نشریه پژوهش های نوین ادبی
پیاپی 3 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Kalileh, Damneh, and Marzbannameh are classical texts of the Persian language. These two, which are written in technical and decorative prose, are written in the style of a story within a story and contain many stories. Considering that the sociological approach is one of the methods of text analysis, in this article, the relationship between social class and women's ethics has been investigated from this point of view. In this article, it is shown that there is a direct relationship between social class and women's corruption or innocence because in the stories of these books, most of the women from the lower social class have low morals and betray their husbands.On the other hand, the women of the upper class of the society, whose husbands have power, wealth, and social influence, in addition to the purity of the face, also have the goodness of character and moral integrity. For this reason, in these works, most of the women are corrupt people such as shoemakers, butchers, weavers, carpenters, etc. The expression of this orientation in the old texts can be derived from the same power, wealth and social influence of the upper class. In fact, the discourse of the powerful has influenced the literature in various ways and has expressed and displayed what was according to the will of the powerful.

Sacred stories which rooted in man's beliefs subconsciously affect his way tells stories. One of these stories is the story of Adam, which is described in detail in the Abrahamic religions, especially Islam. This story has affected the mind of Nezami; so that he has composed the story of the black cloth king of Haft Peikar poem. In this research, we decided to study and compare the common motifs and similar characters of the two stories of the black cloth king in Haft Peikar of Nezami and the story of Adam in religious and literary narrations by descriptive-analytical method. After examining these two narrations, we 1- Similar place 2- Pleasure or sin 3- Tree 4- Fate. The similar characters in the two stories are: 1- God and Torktaz: They have brought the heroes closer to themselves without any acquaintance. 2- Butcher and Azrael: They are the two people who have severed the connection between the hero and the material world and have accustomed him to a world full of pleasure for a while. 3- King and Adam: These two have eight common features: Getting away from their homeland, following the passion, ascension and so on.

This research is about educational teachings in the biography of the mystic Ibn Khafif of the 4th century Hijri and his remaining work, the biography of Ibn Khafif. The author has tried to investigate the educational teachings in the biography of Ibn Khafif and his works by using the descriptive and analytical method and using library sources. Ibn Khafif's biography was written in Arabic by his student, Abul Hasan Daylami, and written in Persian by Rukn al-Din Yahya bin Junid Shirazi, which has thirteen chapters, and each chapter is about a subject that has educational, moral and religious content. Due to the fact that he was a great mystic and Sufi, he was highly regarded and loved by the people of his time, to the point where they even gave him the title of Sheikh Kabir.According to the study, Ibn Khafif's biography paid special attention to performing religious duties such as prayer, fasting, reading the Qur'an, etc., and also had moral virtues such as humility, charity, generosity, fairness, respecting the rights of fellow human beings, etc. Sufism took effective steps such as austerity, sharia, monotheism, etc.

A symbol and code is a type of expression that contains an intangible concept and truth and allows the speaker to escape the limitations of sensory language. Rumi, who is a mystic poet, uses the symbol to express his mystical ideas, this article investigates the purpose of Rumi's parrot symbolism in Shams's poetry and tries to show his attractive and mysterious interpretations of this symbol. . More than 80 stanzas are the frequency of use of parrot in Shams's sonnets, and from their symbolism are important concepts such as: the flight of the soul to the upper world, expansion and expansion, mystical zeal, silence and silence, association of angels, messianic tail, happiness and its opposite relationship with the raven. And the owl is extracted. This article is done with a descriptive-analytical method and by examining the mentioned concepts, it tries to explain the poet's thought pattern regarding the parrot in Shams's sonnets.

