نشریه سیاست متعالیه
پیاپی 38 (پاییز 1401)

The purpose of the present study is to review methods of opposition to political arrogance from the view of the Qur'an. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that based on the Qur'an, fighting against arrogance can be followed in two levels: verbal and behavioral. The first stage of opposition to arrogance emerges through conversation and dialogue. The features of arrogant people and the purpose of opposition to them, that is inviting them to the divine right path, clarify the efficiency of this method and its necessity in the first stage. Tolerance of and coexistence with the enemy, is the second method advised in the Qur'an and Rawāyāt to oppose the arrogance. Tolerance means adopting a wise method in order to remove the danger of an arrogant enemy from Islamic society. Awareness in front of the enemy is the third method of opposition advised by the Qur'an. The intimidation of the enemy for the sake of prevention is another method to fight against the arrogance which denotes that Islamic community should be fully prepared in all aspects against the enemy. If the above methods were not effective, intense opposition is another option to fight against the arrogance as mentioned in the Qur'an and concluded from the whole verses by the interpreters.

The purpose of the present study is to review why and in which ways mysticism affects politics. To this aim, a descriptive-analytic method was used to answer why knowledge and awareness of citizens do not often lead to practice and why the slogans and objectives intended by the leaders and politicians to guide the society toward prosperity and felicity are not actualized. In this research, it is attempted to show how mysticism can offer effective solutions in this regard. The mysticism referred to in this research is not monastic and in seclusion, but rather it is an extensive, deep, and religious cognition which distances from superficiality and ritualism and instead, pays attention to the core and base of religion. Awareness, thinking and contemplation, faith and avoidance of extremism are among factors which pave the way to mysticism. Therefore, providing freedom, leisure, and moral backgrounds of living are among some of the most important duties of politicians to reconcile mysticism and politics and remove the gap between theory and reality. According to different scholars’ views, some causes of the gap between theory and practice are attributed to factors such as prioritizing individual interests to public interests, separation of theoretical wisdom from practical wisdom, not letting knowledge penetrate into human soul, separation of knowledge by acquisition from knowledge by presence, ritual and superficial religion in the absence of mysticism, and lack of human dominance over his different faculties.

The purpose of the present study is to review strategies of confrontation with political opponents in the Islamic Government. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that in confrontation with political opponents, first it should be recognized if their opposition is belligerent or non-belligerent. In the second stage, in order to oppose them in the Islamic government, the guidelines presented in the Noble Qur’an and Rawāyāt should be reviewed to choose suitable strategies appropriate to their type of opposition. These two divine and sacred resources have offered unique guidelines such as emphasis on the commonalities, justice-centeredness, polite opposition and bravery to confront political opponents. Some other strategies such as tolerance, patience, endurance, best war, forgiveness, enjoining good and forbidding evil, kindness and affection, warning, giving advice, and rejection are mentioned to confront non-belligerent political opponents. Moreover, other strategies like exile and armed struggle are introduced to fight against belligerent political enemies.

The present study attempts to discuss criticisms of utilitarianism raised by the communitarians in the light of modern spirituality instructions. In this regard, it is aimed to answer the following main research question: What is the foundation of communitarians' critical approach to utilitarianism and what alternative do they offer instead of that? The hypothesis tested in answering to the above question is that the communitarians believe Cartesian epistemology makes hedonist and utilitarian ideas dominant in society and that they present Aristotelian virtue ethics (deontological) as an alternative to resolve the sentimentalist ethical crisis in the modern age and the utilitarian ethics. Although modern spirituality per se is the result of modernity, it basically has a critical and reactive feature and seeks a new enlightenment and spirituality to relieve from the domination and repression of instrumental reason. The communitarians' criticism of utilitarianism is one of the most serious scientific arguments. They believe that putting an end to the sentimentalist crisis in the modern age relying on the outcome-oriented ethics, utilitarianism, and liberalism is not feasible unless by resorting to the ideas of some scholars such as McIntyre, Michael Sandel, Charles Taylor, and Michael Walzer.

The purpose of the present research is to study discourse creation and monitoring realization of the Islamic-Iranian model of development (executive requirements of the model and political strategies). The research method is textual and conceptual analysis of the references, books, and ideas of the Islamic and Iranian civilized thinkers, the constitution of the Islamic republic of Iran, practical guidelines of Imām Khomeini as well as advices of the supreme leader to prescribe a model for discourse creation and monitoring. The research relies on the hypothesis that requirements of performing the model and its political strategies include monitoring objective scientific actualization, engineering, management and damage removal of the situation or the document of the country’s development model. The results indicate that propagation of the development model to create proper public consensus and determination is required and that it is achieved through discourse creation among elites, common people, and managers respectively by the methods presented in this study. Actualization of the Islamic-Iranian model of development is conducted through practicality of the expediency discernment council and the Islamic consultative assembly as well as the enforcement of the executive force, public and private section.

