فهرست مطالب

نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 124 (زمستان 1401)

  • تاریخ انتشار: 1402/01/21
  • تعداد عناوین: 10
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  • مینا کریمی*، محمدسعدی مسگری صفحات 7-19

    امروزه با افزایش روز افزون استفاده کاربران از شبکه های اجتماعی، اطلاعات مکانی مردم گستر رشد چشمگیری داشته است. از میان انواع اطلاعات، محتواهای متنی کاربرتولید غالبا در ساختار مشخصی به اشتراک گذاشته نمی شوند. یکی از ویژگی های عمده این نوع اطلاعات محل مبنا بودن آن ها است.محل های مورد گفت گوی بشر معمولا همراه با ابهام و وابسته به بافت است. عملکرد محل یا به عبارتی عمده فعالیت هایی که افراد در یک محل انجام می دهند، به عنوان یک بافت در توصیفات محل، ازجمله ویژگی های عمده و متمایز کننده محل است. هدف این تحقیق استخراج عملکرد محل با استفاده از تحلیل محتواهای متنی کاربرتولید به اشتراک گذاشته شده توسط کاربران است. به این منظور ابتدا محل ها و نظرات کاربران در مورد محل ها در وبگاه TripAdvisorبه عنوان محتواهای متنی، جمع آوری شده، سپس از روش های مختلف پردازش زبان طبیعی به منظور آماده سازی و پیش پردازش داده ها استفاده می شود. در ادامه برای هر دیدگاه کاربر یک مجموعه واژگان با استفاده از مقادیر TF-IDFبه عنوان مقادیر بردار ویژگی ساخته می شود. سپس در یک روش نظارت شده این مقادیر به همراه عملکرد محل هابه عنوان ورودی به یک طبقه بندی کننده لجستیک رگرسیون به منظور آموزش مدل داده شده و با استفاده از آن عملکرد محل بر روی داده های آزمایشی پیش بینی شده است. نتایج ارزیابی روش از طریق محاسبه ماتریس درهم ریختگی نشان می دهد، صحت کلی روش پیشنهادی در حدود 96درصد است که رقم قابل توجهی است. همچنین بیشترین دقت و امتیاز F1 برای محل های سرو خوراکی است، درحالی که اقامتگاه ها به دلیل شباهت عملکردی به هتل ها کمترین دقت و امتیاز F1را دارند ولی با این وجود نتایج آن ها نیز قابل اطمینان و رضایت بخش است.

    کلیدواژگان: محل، عملکرد محل، محتواهای کاربرتولید، پردازش زبان طبیعی، یادگیری ماشین، متن
  • مرتضی حیدری مظفر*، رضا ظرافتی جمال، حسین ترابزاده خراسانی صفحات 21-38

    در نقشه برداری از محدوده های پروژه هایی خطی مانند: راه ها، کانال های انتقال آب، خطوط انتقال نیرو (برق وگاز)، خطوط ریلی و مشابه آن ها، شیوه فتوگرامتری پهپادی استفاده می شود. فتوگرامتری پهپادی با توجه به هزینه کمتر، قدرت تفکیک مکانی و زمانی بیشتر و انعطاف پذیری در اخذ تصاویر در مقایسه با دیگر روش های هوایی و فضایی، جایگزینی مناسب برای نقشه برداری به روش های مرسوم است. ارزیابی و تضمین دقت برای نقشه های توپوگرافی اهمیت زیادی دارد. تعداد و نحوه توزیع نقاط کنترل در سراسر محدوده پروژه و شیوه تصویربرداری بهینه در تولید این نقشه ها اثرگذار است. برای دست یابی به حالت بهینه تصویربرداری و بیشترین دقت در تولید نقشه های توپوگرافی این نوع پروژه ها، اثرات پارامترهای طراحی پرواز، تعداد و نحوه توزیع نقاط کنترل مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت. پردازش تصاویر بدون اطلاعات دقیق مراکز تصویر با نقاط کنترل، پردازش تصاویر با اطلاعات دقیق مراکز تصویر و بدون استفاده از نقاط کنترل و پردازش تصاویر با اطلاعات دقیق مراکز تصویر و نقاط کنترل، در دو حالت پرواز با ارتفاع- ثابت و مقیاس- ثابت مدنظر قرار گرفت. از 25 نقطه ای که مختصات دقیق آن ها توسط سیستم تعیین موقعیت جهانی به صورت دیفرانسیلی اندازه گیری شده بود، 18 نقطه کنترل زمینی و 7 نقطه چک در نظر گرفته شد. میانگین خطای ارتفاعی کل نقاط در حالت مقیاس- ثابت در سناریوی 3 دارای کمترین مقدار است. مقدار عددی میانگین خطا در این حالت برای نقاط کنترل برابر010 /0 متر و برای نقاط چک برابر020 /0 متر به دست آمد. دقت مدل های رقومی حاصل از ابرنقاط با نمونه برداری مجدد 5 /0 متری نسبت به ابرنقاط 2 و 4 متری بیشتر می باشد. بیشترین اختلاف از مدل مرجع مربوط به حالتی است که از نقاط کنترل استفاده نشد. در نتیجه استفاده از نقاط کنترل زمینی، تصاویر مقیاس- ثابت و اطلاعات مراکز تصویر در فرآیند پردازش تصاویر جهت تولید نقشه های محدوده های خطی بهترین دقت ارتفاعی را نسبت به سایر حالات فراهم می کند.

    کلیدواژگان: پروژه های خطی، پهپاد، فتوگرامتری، نقاط کنترل و چک
  • محمدمهدی حسین زاده*، رضا اسماعیلی، محسن نبی زاده بهنمیری صفحات 39-52

    تغییرات الگوی رودخانه، یکی از مهم ترین مسایل مهندسی رودخانه است که فعالیت ها و سازه های عمرانی را در حاشیه رودخانه ها تحت تاثیر قرار می دهد. هدف از انجام این پژوهش بررسی روند تغییرات مورفولوژیکی رودخانه نکارود برای یک دوره 35ساله بین سال های 1364 تا 1399 از شهر نکا تا محل اتصال رودخانه به دریای خزر است. در پژوهش حاضر رودخانه نکا به طول 39 کیلومتر در بخش جلگه ساحلی از شهر نکا تا ساحل دریای خزر موردمطالعه قرار گرفته است. به منظور بررسی تغییرات مسیر رودخانه در سه مقطع زمانی، از سه شاخص مورفومتری، مورفولوژی و مورفودینامیک با استفاده از روش ترانسکت استفاده شده است. در پایان تغییرات کرانه چپ و راست کانال در دوره آماری موردمطالعه، در نرم افزار SPSS مورد آزمون آماری قرار گرفته است. نتایج حاصل از بررسی تصاویر ماهواره ای و عکس های هوایی نشان می دهد که مقادیر ضریب خمیدگی، زاویه مرکزی، زوایای قوس ها در طول رودخانه از بالادست به طرف پایین دست کاهش یافته است. با توجه به بررسی های انجام شده مشخص شد که رودخانه نکا رود طی 35 سال از نظر شاخص های مورد بررسی اعم از مورفولوژی ، مورفومتری و مورفودینامیک تغییرات محدودی داشته است. تغییرات بستر رودخانه نکارود طی سال 1385 تا 1399 کاهشی بوده است. دلایل این شرایط، وجود کشت زیاد در اطراف رودخانه و حفاظت از کرانه رودخانه، ایجاد بندهای ذخیره و انحراف آب در بخش دوم یعنی در بخش میانی جلگه و سدسازی بر روی این رودخانه (سد گلورد و سایر سدها) بوده است.