The goal of poetry and art is to try to penetrate the conscience of the audience and convey emotions. The constitutional era, with factors such as communication with the western world, travelogues, the establishment of new schools, the translation of western works and the press, and the creation of fundamental changes in the entire structure of society, transformed the literature of the Qajar period. Therefore, the poets of this period spoke to the people of the social classes with the language of poetry, which is full of artistic techniques, as required by the political and social conditions of the society. This research has stated in a descriptive-analytical and library method that the rule of thumb and the rule of thumb are the two basic elements of norm avoidance and artistic tricks. These artistic techniques are examined in the poetry of constitutional poets (Iraj Mirza and Mirzadeh Eshghi). The results showed that although poets claim modernity and modernity in literature, especially poetry; But old-fashionedness can still be seen in their works. Syntax deviation in the field of grammar, the use of old words contrary to the standard language of the constitutional period and the construction of infinitives and combinations contrary to the rules of Persian grammar can also be seen in the poetry of this period, which is more manifested in the poems of Mirzadeh Eshghi.

Since long ago, myths have played a significant role in the conscious and unconscious of nations. Humans have always been in contact with myths in their most basic contact with literature, i.e. children's stories and lullabies. The story of "Mahpishani" is one of the ancient folk tales that has been passed down from one generation to another, orally and in writing, throughout the life of Iranian culture and civilization. This story is full of Iranian myths and beliefs. In the current research, it was done using descriptive and analytical method and using library resources;We refer to the myth of the moon and the cow and their function and interaction in the story of Moonlight and discuss how these two elements advance the story and prepare the main character of the story in his journey to reach the stage of fertility and creation. Considering the representation of the moon and the cow as symbols of femininity and fertility, as well as the narrative base of the story of "Moh Pishani", these two archetypes are completely compatible with the narration of the story. The cow, which is the symbol of the myth of sacrifice, is actually a mother who has become like this. With his guidance, he leads his daughter to a well, which is a symbol of femininity, just as wells and caves have existed throughout history as symbols of femininity.

The Ghaznavid sultans used to attract the poets of Madih Sarai to the court, in addition to adding to the glory of the court, to make their name last and perform their media role, which is to present an ideal image of the rulers. In addition to praising kings and nobles of the court, these poets also praised his royal appearance for possessing qualities such as: courage, generosity, and justice, which make the identity of an ideal king. This research aims to determine how Mamdohan's face is described in the praises of three famous poets of this period (Farokhi, onsori and Manochehri). For this purpose, all the verses related to the descriptions of the face and appearance of the rulers have been examined, based on which it was determined: the sultans and nobles of the Ghaznavid court have been praised with this attribute in praises, and the purpose of expressing their beauty, in addition to showing a face Being loved by Mamdouh, because people love beauty, is an expression of his enjoyment of God's approvals, which has appeared on the faces of kings. Due to the fact that the praises of these poets were recorded in the Divan of Poems and were read to the people in the streets and gatherings, the beautiful appearance of the kings and courtiers in the great Ghaznavid Empire shows a beautiful and well-groomed face in the minds of the people who had not seen them. It was considered a sign of God's protection.

Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, according to most commentators, is the narrator of Iran's various and chronic wars with foreign enemies. But if we define the two consequences of writing Shahnameh as "unification" and "awareness" according to Ferdowsi's words, in a new interpretation, Ferdowsi can be seen as a critical narrator who deals with the issue of "internal conflict leading to the collapse of Iran" behind the narratives of the Shahnameh. The purpose of this article is to examine the "internal conflict" in Iran and criticize it in the Shahnameh. Thus, the main issue is how "internal conflict" as an issue of Iran in Ferdowsi's thought is presented in the Shahnameh? Based on the findings of the research and using the theme analysis method and Quentin Skinner's theory of intentional hermeneutics, the Shahnameh, while it is a wide range of ideas, in its entirety provides a critical plan of the Iranian action model focused on conflict. Behind the curtain of the epic battles of the warriors, it raises the issue of identity disintegration as a result of continuous conflicts and violent rivalries of Iranian tribes and families. Therefore, in the framework of Ferdowsi's critical view of the phenomenon of internal conflict in the history of Iran, the result of this study is to reveal the error of historical understanding and give a new interpretation of Ferdowsi's thought to understand the problem in the current situation