The purpose of the present study is to review the legitimacy foundations of the Safavid dynasty in the historiographical references of this dynasty’s final century. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results indicate that the historians in the Safavid dynasty, in addition to reflecting political and intellectual events in that period and avoiding to present a merely political theory restricted to religious structure back then, were also attempting to justify the legitimacy of the Safavids and show that the government’s political framework was compatible with the religion of Islam. Combining religious themes with national symbols to legitimize the kingdom, the historian’s attention to Shi’ite genuine themes, and their relation to the political structure back then are quite common and evident in the works of this period. Therefore, giving legitimacy to the government and attempting to make it compatible with Shi’ite principles are among subjects which have attracted the attention of most of the historians.

The purpose of the present research is to study formation of the concept of public good in the idea of clergymen of the constitutional era. In this regard, Quentin Skinner’s hermeneutic method was used and the results showed that the concept of “religion’s goodness” was a common norm among the clergymen before the constitutional era. By their Ijtehād (independent reasoning) and revaluation of the concept of goodness, the Islamic scholars supporting the Persian constitution attempted to reconceptualize the interpretation of public interest arising from the new world based on the Islamic intellectual traditions. Seyyed Jamāl Asad Ābādi by proposing the concept of “public interests”, Ākhound Khorāsāni and Mohammad Hossein Nā’ini by the concept of “typical Issues” or “common issues”, and Ismā’il Mahallāti by the concept of “public benefits” presented a religious interpretation of public good. This new concept within the framework of religion assigned the nation in charge of transformations in the public filed.

The purpose of the present study is to review the extension of traditionalism in politics and its approach to the Islamic evolution. The research method is descriptive-analytic and it aims to answer this research question: Are the traditionalists present in politics? If so, what are their principles and orientations? The results showed that traditionalists, contrary to their theoretical principles which propagate a sort of seclusion, not only have entered politics but also regard monarchy as the only acceptable model in governance. Their major political principles concentrate on power and worshipping that, opposition to globalization, democracy, and immigration as well as focus on nationalism and the power pyramid from above. These principles have caused that their major orientation focuses on backing rightist and extremist parties as well fascism and neofascism. Some traditionalists like de Maistre from France, Steve Bannon (Tramp’s former advisor) from the U.S, Carvalho from Brazil, and Evola from Italy are among traditionalists who had active presence in politics and left significant effects in their country and the political realm. In their approach to the Islamic revolution, Traditionalist especially Nasr just emphasize on royal Islam and reject any sort of revolution particularly the Islamic revolution due to its opposition to the principles of monarchy.

The purpose of the present study is to review the speech acts of the Qur’anic citations in Imām Khomeini’s statements during 1969 to 1978 based on the speech act theory. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that the highest direct speech acts in Imām Khomeini’s citations are 63 out of 130 cases (48.46%) which relate to encouraging acts. There were also 55 cases of assertive speech acts (42.46%) and 11 cases of commitment speech acts (8.46%). There was just one case of emotional act (0.76%) and no announcement act in his statements. Furthermore, indirect speech acts in Imām Khomeini’s citations with the highest frequency are related to encouraging and persuasive speech acts. It shows that Imām Khomeini since late 1960s to the victory of the Islamic Revolution has attempted to persuade the public and elites to launch an uprising and revolution

The purpose of the present research is to study the concept of justice in elections from the view of political jurisprudence. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that with reference to jurisprudential and legal rules, the perquisite of justice condition for elections relies on two main foundations: A. candidates and volunteers; B. supervisors and executers (assembly of experts for leadership, guardian council, executive and legislative forces). The concept of justice denotes the trusteeship of supervisors and executives to maintain people's votes which conveys their current justice bailment. The application and effectiveness of justice in political jurisprudential rules of elections can prevent and remove challenges and tensions that would occur before or after election. Moreover, by choosing the best elites and experts in different social issues, it would truly effect on economic, legal, political, and other aspects of justice to lead the society toward development and betterment. On the other hand, people's maximum participation in elections would confirm the legitimacy of the Islamic republic government and as a result, bring security and peace for the country.