    کلیدواژگان: مورفولوژی رودخانه، ضریب خمیدگی، پیچانرودی، نکارود، تغییرات الگو
  • نرگس عرب، عبدالرسول سلمان ماهینی*، علیرضا میکائیلی تبریزی، توما ویته صفحات 53-73

    دمای سطح زمین یکی از مهم ترین عوامل در کنترل فرآیندهای بیولوژیکی، شیمی و فیزیکی زمین است. داده های دمای سطح زمین اطلاعاتی درباره تغییرات مکانی و زمانی سطح زمین در مقیاس جهانی ارایه می دهند. در بسیاری از مطالعات، از جمله تخمین موجودی انرژی، بررسی رطوبت و تبخیر و تعرق، تغییرات اقلیمی، جزایر گرمایی شهری و مطالعات محیط زیستی دمای سطح زمین به عنوان پارامتراصلی مورد استفاده قرار می گیرد. بنابراین، اندازه گیری دمای سطح زمین به منظور برنامه ریزی برای استفاده از آن امری ضروری است.الگوریتم های زیادی برای تخمین LST با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره ای، به ویژه باندهای حرارتی، توسط محققان به کار رفته است. در این پژوهش از الگوریتم پنجره مجزا و تک پنجره از تصاویر ماهواره لندست 8 برای بدست آوردن دمای سطح زمین (LST)، در شهر مشهد استفاده شده است. هدف از مطالعه حاضر بررسی توزیع فضایی دمای سطح زمین و همچنین تعیین روشی دقیق، برای تهیه نقشه دمای سطح زمین بوده است.نتایج نشان داد، دمای سطح زمین محاسبه شده به روش تک پنجره و پنجره مجزا در مقایسه با دمای هوای محاسبه شده در ایستگاه هواشناسی مورد نظر به طور میانگین به ترتیب 5.1 و 1.7 درجه سانتی گراد اختلاف داشته اند. بنابراین، می توان گفت که روش پنجره مجزا دارای دقت بالاتری است و دمای بدست آمده از آن با دمای واقعی تطابق بیشتری دارد. تجزیه و تحلیل رگرسیونی LST به دست آمده از این دو الگوریتم نشان می دهد که مقدار R2 آن ها 0.96 است.نتایج این تحقیق می تواند اطلاعات مفیدی را از وضعیت دمای مناطق مختلف در اختیار برنامه ریزان و کارشناسان برای مدیریت کارآمد سرزمین و حفاظت از منابع طبیعی قرار دهد.

    کلیدواژگان: دمای سطح زمین، تصاویر ماهواره ای لندست 8، الگوریتم پنجره مجزا، الگوریتم تک پنجره، شهر مشهد
  • حمید گنجائیان*، فاطمه منبری، افشان قاسمی، مژگان نصرتی صفحات 75-86

    مخاطره فرونشست در طی سال های اخیر بسیاری از مناطق کشور از جمله دشت های مناطق خشک و نیمه خشک را با چالش جدی مواجه کرده است. دشت کبودرآهنگ-فامنین از جمله مناطقی است که تحت تاثیر مخاطره فرونشست قرار گرفته است. با توجه به اهمیت موضوع، در پژوهش حاضر به ارزیابی میزان فرونشست دشت کبودرآهنگ-فامنین و تحلیل عوامل موثر در وقوع آن پرداخته شده است. در این پژوهش متناسب با موضوع و اهداف مورد نظر، از اطلاعات 13 چاه پیزومتریک، تصاویر راداری مربوط به ماهواره سنتینل 1، تصاویر ماهواره لندست، مدل رقومی ارتفاعی 30 متر SRTM و همچنین اطلاعات بدست آمده از بازدیدهای میدانی به عنوان داده های تحقیق استفاده شده است. ابزارهای مهم مورد استفاده در تحقیق شامل نرم افزارهای GMT، ArcGIS و گوگل ارث بوده است. این تحقیق در سه مرحله کلی انجام شده است که در مرحله اول، به بررسی وضعیت ژیومورفولوژی و کاربری اراضی منطقه پرداخته شده است. در مرحله دوم، تاثیر این عوامل بر آب های زیرزمینی منطقه ارزیابی شده است. در مرحله سوم نیز میزان فرونشست منطقه در ارتباط با عوامل ذکر شده مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. بر اساس نتایج حاصله، منطقه موردمطالعه با افت شدید منابع آب زیرزمینی مواجه است به طوری که در بیش تری چاه های موردمطالعه، میانگین افت سالانه آب زیرزمینی بیش از 2 متر بوده و همین مسیله سبب شده است تا دشت کبودرآهنگ-فامنین در طی دوره زمانی 5 ساله (از تاریخ 2015/01/16 تا 2020/01/14) بین 29 تا 216 میلی متر فرونشست داشته باشد.

    کلیدواژگان: فرونشست، سری زمانی SBAS، دشت کبودرآهنگ-فامنین
  • مصطفی محمدی ده چشمه*، سهراب قائدی، فرشته شنبه پور صفحات 87-101

    یکی از نگرانی های جامعه انسانی درباره تغییراتی است که در اثر گرمایش زمین موجب تغییر در پارامترهای اقلیمی می شود. با توجه به این مهم که تغییرات اقلیمی بر همه بخش ها اثر می گذارد، بررسی پیامدهای حاصل از این تغییرات نیازمند بررسی همه جانبه تمام بخش ها و عوامل موثر با یک رویکرد سیستمی است. هدف پژوهش حاضر شناسایی پیامدهای ناشی از تغییرات اقلیمی در شهر اهواز می باشد. در این راستا ابتدا روند تغییرات پارامترهای اقلیمی تحلیل شده، سپس با استفاده از رویکرد پویایی سیستم به مدل سازی پیامدهای ساختاری تغییرات اقلیمی در شهر اهواز پرداخته شد. داده های پژوهش شامل آمار دما، بارش، رطوبت نسبی، سرعت باد برای یک دوره 30 ساله (فصلی و سالانه)، ایستگاه سینوپتیک اهواز از سازمان هواشناسی کشور تهیه و با استفاده از آزمون آماری من-کندال مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. در این پژوهش که مبتنی بر رویکرد سیستمی است، فاکتورهای اثرگذار و اثرپذیر دخیل در موضوع و ارتباطات بین آن ها از طریق حلقه های علی و معلولی در نرم افزار Vensim مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد که طی روند 30 سال (1399-1370) تغییرات اقلیمی بر شهر اهواز در وجه افزایش دما و کاهش بارش، افزایش رطوبت نسبی و کاهش سرعت باد خود را نشان داده است. نتایج حاصل از مدل سازی کیفی و بررسی رابطه علی و معلولی نشان داد که تغییرات اقلیمی در شهر اهواز اثرات مستقیمی بر بخش های مختلف منابع آبی، تولیدات کشاورزی، مصرف انرژی داشته و متغیرهای (کاهش ذخایر آب در بالادست، امواج گرمای شدید) مهم ترین نقاط اهرمی مدل می باشند. همچنین نتایج گویای این واقعیت است که تغییرات اقلیمی در بعد زیست محیطی، پیامدهای شدیدتری در ابعاد اقتصادی، اجتماعی و سیاسی را به دنبال دارد. پیامدهای مختلف دارای تعاملات پیچیده ای با یکدیگر هستند به نحوی که ابعاد مختلف اقتصادی، اجتماعی، زیست محیطی و سیاسی را تحت تاثیر قرار داده و در نهایت اثرات یکدیگر را بر روی کاهش کیفیت زندگی و افزایش مهاجرت های اقلیمی تشدید می نمایند.

    کلیدواژگان: تغییرات اقلیمی، آزمون من کندال، پویایی سیستم، نرم افزار ونسیم، شهر اهواز
  • نسترن نظریانی*، اصغر فلاح صفحات 103-118

    مدیریت و برنامه ریزی بوم سازگان های حساس نظیر جنگل های زاگرس در راستای حفظ و احیاء آنها نیازمند اطلاعات صحیح و به هنگام است. با توجه به اینکه برآورد مشخصه های کمی تعداد درختان و تاج پوشش در جنگل های زاگرس با وسعت زیاد و نوع ساختار و پراکنش این بوم سازگان به روش های دستی بسیار وقت گیر و هزینه بر است، لذا تکنیک های سنجش از دور می تواند مکمل مناسبی در این راستا باشد. در مطالعه پیش رو هدف بررسی قابلیت باندهای اصلی و مصنوعی تصاویر ماهواره Sentinel-2 در برآورد مشخصه های کمی جنگل های سامان عرفی اولادقباد کوهدشت  است. به منظور برآورد مشخصه های مورد بررسی، 150 خوشه در قالب 16 طرح نمونه برداری خوشه ای با شکل قطعه نمونه دایره و مربعی شکل در منطقه به مساحت تقریبی 4500 هکتار پیاده شد. هر خوشه شامل چهار ریزقطعه نمونه با مساحت 700 متر مربع (شعاع ریز قطعه نمونه های دایره ای 15 متر، قطر ریزقطعه نمونه مربعی 37 متر و فاصله بین ریز قطعه نمونه ها از هم 60 متر) بود. سپس در داخل هر ریز قطعه نمونه ، مشخصه های تعداد پایه ها و مساحت تاج درختان اندازه گیری شد. پس از پیش پردازش و پردازش تصاویر (آنالیز بافت و ایجاد شاخص های گیاهی)، ارزش های طیفی معادل قطعه های زمینی استخراج و به عنوان متغیر مستقل در مدل ها استفاده شد. مدل سازی با استفاده از روش های ناپارامتریک جنگل تصادفی، ماشین بردار پشتیبان، نزدیکترین همسایه و روش شبکه عصبی مصنوعی انجام شد. با توجه به نتایج مدل سازی چهار الگوریتم مورد بررسی برای مشخصه های تعداد در هکتار و تاج پوشش روش شبکه عصبی مصنوعی به ترتیب با طرح نمونه برداری خوشه ای 6 با ضریب تبیین 0/82 و طرح نمونه برداری خوشه ای 10 با ضریب تبیین0/76 نتایج بهینه ای را ارایه دادند. به طور کلی نتایج حاصل از اعتبارسنجی به دست آمده نشان داد استفاده از طرح های مختلف نمونه برداری خوشه ای، روش شبکه عصبی مصنوعی و تصاویر Sentinel-2 کارایی مناسبی در برآورد مشخصه های مورد بررسی دارد.