A leading study was conducted to investigate the role of TANDEM to teaching Farsi as a foreign Language. This research is a survey and applied descriptive study which has been implemented quantitatively and cross-sectionally. The statistical population of this research was the learner of Farsi who were selected randomly and without a sample of 372 members. A standard questionnaire Dialogue base was used to collect data. Its validity and reliability were evaluated and verified. To test the hypothesis of the research, partial least squares and Smart Pialas software were used. The results of structural modeling research show that Alpha method and its components have a significant effect on learning Farsi by TANDEM. Also, there was a significant effect on Alpha method and components: 469 (95٪ = P، 05٪ = α، 96/1 ‹ 766/12 = T-Value، 372=n on learning Farsi. In addition, the results showed that the component of Alpha method did have a significant effect on the learning Farsi Bilinguals had a better performance in the auditory and visual tests including single-syllable words. In the visual test involving two-syllable words, no significant difference was observed in the performance of the two groups. However, bilingual individuals could remember more words, and outperformed the monolingual ones in the auditory test. The general analysis of the auditory and visual tests’ data confirmed the better performance of the bilingual individuals as compared to the monolinguals.

Satire is a kind of beautiful literary trick that expresses human ugliness and shortcomings in a sarcastic way with a hidden chuckle for social reform. It is very difficult to discuss and review satire and satirical works of Persian language due to the lack of sources and information, because this important literary style is less studied independently and is more mixed with humor and especially ridicule. Satire is a special way of expressing poetry and prose, which is very effective and attractive by means of which the most important topics are expressed with the most delicate and at the same time the sharpest views and the most winning words. Satire plays an important role in the awareness and awakening of the public because it often expresses the obvious and bitter truths in a simple language that is close to people's understanding and replaces an opinion exactly in their minds. This research, which was carried out with a descriptive analytical method and using library sources, dealt with the role of satire in the Masnavi and the description of its humorous anecdotes, and it is clear that satire is used abundantly in Masnavi and Rumi used these anecdotes to express moral, philosophical, mystical, religious, etc. views and points

Constructivist sociology is one of the basic approaches in contemporary literary criticism. Structuralists such as Lukacs, Goldmann, Macherey, Althusser and Eagleton believe that the structure of literature is affected by the structure of society, so it affects the structure of society in the same proportion or more or less. In their opinion, every literary theory has a political character and is under the control of ideology. Structuralism examines the reflection of ideology and structures in the literary work and then shows the influence of the literary work in social changes. In this article, the structure of the qaside, nimaei and sepid forms is examined based on the opinions of constructivist sociologists. the purpose of this article is to explain the relationship between the structure of the qasideh, nimai and sepid forms with the structure of the society and its ruling ideology, and it has been concluded that the structure of these forms has been influenced by the structure of the society and its ruling ideology. According to the position of the rhyme, it can be said that the structure of the qasideh is consistent with the structure of the autocratic society, and the structure of the Nimai and Sepid formats is also compatible with liberalism.

The novel Women Without Men written by Shahrnoush Parsipour, a famous Iranian writer, is one of the famous novels of contemporary Iranian literature. The story of this novel is based on the life experiences of five Iranian women of different ages and social classes and shows the rights and interests of Iranian women in the patriarchal society. Because the five women in this novel have different personality traits and backgrounds and represent different ages and social classes, their life experiences have been an example of different groups of women in Iranian society. The awareness of women's independence embodied in this book indicates the awakening of feminism's thoughts.For this purpose, in this article, an attempt has been made to explain the female characters based on the analytical-descriptive method and to examine the ideas of feminism embodied in this novel by using the theory of feminism.In this article, an attempt is made to analyze the novel Women Without Men based on feminist criticism based on the descriptive-analytical method. After explaining the female characters in a descriptive-analytical way, in the context of feminist criticism, various dimensions of feminist factors are extracted in this novel and the ideas of embodied feminism are examined using the theory of feminism.