSI, BI, SI-1 and SI-2 were evaluated and the relevant maps were drawn. The topographic position index and classification of landforms based on TPI were also examined.

The results showed that the trend of changes in salinity index increases from mountainous areas to low lands. The status of salinity indices in landforms extracted from TPI showed that the unit of mountains and heights have the lowest and the unit of flat plains (playa, mud and clay pan) have the highest values. The difference between these two landform units in all indicators is about 0.2. Investigation of salinity indices in the elevation tints shows that these indices decrease severely with elevation, up to the threshold of 1400 m, then the rate of the change decreases. Salinity indices decrease more with increasing slope; up to a slope of 15°, then the rate of change get gentler up to a slope of 65°. Salinity indices showed three temporal phases of change that the third phase has continued from 2008 - 2020 (12 years) with an increasing trend. The predicted maps (for the year 2030) illustrated that the southern region of Daq-E-Sorkh, including the pediments between Kashan and Ardestan, is in a critical situation, which requires the attention of environmental and natural resources managers and engineers to this issue.

The results showed that the trend of changes in salinity index increases from mountainous areas to low lands. The status of salinity indices in landforms extracted from TPI showed that the unit of mountains and heights have the lowest and the unit of flat plains (playa, mud and clay pan) have the highest values. The difference between these two landform units in all indicators is about 0.2. Investigation of salinity indices in the elevation tints shows that these indices decrease severely with elevation, up to the threshold of 1400 m, then the rate of the change decreases. Salinity indices decrease more with increasing slope; up to a slope of 15°, then the rate of change get gentler up to a slope of 65°. Salinity indices showed four temporal phases of change that the fourth phase has continued from 2014 - 2020 (6 years) with an increasing trend. The predicted maps (for the year 2030) illustrated that the southern region of Daq-E-Sorkh, including the pediments between Kashan and Ardestan, is in a critical situation, which requires the attention of environmental and natural resources managers and engineers to this issue.

The complete or partial movement of rock or soil caused by gravity is called a landslide. Landslides are considered among natural disasters and account for at least 17% of casualties caused by natural disasters, which sometimes cause the loss of life, property and infrastructure. Therefore, the first step to understand and recognize landslides and then reduce the damages caused by them is to analyze landslides using statistical methods. The frequency ratio method is a statistical analysis model and one of the most popular approaches for the analysis of landslides, which is still widely used by many researchers. Another two-variable statistical model in landslide susceptibility studies is the Shannon entropy model. Entropy is a management approach that estimates dispersion and disorder in natural phenomena and is widely used in environmental sciences. Middle Tajen watershed is one of the sub-basins of Tajen basin in Mazandaran province and due to special environmental conditions, it is prone to mass movements and landslides have occurred in different parts of it during previous periods. Therefore, it seems necessary to prepare a landslide susceptibility map with acceptable accuracy for this area. Based on this, the aim of the current research is to evaluate the comparison of two statistical models of frequency ratio and Shannon entropy to prepare a landslide susceptibility map in the middle Tajen watershed.

In order to prepare a landslide susceptibility map with Shannon's frequency ratio and entropy statistical models, first 68 landslide points were identified for the region. Also, according to the field observations of the conditions of landslides recorded in the region, as well as a review of the sources of ten factors affecting the occurrence of landslides, including slope, aspect, distance to stream, elevation, land use, lithology, Plan Curvature, Profile Curvature, rain and Topographic Wetness Index were identified and modeling was done using these factors. The frequency ratio statistical model is a simple and understandable probabilistic model that shows the correlation between landslides in the region and the factors that cause them in the region. In the statistical model, the frequency ratio of the values of one, less than one and more than one respectively indicates the average, low and high correlation between landslides and their causing factors in the region. Entropy measures abnormal behavior, variability, instability, degree of disorder and uncertainty of a system compared to its possible initial state. In general, the concept of entropy describes the abnormality between causes and consequences or the degree of abnormality; Therefore, the Shannon entropy model is used to show the thermodynamic conditions of a system. In the prepared landslide maps, the most important question that is raised is the discussion of the accuracy and correctness of the prepared model, so the process of validating the built models is important. Therefore, In the present study, Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) Area Under the Curve (AUC) were used to train and validate the built model.

The results of the effect of factors affecting the occurrence of landslides in Shannon's entropy model showed that the parameters of topographic humidity, land use and longitudinal curvature with the weight values of Wj equal to 0.73, 0.66 and 0.65 respectively are the most have an effect on the occurrence of landslides in the region. The results of evaluating the success rate and predicting the model according to the ROC curve and the area under the curve (AUC) for the training and validity of the two models, frequency ratio and Shannon's entropy are respectively equal to 0.76, 0.72 and 0.62, 0.59 to It was found that it indicates the relatively good performance of the abundance ratio model and the weak to poor performance of the Shannon entropy model for evaluating and preparing a landslide susceptibility map in the studied basin. Also, the results of landslide susceptibility zoning in the middle Tajen basin using frequency ratio model showed that 30.156, 17.066 and 5.206 percent of the basin area are in the range of medium, high and very high sensitivity, respectively.

Landslides are one of the natural hazards that cause many human and financial losses. The zoning of landslide-prone areas, while identifying sensitive and high-risk areas, can provide the basis for the implementation of proper management plans in the slopes in order to reduce damages. In the present study, frequency ratio and Shannon's entropy models were used to evaluate the susceptibility of landslides in the middle Tajen watershed located in Mazandaran province. The results of the landslide susceptibility zoning map in the basin showed that more than half of the basin's area (52.428%) is in the moderate to very high landslide susceptibility range. According to the results obtained from the ROC curve, the frequency ratio model according to the values of the area under the curve (AUC) with success rate (0.76) and prediction rate (0.72) respectively compared to the Shannon entropy model with success rate and prediction 0.62 and 0.59, respectively, have a relatively good performance for the zoning of the landslide susceptibility map in the study area of the middle Tajen basin. Since in the last few decades, due to the change of use and destruction of natural resources, landslides have become a serious and big danger in many parts of the world, Therefore, the preparation of the landslide susceptibility zoning map plays an important role in the management of high-risk slopes and land preparation.