    کلیدواژگان: جنگل اولادقباد، روش های ناپارامتریک، سنجش از دور، نمونه برداری خوشه ای
  • حدیثه سبزی سرخنی*، عبدالله فرجی، حسین عساکره صفحات 119-135

    عوامل زیادی بر صنعت گردشگری تاثیر می گذارند که یکی از مهم ترین آن ها آب و هوا است. آب و هوا به عنوان یکی از مهم ترین منابع پایه محلی در صنعت گردشگری نقش ایفا می کند. آگاهی از آسایش اقلیمی، نقش مهمی را در زندگی انسان و فعالیت های او بازی می کند و آسایش فیزیولوژیکی ارتباط تنگاتنگی با فاکتور های آب و هوایی دارد. از این رو مطالعه پارامتر های اقلیمی موثر در آسایش اقلیمی کاری ضروری به نظر می رسد. استان گیلان یکی از استان های گردشگرپذیر کشور است و بررسی و مطالعه آسایش آب و هوایی این استان می تواند در برنامه ریزی برای پذیرش گردشگر و مقتضیات آن گامی مهم به شمار آید. در این مطالعه آسایش اقلیمی استان گیلان مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است برای این منظور از داده های اقلیمی 11 ایستگاه سینوپتیک شامل میانگین ماهانه دما، میانگین حداکثر و حداقل دما به درجه سانتی گراد، میانگین ماهانه ی رطوبت نسبی به درصد، میانگین ساعت آفتابی و تعداد روز های بارندگی طی دوره آماری25ساله(2020 -1995) از سازمان هواشناسی کشور دریافت شده است.  پس از مرتب سازی و تجزیه و تحلیل در نرم افزار های Excell, Spss ، شرایط اقلیمی محدوده ی مورد مطالعه مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. به این ترتیب براساس شاخص آسایش آب و هوایی گردشگری (TCCI) نقشه های پهنه بندی استان در نرم افزار GIS ترسیم شد. نتایج بررسی های انجام شده نشان دهنده ی وجود انواع وضعیت های آسایش آب و هوایی گردشگری در استان گیلان است. ماه های می و ژوین در اغلب نقاط استان دارای شرایط کاملا مطلوب و دلپذیر بوده و شرایط اقلیمی برای انواع  فعالیت های گردشگری فراهم است. در فصل سرد سال (ژانویه، فوریه و دسامبر) در تمامی نقاط استان (به ویژه نواحی مرتفع مانند دیلمان و ماسوله و...) شرایط بسیار نامطلوب (سرمایی) حاکم است و در فصل گرم سال (ژوییه و آگوست) شرایط خیلی نامطلوب (گرمایی) در اغلب پهنه های مورد مطالعه (به ویژه نواحی ساحلی به دلیل رطوبت بالا) وجود دارد. در مجموع در این پژوهش انواع فعالیت های گردشگری متناسب با هر فصل و هر منطقه هدف گذاری شده است.

    کلیدواژگان: پهنه بندی، اقلیم، آسایش فیزیولوژیک، شاخص آسایش آب و هوایی گردشگری (TCCI)، گیلان
  • محمدحسن نامی صفحات 137-147

    پیش بینی تغییرات اقلیمی و ارزیابی تاثیرات اقلیمی پیش بینی شده در اکوسیستم ‏ها‏‏‏ی آب شیرین به خصوص با توجه به تاثیرات انسانی و پاسخ‏ ها‏‏‏ به این تاثیرات بسیار پیچیده است. در ایران مطالعات محدودی خصوصا در جنوب شرقی کشور که با مشکلاتی از جمله خشکسالی و گرد و غبار روبروست، صورت گرفته است. در پژوهش حاضر از داده های گردش عمومی جو HADCM3 و مدل  LARS-WG تحت سه سناریوی اصلی A1B،  A2 و B1 از مجموعه سناریوهای مطرح شده برای پیش بینی دما و بارش حوضه آبریز جازموریان استفاده شده است. نتایج این پژوهش نشان می دهد که در 50 سال آینده (میانگین 20 ساله دوره آینده میانی) افزایش 1/5  تا 2/1 درجه ای میانگین دما و در 100 سال آینده (میانگین 20 ساله دوره آینده دور) افزایش 2/4 تا 3/9 درجه ای میانگین دمای منطقه بر مبنای سناریوهای مختلف قابل انتظار است. بارش متوسط تحت سناریوی B1 (دوستدار محیط زیست) در هر دو ایستگاه ایران شهر و جیرفت در دوره آینده دور، افزایش 15 درصدی نسبت به دوره پایه را نشان می ‏دهد. در حالی که حوضه آبریز جازموریان در طول دوره 2100- 2080 تحت سناریوی A2 (ادامه روند کنونی) شرایط خشک ‏تری نسبت به دوره پایه را تجربه می‏ کند.

    کلیدواژگان: تغییرات اقلیمی، پیش بینی، حوضه آبریز جازموریان، LARS-WG
  • محمدحسن یزدانی*، عطا غفاری گیلانده، فرحناز ویس مرادی صفحات 149-163

    هشتاد درصد از شهرهای جهان در مناطقی قرار دارند که حداقل سالی یک بار براثر مخاطرات طبیعی آسیب دیده اند. هنگامی که یک مخاطره طبیعی رخ می دهد کسانی که خانه های خود را در اثر این مخاطره از دست می دهند، در حالی که خانه هایشان بازسازی می شود، به جایی برای زندگی و نیاز به یافتن مکان های جایگزین دارند. هدف این تحقیق مکانیابی بهینه ی اسکان موقت در شهر کرمانشاه، با روش توصیفی و متکی بر پیمایش های میدانی با استفاده از مدل جمع وزنی weighted sum و نرم افزار تحلیلی_ترسیمی  ArcGIS به صورت ترکیبی بوده است. در این راستا، در مرحله جمع آوری اطلاعات و داده های اولیه، از مطالعات کتابخانه ای و توزیع پرسشنامه بین خبرگان مرتبط با موضوع مورد مطالعه استفاده شد. با توجه به 9 معیار مهم و موثر شیب، دسترسی به راه، فاصله از مراکز نظامی و انتظامی، دسترسی به مراکز آتش نشانی، دسترسی به منابع آب و برق، فاصله از مناطق سیل خیز، تراکم جمعیتی و فاصله از تاسیسات خطرزا است که مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج حاصل از معیارهای پژوهش گویای این امر بود که از ترکیب شاخص های 9 گانه در شهر کرمانشاه 1 درصد از محدوده شهر در پهنه مطلوبیت خیلی کم، 11 درصد در پهنه مطلوبیت کم، 37 درصد در پهنه مطلوبیت متوسط، 38 درصد در پهنه مطلوبیت زیاد و 13 درصد در پهنه مطلوبیت خیلی زیاد واقع شده است.

    کلیدواژگان: مکان یابی، اسکان موقت، مدیریت بحران، زلزله، GIS، کرمانشاه
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  • Mina Karimi *, Mohammad Saedi Mesgari Pages 7-19
    Introduction

    In GIScience, spatial information has usually been presented in the form of space. However, human reasoning, behavior, and perception are mainly based on place, not space. Places are usually ambiguous and context-dependent and are related to the human experience of the world. Place functionality as a context in place descriptions is one of the main and distinguishing features of the place. Today, with the increasing use of users of social networks, volunteered geographic information (VGI) and crowdsourcing information has grown significantly. However, information obtained from social networks, e.g. check-ins, often does not have a complete and clear view of the concept of place and it does not include spatial information between phenomena, land uses, and points of interest (POI). It ultimately limits their ability to work with the concept of place. In this case, GIS should detect the place functionality that does not necessarily exist simply and clearly in the stored data.