The purpose of the present study is to review religious foundations for defense power augmentation in the Islamic republic government emphasizing on the ideas of Imām Khāmene'i. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that every government that aims to maintain its independence and territorial integrity and not remain under the dominance of any foreign power, it should inevitably persist on its empowerment and attempt to increase its defensive power in all fields. There is no doubt that the Islamic Republic of Iran is not excluded from this issue which is confirmed by the right mind. When the discussion of defensive power augmentation is raised in in religious resources, it is not just in the field of hard and military war, but rather it includes power augmentation in the realm of soft war. Empowerment and inclusive defense in Islamic government is essential so it should be equipped with

The purpose of the present study is to review economic and social causes disturbing the realization of peace in the Middle East from the view of the two Imāms of the Islamic revolution. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that with respect to the causes disturbing peace in the Middle East from the view of Imām Khomeini and the Supreme Leader, the following factors can be mentioned: A) Economic causes: the U.S and Europe's economic support from Israel as well as its land improvement policies; B) Social causes: creating conflict among Muslims, negligence of the Islamic government leaders, humiliation of nations by the leaders of other countries, conciliation between Arabic governments and Israel, anti-religious attitude of the Arabic leaders and their dependence on super powers, western attempts to rebuild old regimes in the region, and propagation of western concepts in Islamic societies.

The purpose of the present study is to review requirements of Iran’s foreign policy in ICT (Information Communication Technology) development. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results show that ICT and cyber space development in Iran is not feasible merely relying on internal power. The nature and essence of ICT is in such a way that development in this field is almost impossible without international cooperation and collaboration with different countries and pioneer multinational corporations. In neoliberal institutionalists’ view, collaboration in international institutionalization in order to determine the standards of ICT is a very important issue because in the age of globalization, the governments which set the standards will also determine the agenda for other governments and in this way, they gradually dominate them. Moreover, the decision makers’ understanding of the issue that resources and power are immensely pluralistic in the international level is very vital. It means that it is globally effective on a country’s power and status in terms of military hard sources as well as economic, political, structural, consensual, diplomatic, scientific, technological, and innovative sources. Governments should reach their priorities to those of people and private sector in the development of ICT. Currently, there is a gap between these two aspects which is evident in the issue of filtering. The government should expand the country’s cyber space in the atmosphere of international competition.

The purpose of the present study is to review justice-centered and moderate approaches in the nuclear policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Since the nuclear policy of Ahmadi Nezhād’s and Rowhāni’s government had more significance than those of other governments in Iran from the victory of the Islamic revolution, the present research aims to deal with the comparative analysis of the nuclear policy of the two aforementioned cabinets. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results indicate that Ahmadi Nezhād’s nuclear political approach based on the theoretical model of realism, relied on an aggressive nuclear diplomacy which led to the resolution and global consensus against Iran, and as result, Iran was put under chapter VII of the United Nations charter. Contrary to the aggressive nuclear policy of Ahmadi Nezhād’s government, there was Rowhani’s interactive nuclear policy which used a moderate discourse and attempted to apply it as a means of negotiation with the world and a mechanism to develop the country and improve its status in international equations. The result of such a policy was Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPA), excluding Iran from chapter VII of the United Nations charter, and the relative lifting of sanctions.

The purpose of the present research is to study sanction against Iran’s Central Bank as an act of economic terrorism. In this regard, the main research question is whether immunity deprivation of the Central Bank can be considered as evidence of economic terrorism. The research method is descriptive-analytic and the results indicate that deprivation of the funds immunity of Iran’s Central Bank has led to lack of services to people. As a result, the government can not perform their economic rights completely. Blocking governmental funds definitely impedes economic purposes because increasing inflation as well as recession and weakness of economic security have caused high pressure on the middle class who can be the main seekers of human rights. Furthermore, immunity deprivation of Iran’s Central Bank and governmental funds is considered as an evident interference in the countries’ internal and external affairs and violation of chapter 7 of article 2 that makes the government incapable to accomplish its duties and responsibilities. One of the important subjects to avoid harm to the citizens and violation of economic security is to prevent legislative anomalies. Therefore, deprivation of governmental funds immunity is effective on the state’s incapability and inefficiency and prevents the fulfilment of economic security. All these instances can be approved as cases of economic terrorism in the international system and violate the commitments mentioned in chapter 3 of article 2 in the charter of the United Nations. It can intensify international pressure against the country due to threatening peace and global security which are the main objectives of the international contemporary community to preserve. Immunity deprivation of the Central Bank can be considered as a component of violation of economic governance.