    Materials and Methods

    To address these issues, this paper aims to extract place functionality based on analysis of user-generated textual contents. In order to achieve this goal, first places and user’s reviews about places in TripAdvisor website are collected through web crawling. The advantage of these data over other place-based data is their independence from formal descriptions of place. These data were collected in October 2020, and only English reviews are considered. New York City (NYC) is selected as our case study area. At first, for each place type, we extracted all corresponding places. Then, for each place, we extracted a maximum of 1000 top reviews. To prepare data, places without geographic coordinates, places out of the study area, duplicates or places whose type is unknown are removed. There are five types of place categories on TripAdvisor, including Attraction, Food Serving Place, Hotel, Shop, and Vacation Rental. Then, different natural language processing (NLP) methods are used to preprocess the reviews. First, each review is converted to lower case and tokenized, then punctuations and stop words are removed. Afterward, all tokens are stemmed and lemmatized. In the next step, proper features should be selected for knowledge discovery. We use a bag-of-words (BoW) feature selection method which features values are weighted using TF-IDF scores for each user’s review. Finally, in a supervised method, these values and place functionalities are trained using a logistic regression classifier to predict place functionality on the test dataset.

    Results and Discussion

    We randomly assigned 75% of the data set to train the model and 25% to test the results. Finally, the results are evaluated using common machine learning evaluation measures by computing confusion-matrix. The evaluation results demonstrate that the overall accuracy of the proposed method is about 96% which is remarkable. For Food Serving Place, the predictions are so close to reality that in 98% of cases the algorithm was able to correctly predict Food Serving Places. Also, about 0.8% of them are considered as Attractions. In the case of Hotels, the accuracy is 97%. However, about 1.8% of Hotels are incorrectly categorized as Food Serving Places. Attractions are also 93% correctly predicted and about 3.8% of them are mistaken for Food Serving Places. In the case of Shop, the accuracy is about 74%, because the number of reviews related to this type of functionality is lower, although this issue has been partially resolved by weighting the samples. Secondly, in many cases, people visit the shopping malls for entertainment and not just shopping, which has led to about 15% of Shops being classified as Attractions. Also, about 11% of these Shops are considered as Food Serving Places. One of the most important reasons for this is the action of buying food in these places, which is a kind of purchase. In addition, in some shopping malls there are places to serve drink and food. Since the reviews of the Vacation Rentals was less than other functionalities, the lowest accuracy (about 65%) is related to them. In 25% of cases, Vacation Rentals are classified as Hotels. This result is not too far-fetched, as Vacation Rentals and Hotels are very similar in function and are often used to accommodate travelers and tourists. Also, 4.8% and 4.6% of them are classified as Attractions and Food Serving Places, respectively. The maximum precision and F1-score is achieved for Food Serving Places while Vacation Rentals show the least precision and F1-score since their functionality is similar to hotels, however, their results are also reliable and satisfactory.

    conclusion

    In this study, we tried to extract the place functionality by analyzing the user-generated textual contents shared on the TripAdvisor website by users. To achieve this purpose, different NLP methods were used to prepare and preprocess the data. The bag-of-words constructed for each user's review was then modeled to a logistic regression classifier, and the place functionality on the test data was predicted. In future works, the efficiency of other feature selection methods as well as other classifiers in extracting place functionality can be evaluated and compared. In addition, the place functionality should be extracted in more detail where different types of attractions can be distinguished.

    Keywords: place, Place Functionality, User Generated Contents (UGCs), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Machine Learning, text
  • Morteza Heidarimozaffar *, Reza Zerafatyjamal, Hossein Torabzadeh Khorasani Pages 21-38
    Introduction

    The production of topographic maps by drone photogrammetry has replaced traditional mapping in many civil projects. UAV photogrammetry due to the rapid development of hardware and software can be used in many geomatic applications including agriculture, forestry, archeology and architecture, emergency management, and traffic monitoring. Nowadays, mapping the boundaries of linear projects such as roads, water transmission canals, power transmission lines (electricity and gas), railway lines, and the like, is done by UAV photogrammetry. UAV photogrammetry has emerged as a viable alternative due to its lower cost, greater spatial and temporal resolution, and flexibility in capturing images compared to other conventional aerial and space methods. Despite various researches in this field, the effect of the imaging method on the accuracy of topographic maps has not been directly studied and tested. In this paper, the experimental conditions of UAV photogrammetric imaging methods in two modes of height-fixed and scale-fixed were considered. The effect of using accurate positioning equipment on image centers on reducing the number of required control points has also been investigated.

    Materials & Methods

    Assessing and ensuring accuracy is very important for topographic maps. Knowledge of the number and distribution of control points throughout the project area and the optimal imaging method are effective in producing these maps. In this paper, to achieve the most optimal imaging mode and the highest accuracy in the production of topographic maps for this type of project, the effects of flight design parameters, number, and distribution of control points were studied. Also, the effect of using accurate positioning equipment of image centers on reducing the number of required control points has been investigated. Image processing without accurate information of image centers with control points, image processing with accurate information of image centers and without using control points, and image processing with accurate information of image centers and control points, were considered in two flight modes with fixed altitude and fixed scale. Of the 25 points whose exact coordinates were measured differentially by the Global Positioning System, 18 were ground control points and 7 checked points. The control of the elevation coordinates of the points was performed using the direct geometric leveling method. To evaluate the accuracy of the results, the amount of error and the accuracy of the work performed, the leveling operation was performed in a round trip between all control and checkpoints.

    Results & Discussion

    Evaluating the accuracy of the UAV photogrammetric method in producing topographic maps related to this project, according to the criterion, the root means square of errors has been done for the control and checkpoints. In addition to calculating this criterion for control and checkpoints, the difference between the digital models prepared and the reference model was considered another criterion for comparison and evaluation. According to the results, the mean height error of all points in the constant-scale mode has the lowest value in Scenario 3. The numerical value of the mean error, in this case, was equal to 0.010 meters for control points and 0.020 meters for checkpoints. The accuracy of the models obtained from point clouds with dimensions of 0.5 meters is higher than the point clouds of 2 and 4 meters. The largest difference from the reference model is related to model 1 in the category of models obtained from 0.5-meter point clouds, which vary numerically in the range (-1.68 to 10.56) meters.

    Conclusion

    The results of the height error evaluation of control and checkpoints show if aerial triangulation and justification of images use image center observations alone, in challenging projects the mapping of linear areas where the mapping is done in a strip area will not have the desired accuracy. The use of ground reference images alone is not sufficient and the simultaneous use of ground control points and ground reference images improves the accuracy of the results. As a result, the use of ground control points, fixed scale images, and image center information in the image processing process to produce corridor maps provides the best elevation accuracy compared to other modes. Also, the use of the initial digital elevation model of the project area in performing flight operations and capturing images with fixed scales has a significant effect on increasing the accuracy of the elevation component. Based on the comparison of the final digital elevation models compared to the reference model, the accuracy of the models obtained from the resolution of 0.5 meters is higher than 2 and 4 meters. Also, the effectiveness of filters to correct and reduce errors in digital elevation models has better results.

    Keywords: Linear Projects, UAV, Photogrammetry, GCPs, ICPs
  • MohammadMahdi Hosseinzadeh *, Reza Esmaili, Mohsen Nabizadeh Bahnamiri Pages 39-52
    Introduction

    Changes in river pattern is one of the most important issues of river engineering that affects the activities and construction structures along rivers.Changes in the parameters of the meandering can be due to changes by humans, changes in the hydrological regime of the river, ecological changes or due to geomorphology of the region.Knowledge and understanding of the morphological changes of meandering patterns and the natural dynamics of river systems are very important for the purposes of planning, urban planning, dam construction, erosion and sedimentation, road construction and protection and reconstruction of river channels.By studying the amount of changes in river parameters, especially the length and width of the channel in a region, the future of the meandering patterns and rivers can be predicted.Channel form is a good initial guide to determine the morphology and channel form changes in alluvial rivers.In fact, the most obvious feature of a river is its planform or geometric form.A river plan is called a planform, which shows the characteristics of a channel and a floodplain in an alluvial river.The term river pattern describes the planimetric (two-dimensional) shape of rivers.In the new classifications, channel patterns are classified into straight, meandering, braided, and anastomosing.The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of morphological changes in the Nekaroud River from the city of Neka to where the river joins the Caspian Sea for a period of 35 years between 1364 to 1399.

    Methodology

    Neka river originates from Alborz mountains in the southern part of Gorgan city and passes through the southern part of Behshahr and flows into the Caspian Sea.The area of Neka Basin is 1902 km.The Neka River is 130 km long in the mountains and 39 km long in the coastal plains.In this study, the Neka River with a length of 39 km in the coastal plain from Neka to the Caspian Sea has been studied.At first, Nekaroud was divided into three parts: upper, middle and lower part and the changes were studied separately and together.With this method, the amount of displacement, change of dimensions and pattern of bends were determined.Using the method of historical changes, the river route map related to different periods based on aerial photographs of 1985 (National Geographical Organization of Iran) and satellite images (from Google Earth) of 2006 and 1399 has been digitized in GIS software.In order to study the changes of the river in three time periods, from three indicators including morphometry which includes (channel length, arc radius, central angle, wave amplitude, wavelength), morphology which includes (different models of lateral migration including retraction, new meander,migration, confined migration, cutoff, growth, meandering change, double heading) and morphodynamics (transect method) have been used.Finally, the changes of the left and right sides of the channel in the studied statistical period were statistically tested in SPSS software.

    Results and discussion

    The results of the study of satellite images and aerial photographs show that the values of the curvature coefficient, the central angle, the angles of the arcs along the river have decreased from the upstream to the downstream.Based on these morphometric characteristics, the river is classified into three parts including the developed meandering pattern, the undeveloped meandering pattern and the almost meandering pattern in the third reach.Although the morphometric values of the channel show that the Neka River has changed,however, the statistical test in the section with a developed meandering pattern showed that no significant changes were observed in the right bank during two different periods.There were no significant changes in the left bank of the river during 2006 and 2016.The study of Yemani and Hosseinzadeh (2013) on the Talar River and Yemani et al. (2014) on the Babol River had similar results. In these studies, similar to the Nekarud River, at the beginning of the river's entry into the coastal plain, i.e., the alluvial fan  section (the first part of the Nekarud), there is more instability and changes are still taking place during large floods; However, in the second and third periods, due to human intervention and protection, the channel deepened and finally, the main river was divided into several branches in order to transfer water to the rice agricultural lands, which caused the degree of instability and changes in the channel pattern in the four The last decade is at a minimum.

    Conclusion

    According to the studies, it was found that the Nekarood River has had limited changes in terms of morphology, morphometry and morphodynamics during 35 years.Changes in the bed of the Nekaroud River during 2006 to 1399 have been decreasing. The reasons for these conditions are the existence of large-scale cultivation around the river and the protection of the river bank, the creation of storage dams and water diversion in the middle part of the coastal plain and the construction of dams on this river (Golord Dam and other dams).With the construction of these dams, many changes were made in hydrological parameters such as flow velocity and discharge. Also, the amount of erosion and the amount and method of sedimentation have changed.

    Keywords: River morphology, Curvature coefficient, Meandering, Nekarud, Pattern changes
  • Narges Arab, Abdolrassoul Salmanmahiny *, Alireza Mikaeili Tabrizi, Thomas Houet Pages 53-73
    Introduction

    The Land surface temperature is one of the most important factors in controlling the biological, chemical and physical processes of the earth.Land surface temperature data provide information about the spatial and temporal changes of the Land's surface on a global scale.Land surface temperature is used as the main parameter in many studies, including energy stock estimation, humidity and evapotranspiration, climate change, urban heat islands and environmental studies. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the temperature of the Land surface in order to plan its use. In general, LST investigation is important and necessary to deal with interdisciplinary issues in earth sciences, urban climatology, environmental changes and human-environment interactions. LST can provide important information about surface physical properties as well as climate, which plays a vital role in many environmental processes. In such a situation, LST maps, which are prepared from satellite images, are a desirable option because they provide a permanent data collection.

    Materials and methods

     Many algorithms have been used by researchers to estimate LST using satellite images, especially thermal bands. In this research, Split window and Mono window algorithms are used from Landsat 8 satellite images to obtain land surface temperature (LST) in Mashhad city.The purpose of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of the Land surface temperature and also to determine an accurate method for preparing the Land surface temperature map.In the present study, using the Split window algorithm, the land surface temperature (LST) data was used from the TIRS sensor in Landsat 8. Also, in addition to TIRS, OLI sensor data are also needed to estimate LST when using the Split window algorithm. In the first stage, the OLI bands of Landsat 8, bands 3, 4 and 5 are layered on top of each other and the NDVI image is produced using bands 4 and 5. The FVC image is obtained using the NDVI image. FVC is calculated by considering the fraction of vegetation in the area. The split window algorithm uses the FVC image to generate the land surface emissivity (LSE) image. The LSE image measures the internal characteristics of the Land surface, which shows the ability to convert thermal energy into radiant energy. Estimating land surface emissivity (LSE) requires soil and vegetation emissivity for bands 10 and 11. LSE images from bands 10 and 11 are obtained separately and then the average and difference of LSE are calculated. The NDVI image is classified into soil and vegetation and is obtained separately for soil and vegetation. Landsat 8 has two TIRS bands. TB, or brightness temperature, is estimated for bands 10 and 11. The thermal calibration process is done by converting thermal digital numerical values (DN) of thermal bands 10 and 11 of the TIRS meter to spectral radiance of the atmosphere (TOA) and then to TB. Finally, LST is estimated using SW, TB, average LSE, LSE difference and water vapor constant.

    Results and discussion

    The results showed that the temperature of the Land surface calculated by the Mono-window and Split-window method compared to the air temperature calculated in the desired weather station showed a difference of 5.1 and 1.7 degrees Celsius respectively. Therefore, it can be said that the Split window method has higher accuracy and the temperature obtained from it is more consistent with the actual temperature.The regression analysis between the results obtained from these two algorithms for LST shows the value of R2 equal to 0.96, as shown in Figure 8.The close correlation between the LST retrieved using the Split window algorithm, with the LST retrieved from the Mono window algorithm, shows that they can be transferred with a small accuracy error.The difference in LST estimation from Mono-window and Split-window algorithms can be attributed to the spectral bands and atmospheric water vapor content used in LST retrieval. The SW algorithm uses two spectral bands (band 10 and 11) with wavelengths of approximately 11 and 12 μm, while the Mono-window algorithm uses one spectral band (band 10) with a wavelength of approximately 11.5 μm to retrieve LST.  In addition, the SW Split window algorithm uses the water vapor content of the atmosphere, which represents the true value of the prevailing conditions at the site. On the other hand, the water vapor content of the atmosphere is not used in the Mono window algorithm. The water vapor content of the atmosphere is a sensitive parameter that affects the climate and the temperature of the Land surface. Since two spectral bands are used in the SW algorithm to determine the emission rate and brightness temperature, and these values are used together with the atmospheric water vapor content in LST retrieval, the SW algorithm is able to record the conditions in the region more accurately. and provide better results compared to the Mono window algorithm.

    Conclusion

    The results showed that the air temperature calculated by the Mono window and Split window method compared to the air temperature calculated in the desired weather station shows a difference of 1.7 and 5.1 degrees centigrade on average, respectively. Therefore, it can be said that the Split window method has a higher accuracy and the obtained temperature is more consistent with the actual temperature. The calculated LST values ​​can differ by up to 5 degrees Celsius with the observed air temperature measurement at the station. In the parts covered with greenery, there are low LST values, while in the southeast with barren lands, non-cultivable lands and urban areas, there are high LST values. The results of this research can provide planners and experts with useful information about the temperature status of different regions where the possibility of building weather stations is impossible, and identifying regions with the potential to create thermal islands and its relationship with land use. and provide protection of natural resources.

    Keywords: Land surface temperature, Landsat 8 satellite images, Split Window Algorithm, Mono window algorithm, Mashhad city
  • Hamid Ganjaeian *, Fatemeh Menbari, Afshan Ghasemi, Mozhgan Nosrati Pages 75-86
    Introduction

    Subsidence risk, unlike many risks such as floods and earthquakes, is insignificant and in the long run causes a lot of damage such as cracking of buildings, sloping of high facilities, destruction of agricultural lands, subsidence, etc. So the areas at risk are facing a lot of challenges. Among the areas that are at risk of subsidence are the plains of arid and semi-arid regions, including the plains of Iran. In fact, the location of a large part of Iran in the arid and semi-arid region has caused these areas to face a shortage of surface water resources, and this has led to overuse of groundwater resources in recent years and the occurrence of the risk has subsided. One of the areas that is at risk of subsidence is Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain in Hamadan province. Due to the lack of limiting geomorphological barriers, this plain has been associated with the development of many agricultural lands and due to the lack of sufficient surface water resources, the utilization of groundwater resources in this plain has been more than allowed and this has caused a decline. Extreme groundwater resources in this area and eventually the risk of subsidence. Due to the importance of the issue, in this study, the subsidence of Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain has been evaluated and the effective factors in its occurrence have been analyzed.

    Materials and methods

    In this study, in accordance with the subject and objectives, statistical information (information about 13 piezometric wells in the study area), library and video (radar images related to Sentinel 1 satellite, Landsat satellite images and also 30 m high digital model SRTM) has been used as research data. The tools used in the research include GMT software (to prepare subsidence mapping using radar interference and Russian SBAS time series method), Google Earth (to monitor area and identify subsidence) and ArcGIS (to prepare final maps). According to the objectives, this research has been done in three stages. In the first stage, using the digital model of 30 m altitude SRTM and Landsat satellite images, the geomorphological status and land use of the region have been studied. In the second stage, in the second stage, using information related to 13 piezometric wells, the groundwater depletion situation of the region was investigated and in the third stage, using Sentinel 1 radar images and SBAS time series method, the amount was evaluated. Subsidence of Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain has been studied.

     Discussion and results

    The study of the altitude situation of the region shows that there is a very small difference in height between the cities of Kaboudar Ahang and Famenin and also there are no significant obstacles and landforms in this distance. Also, the study of the slope classes of the region shows that the area of Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain is less than 10% in the slope class and the region does not have steep and restrictive areas. According to the prepared maps, Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain, in terms of geomorphology, has no limiting obstacles for the development of agricultural lands as well as residential areas. In fact, the lack of restrictive barriers has led to the development of agricultural lands in this region, especially irrigated agricultural lands in recent years, and this has led to excessive pressure on groundwater resources in recent years. The results of the study of the decline in groundwater resources in the region indicate that the rate of decline in water levels during a period of 24 years has been between 14.7 (Hemehkasi well) to 78.1 (Einabad well) meters. Also, according to the calculations, most of the studied wells have faced an average of more than 2 meters of water level drop annually. Also, the results of the assessment of subsidence in the region indicate that the study area has had a subsidence of 29 to 216 mm during a period of 5 years (from 16/01/2015 to 14/01/2020).

    Conclusion

    The results of studying the natural state of Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain have shown that this plain has a high subsidence potential due to its geomorphological and hydro-climatic conditions. In fact, in terms of geomorphological status, this plain is without limiting obstacles for the development of agricultural lands, and this issue has led to the development of irrigated agricultural lands regardless of environmental capabilities, including the hydro-climatic situation of the region. According to the above cases, the development of agricultural lands, regardless of the capacity of water resources in the region, has led to over-harvesting of groundwater resources and as a result, a sharp drop in groundwater levels Based on the results of the evaluation of 13 wells studied, most of the studied wells, with an average annual water level drop of more than 2 meters and this issue has caused the Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain during The 5-year period (from 16/01/2015 to 14/01/2020) should have a subsidence of 29 to 216 mm. Also, the results of the study of the spatial distribution of subsidence have shown that the highest amount of subsidence is related to the middle areas of the region and the distance between Kaboudar Ahang and Famenin cities, and considering that in these areas there was the highest level of groundwater loss, Therefore, it can be said that the main cause of subsidence in the region has been a sharp decline in groundwater resources. The sum of the results of this study has shown that Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain is in danger of subsidence and this issue has led to the emergence of numerous depressions in this plain which is a serious threat to human facilities and habitat.

    Keywords: Subsidence, SBAS time series, Kaboudar Ahang-Famenin plain
  • Mostafa Mohamadi Dehcheshme *, Sohrab Ghaedi, Fereshteh Shanbehpoor Pages 87-101
    Introduction

    Climate change is the greatest threat to humanity, because it is the main factor in increasing the frequency and severity of atmospheric events such as droughts, floods, heat waves, etc. that are experienced today. Climate change can cause a wide range of environmental problems, including severe drought and water scarcity, crop loss, and increased socioeconomic consequences. One way to identify climate change is to evaluate climate and temperature indicators. Based on statistical tests and time series of occurrence of these parameters in the long run, the status of change and its trend can be identified. Given the importance of the impact of climate change on all sectors, the study of the consequences of these changes requires the study of all sectors and effective factors with a systemic approach. One of the concerns of human society is the changes that have caused climate change due to global warming. In this regard, given the importance of climate change on all sectors, the study of the consequences of these changes requires the study of all sectors and factors with a systemic approach. Considering the importance of climate change and its effects, this study seeks to answer the following questions by considering important climatic parameters and vulnerable urban dimensions (economic, social, political, environmental):1- The trend of climate change changes (Temperature and rainfall, humidity, wind speed) what is it like in Ahvaz?2- What is the causal relationship between the causes of climate change and vulnerable sectors in the city of Ahvaz? 3- What are the effects and consequences of climate change on the city of Ahvaz?

    Materials & Methods

    The research methodology is based on statistical tests and qualitative modeling with a systemic approach. The present study analyzes the trend of changes in climatic parameters including temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, and wind speed for a period of 30 years (1991-2020) in Ahvaz using the statistical Mann-Kendall Test was examined. Then, using the science of system dynamics, the causal relationships between variables and structural modeling of the consequences of climate change in Vensim software are investigated. The main stage of using the system dynamics approach is to try to understand and identify the feedback loops of the system under study, for which purpose diagrams of causal loops are drawn. In this study, inputs are the factors that shape climate change are factors that affect the city system. System outputs will be the consequences of climate change.

    Results & Discussion

    Based on the results of the analysis of the trend of climatic parameters, the city of Ahvaz in the study period has faced an increase in temperature, increase in relative humidity, decrease in wind speed, and decrease in rainfall. During the 30-year trend (1991-2020), the average rainfall has been (226) mm, each year (1.32) mm, has decreased and followed a downward trend. The average temperature has been (25.38) degrees Celsius, it has increased every year (by 0.051) degrees, which shows an increasing trend over 30 years. Based on the results, the average relative humidity was (41.1), which increased every year (0.007). Also, according to the results, the average wind speed is (2.65 m/s) and has decreased by about (0.018) every year. Therefore, the wind speed shows a decreasing trend over 30 years. Given that climate change refers to the spatial-temporal changes in the long-term average of climatic elements, the results of this study clearly showed that climatic parameters (temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed) in the study area have undergone fundamental changes. The consequences of climate change on all economic, social, political, and environmental aspects were evaluated. The results of qualitative modeling and causal relationship showed that climate change in Ahwaz has a direct impact on different sectors of water resources, agricultural production, and energy consumption. Variables of (reduction of water reserves upstream, extreme heat waves) are the most important leverage points of the model. Different outcomes have complex interactions with each other in such a way that they affect different economic, social, environmental, and political dimensions and ultimately intensify each other's effects on reducing the quality of life and increasing climate migration.

    Conclusion

    As a result, climate change has consequences such as increasing unemployment, reducing the quality of life, reducing urban resilience, and ultimately increasing climate migration in the city of Ahvaz, and the urban environment is not equipped to adapt to climate change.

    Keywords: Climate change, Mann Kendall Test, system dynamics, Vensim Software, Ahvaz
  • Nastaran Nazariani *, Asghar Fallah Pages 103-118
    Introduction

     Estimation of forest habitat characteristics is a necessary issue in order to collect information for sustainable forest management (Ahmadi et al., 2020). Data collection methods require a lot of time and money. Therefore, it is always tried to use complementary methods, with lower costs and acceptable accuracy, using the achievements obtained in various scientific fields (Sivanpillai et al., 2006). Sentinel 2 is a new generation optical satellite for Earth monitoring developed by the European Space Agency with new spectral capabilities, wide coverage and good spatial and temporal resolution for data continuity and enhanced Landsat and Spot missions (Wang et al., 2017). When the size of the population is not very large, the application of each of the simple random, classification and systematic methods leads to a more or less similar result. But when the size of the community increases, these methods are associated with problems such as: preparing a sampling framework, high cost of surveying sample units with high dispersion and preparing a sampling plan from units far from each other (Zubair, 2007). The cluster method is one of the recommended methods for large areas in which instead of one sample plot, several sample plots are harvested in one part of the study area (Yim et al., 2015). Among the researches done on the mentioned subjects are the research of Kleinn (1994), Ismaili et al. (1396), Behera et al. (2021), Sibanda et al. (2021), Praticò et al. (2021), Nazariani et al. (1400) and Dabija et al. (2021). Although studies on estimating quantitative forest characteristics using distance measurement data and nonparametric algorithms in Zagros forests may have been done extensively, the effect of main and artificial bands to estimate canopy characteristics and density (number Per hectare) using Sentinel 2 images in the forests of Watershed Orfi Olad Ghobad Koohdasht with the aim of selecting the optimal cluster design to save time and money to achieve forest inventory has not been reported, so in this study, we tried to investigate this issue.

    Materials and methods

     In order to conduct the present study, a part of the Zagros forests located 35 km north of Koohdasht city, named Watershed Olad Ghobad was selected. Sampling points were determined in a regular-random manner using a grid with dimensions of 600 × 500 meters. Then, at each sampling point, 16 different cluster sampling designs with four circular and square subplots were designed and implemented. The radius of the circular subplots was 15 meters, the diameter of the square sample was 37 meters and the distance between the subplots was 60 meters. Then, the information on the characteristics of the number per hectare and canopy of trees including the number, of two large and small canopy diameters per sample was measured. In this study, Sentinel 2 sensor images related to August 6, 2021, equivalent to summer 1400, were used at the L1C correction level. This level of correction is geometrically error-free due to the reference ground and because their reflection is at the upper level of the atmosphere. In the present study, four bands (2-blue band, 3-green band, 4-red band, and 8-near-infrared band) of this sensor with a resolution of 10 meters were used. In general, Sentinel 2 image preprocessing operations involve radiometric and geometric correction. The image processing also includes various operations such as grading, texture analysis, band integration, and fabrication of plant features (Naghavi, 2014). In addition to the main bands, artificial bands were created by applying appropriate processing, which was used in the modeling process. Spectral values ​​equivalent to ground plots were extracted from the main and artificial bands and used as an independent variable in the models. In order to evaluate and fit the regression models, 25% of the data were randomly selected (Lu et al, 2004) and excluded from the evaluation data set. The validity of statistical models was evaluated using the coefficient of determination of the mean squared error squared, bias, mean squared error, and squared percentage. In total, ArcGIS software was used to implement the sample parts on the image, ENVI software was used for image processing and STATISTICA software was used for modeling.

    Results

    In this method, during data validation, the results showed the characteristic of number per hectare of cluster 16 and the characteristic of canopy cover of cluster 15 with a coefficient of explanation (0.66) and (0.59), respectively, it has the highest accuracy. The results obtained from the application of the nearest neighbor algorithm with four criteria of Euclidean distance, Euclidean square, Manhattan, and Chapichev showed that for the number of characteristics per hectare, the Euclidean distance criterion with cluster 16 and for the canopy characteristic of the Euclidean distance criterion with cluster three, respectively (R2 = 0.59 and RMSE=5.70%) and (R2 = 0.62 and RMSE= 12.30%). The accuracy and efficiency of the support vector machine algorithm are influenced by the type of kernel used. The results of different kernels by considering different cluster sampling designs in the backup vector machine method showed for the characteristic number of linear kernel trees and 13 cluster sampling designs with an explanation coefficient of 0.72 and for the canopy characteristic. The linear kernel and the cluster sampling design of seven with a coefficient of determination of 0.65 have the best results. Evaluation of the artificial neural network model showed that the MLP algorithm is more suitable than the RBF algorithm in estimating the studied characteristics with its high accuracy and average squared percentage. Based on this, among the 16 designs used with the MLP algorithm, they showed the most suitable results for the number of characteristics per hectare of cluster six with a coefficient of reflection of 0.86 and for the canopy characteristic of cluster 10 with a coefficient of reflection of 0.76, respectively. Based on the values ​​of the coefficient of explanation and the lowest squared percentage of the mean squares of error, the most appropriate model was selected from the four types of algorithms studied in modeling and the results showed both characteristics of the artificial neural network model respectively (with MLP algorithms MLP 80-20-1 and MLP 80-11-1) presented optimal results with explanation coefficients of 0.86 and 0.76.

    Discussion and conclusion

    The modeling results with four studied algorithms for the canopy characteristic showed that the artificial neural network model algorithm with a cluster sampling design of 10 with an explanation coefficient of 0.76 was the most suitable method. The results are consistent with the study (Yim et al., 2015;) and show the superiority of using cluster sampling, nonparametric modeling of the artificial neural networks and Sentinel 2 images in the structure of the forest ecosystem. Yim et al. (2015) acknowledged that in natural environments, the correlation between sub-plots and habitat conditions in terms of their shape and size should be more sensitive to forest structure. According to the study of Sivanpillai et al. (2006) in poorer masses, due to the presence of more gaps in the canopy, absorption and distribution occur. In contrast, Dabija et al. (2021) compared support vector machine and stochastic forest algorithms for canopy mapping using Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 satellite imagery to evaluate regional and spatial classification and development in three different regions. Catalonia, Poland, and Romania paid. The results showed that Sentinel-2 satellite images were better than Landsat 8 data inaccuracy (8-10%) in land cover classification and radial-based support vector algorithm than in random forest with accuracy (6-7%). Function. Nazariani et al. (1400) also had the stochastic forest algorithm as the most suitable model for estimating the canopy characteristic, which is not consistent with the results of the present study. The reason for the difference can be found in the type of algorithm obtained and the accuracy achieved.

    Keywords: cluster sampling, Non-Parametric Method, Olad Ghobad Forest, Random Forest, Remote Sensing
  • Hadiseh Sabzi Sorkhani *, Abdollah Faraji, Hossein Asakereh Pages 119-135
    Introduction

    Climatic conditions have a significant impact on human living conditions and comfort. From the earliest times, humans have reacted to fluctuations in weather conditions  Therefore, it has designed its living environment in accordance with the climatic conditions. One of the most important measures in identifying a comfortable climate is to assess the conditions of the human living environment. Which determines the level of human comfort in the environment.  Meteorological variables and bioclimatic indicators are needed to assess the conditions of human comfort in the environment.. Therefore, urban planners and regional planners need useful and at the same time practical indicators in order to optimize the environment and determine the best time for human comfort. Human comfort conditions provide very good information for planners by evaluating bioclimatic indicators. The information obtained from this research provides appropriate suggestions and strategies for improving the situation in each region. To know the range of comfort climate (optimal and optimal climate) can not be enough to describe the climatic elements of the region, including temperature, humidity, wind and radiation. Rather, the type of climate in terms of comfort or lack of thermal and climatic comfort should be determined quantitatively in the form of a general indicator and a combination of all these climatic elements. Many factors affect the tourism industry, one of the most important of which is the climate. Climate plays a role as one of the most important local resources in the tourism industry. Awareness of climatic comfort plays an important role in human life and activities, and physiological comfort is closely related to climatic factors. Therefore, the study of climatic parameters affecting the climatic comfort of work seems necessary.Gilan province is one of the most populous regions of the country and ranks first in the country in terms of population density. In addition to various economic activities, this province hosts millions of people from all over the country every year due to the existence of various attractions (especially the Caspian Sea). And it is one of the touristic provinces of the country And studying the climate comfort of this province can be an important step in planning for tourist reception and its requirements. In this study, the climatic comfort of Gilan province has been studied.

    Materals and methods

    For this purpose, climatic data from 11 synoptic stations (Rasht, Astara, Anzali, Deilman, Kiashahr, Lahijan, Manjil, Masouleh, Jirandeh, Talesh and Rudsar) including monthly average temperature, average maximum and minimum temperature in degrees Celsius, The monthly average of relative humidity as a percentage, the average of sunny hours and the number of rainy days during the statistical period of 1995 to 2020 have been received from the Meteorological Organization of the country. Then in SPSS software, Excel database was created  And processed the data and calculated the average of all the mentioned parameters on a monthly basis And deficiencies were corrected And through the Tourism Climate Comfort Index (TCCI), the calculations are performed And after sorting and analyzing the climatic conditions, the study area has been studied Thus, based on the Tourism Climate Comfort Index (TCCI), zoning maps of the province were drawn in GIS software . Finally, the results are analyzed and interpreted as maps.

    Results and discussion

    April, south of the province (Manjil), May, center, Caspian Sea coast, part of the northeast and south of the province (Rasht, Anzali, Lahijan, Deilman, Jirandeh), August, east of the province (Rudsar), September, center , East and part of the south of the province (Rasht, Rudsar, Deilman) and October, south of the province (Jirandeh) has pleasant and favorable conditions. All tourism activities are recommended to tourists.

    Conclusion

    The results of the conducted investigations show the existence of various types of comfortable weather conditions for tourism in Gilan province. The months of May and June in most parts of the province have very favorable and pleasant conditions and the climatic conditions are suitable for all kinds of tourism activities. In the cold season of the year (January, February and December) in all parts of the province (especially the high areas such as Dilman and Masuleh, etc.), very unfavorable (cold) conditions prevail, and in the hot season of the year (July and August) the conditions are It is very unfavorable (heat) in most of the studied areas (especially coastal areas due to high humidity). All in all, in this research, all kinds of tourism activities have been targeted according to each season and each region

    Keywords: Zoning, Climate, Physiological Comfort, Water Comfort, Air Tourism Index (TCCI), Gilan
  • MohammadHassan Nami Pages 137-147
    Introduction

    Gradual changes in climate systems and patterns such as temperature, humidity, cloudiness, and wind and precipitation patterns affect type of climate in different areas. The climate of lagoons is especially sensitive and easily affected by climate changes. Critical ecosystems of lagoons protect biodiversity and have various tourism, economical, ecological, environmental and social values. Located in JazMurian basin, JazMurian wetland is frequently affected by wet years and droughts. However, repeated droughts and loss of freshwater have resulted in the wetland drying out. The dried out water body not only affects plant and animal life, but also acts as a dust emission center.

    Material and Methods

    Three scenarios of emission (A2, A1B, B1) in medium-term (2046-2065) and long-term (2080-2100) are used in the present study to evaluate climate changes in JazMurian basin. Related data have been collected from Iranshahr synoptic station in the east and JiroftMianDeh in the west during 1990-2010 statistical period. The output of HADCM3 model has been downscaled using LARS-WG statistical model and minimum/maximum temperature, and monthly precipitation of the synoptic stations were analyzed.

    Discussion

    Evaluation of LARS-WG model proved that monthly and annual average of minimum and maximum temperature in all modeling scenarios are higher than the observation period. The highest and lowest temperature increase will occur in A2 (business as usual) and B1 (the most environmental) scenarios. The highest increase in monthly average of maximum temperature will occur in Iranshahr station during the long-term A2 scenario (4.3 for maximum temperature in April and 4.6 for minimum temperature in May). In Iranshahr station, the highest increase in monthly average of maximum temperature predicted for the medium-term A2 scenario will equal 2.5 ° in April. In both scenarios, the lowest increase in monthly average of maximum temperature in Iranshahr will occur in October.According to all scenarios, precipitation will decrease in January and December. An increase in precipitation is recorded during March and October in Iranshahr station, and during February in Jiroft. Thus, changes will mainly occur in Mediterranean winter precipitation in thestudy area, while negligible changes will occur in monsoon precipitation during summer. Precipitation modeling shows higher precipitation fluctuation in long-term scenario compared to the basic statistical period. Long-term A 1B and B1 scenarios have predicted a small increase in precipitation of both stations compared to the basic statistical period. A2 scenario has shown a small decrease in precipitation during the same period. Modelling based on B1 scenario has indicated that the region will experience a higher increase in precipitation in long-term future (2080-2100) compared to the medium-term future (2046-2065), while the other two scenarios have predicted a lower increase in precipitation of the same period. Medium-term B1 scenario has predicted a lower annual precipitation average compared to the observation period. Results indicated that in accordance with the B1 scenario, Iran will experience the lowest level of precipitation during the 21 century in the medium-term period.

    Conclusion

    Investigating various meteorological parameters in western and eastern borders of JazMorian basin has predicted 1.5° to 2.1° increase in average temperature during the future 50 years, and 2.4° to 3.9° increase in average temperature during the future 100 years. Moreover, results indicated that changes will mostly occur in winter precipitation, and summer time changes will be negligible. All things considered, all scenarios have predicted lower precipitation for eastern parts of JazMurian compared to the western parts.

    Keywords: climate changes, prediction, JazMurian basin, LARS-WG
  • MohammadHassan Yazdani *, Ata Ghaffarigilande, Farahnaz Veismoradi Pages 149-163
    Introduction

    A crisis is a crisis that threatens our country due to special geographical conditions. According to official statistics in the last 29 years, 1% of the country's human casualties were caused by earthquakes, and on average every year an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 on the Richter scale occurs in the country for 11 years (Attar), 2012: 8).From the point of view of geology, Iran has a zone of lithological structure such as Central Iran, Zagros, Northeastern Iran, Northwestern Iran and Azerbaijan zone, which the thrust and elevated structure of Zagros is considered as one of the most active of these zones. It includes faults such as Sahne, Durood, Qala Hatem. The seismic characteristics of Zagros show that compared to other structural zones, the frequency of earthquakes is high. The central Iranian and Arabian plates are constantly pressing on the Zagros region, and this is the reason why more earthquakes occur in Zagros than in other regions. The studied area of ​​Kermanshah region is an earthquake zone in terms of seismicity. This province, which is located in the Zagros region, has high seismic activity. These earthquakes usually occur around known seismic faults in the province, including the High Zagros Fault (High Zagros Fault, 2014: 114). Despite numerous researches in the field of locating temporary accommodation on the subject of seismic vulnerability, its suitable and usable place after the earthquake with the approach of crisis management in urban areas has received less attention. The city of Kermanshah is a prone region in terms of earthquakes, and due to its location in a geographical area with a high risk of earthquakes, knowing the vulnerable and resistant areas and planning for the correct and appropriate location of temporary accommodation in time The occurrence of an earthquake is necessary to prevent or reduce the possible danger in this city. This research is complementary to the previous research and with more effective criteria and indicators by providing a practical, efficient, simple and logical method for locating temporary accommodation in order to prepare the city with their specific complexity in responding to crises caused by earthquakes. Is. As an example, the Ezgele earthquake in Kermanshah in 2016 with a magnitude of 3.7 on the Richter scale occurred 11 km from Ezgele section and 32 km from Sarpol-Zahab city, which killed and injured more than 12 thousand people. And since then, due to the lack of single policies in the field of emergency, temporary and permanent housing, problems have been created for housing people. Therefore, the existence of a suitable place to live in Sharat after natural hazards, especially earthquakes, is essential for the city of Kermanshah. The present study, taking into account the stages of crisis management of an earthquake-prone city, tries to address the problem of locating suitable spaces for the construction of temporary accommodation camps.

    Methodology

    This research is of an applied type and according to the investigated components, the approach that governs it is the descriptive-analytical method. The aim of the present research is to analyze the important and influential criteria for the correct location of temporary accommodation in Kermanshah city. In order to achieve this goal, in accordance with the objectives of the research, the required information has been collected using library research, documents and interviews with experts, and then the criteria used for positioning have been selected based on the positioning criteria. The current approach to spatial analysis has been carried out by using the weighted sum model and the ranking method and ArcGIS software.

    Results

    -Road situation: The analysis of the results of the Kermanshah city situation based on the road access index using GIS analysis software shows that 75% of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 7% is in the low vulnerability zone, and 5% is in the vulnerability zone. On average, 3% is in the high vulnerability zone and 10% is in the very high vulnerability zone.Population density: Examining the results of the state of Kermanshah city based on the population density index using GIS analysis-mapping software, shows that 27% of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 27% in the low vulnerability zone, 26% in the medium vulnerability zone. 11% is in the high vulnerability zone and 10% is in the very high vulnerability zone.Location to administrative, law enforcement and military centers: Examining the results of Kermanshah city status based on the index of access to administrative, law enforcement and military centers using GIS software, shows that 7% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 12% in the vulnerability zone low, 13% in the medium vulnerability zone, 12% in the high vulnerability zone and 57% in the very high vulnerability zone.The location of fire stations: the analysis of the results of Kermanshah city based on the index of access to fire stations using GIS analysis software shows that 2 percent of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 5 percent in the low vulnerability zone, 8 percent in In the medium vulnerability zone, 32% is in the high vulnerability zone and 53% is in the very high vulnerability zone.Land slope: This criterion is measured by the slope index. Examining the results of Kermanshah city status based on the land slope index using GIS analytical-mapping software, shows that 46% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 33% in the low vulnerability zone, 11% in the medium vulnerability zone, 6% in the vulnerability zone. high and 4% is in the zone of very high vulnerability.Distance from flood-prone areas: The evaluation of the results of Kermanshah city status based on the index of distance from flood-prone areas using GIS analysis-mapping software shows that 16% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 11% in the low vulnerability zone, 19% in the low vulnerability zone. In the zone of moderate vulnerability, 25% is in the zone of high vulnerability and 29% is in the zone of very high vulnerability.Distance from hazardous facilities: To measure this criterion, the indicators of electrical facilities, gasoline pumps, gas pumps and gas pressure reduction stations have been used in terms of their functional nature and hazard. Analyzing the results of the state of Kermanshah city based on the index of distance from dangerous facilities using GIS analytical-mapping software, it shows that 13% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 12% in the low vulnerability zone, 25% in the medium vulnerability zone. 34% is in the zone of high vulnerability and 16% is in the zone of very high vulnerability.Status of water sources: The results of Kermanshah city situation based on the index of access to water resources using GIS analysis-mapping software show that 9% of the city is in the very low vulnerability zone, 17% in the low vulnerability zone, and 15% in the vulnerability zone. On average, 32% is in the high vulnerability zone and 27% is in the very high vulnerability zone.Location to power sources Construction of camps and temporary accommodation sites in the power transmission routes due to the provision of lighting and the use of heating devices. The evaluation of the results of the status of Kermanshah city based on the index of access to electricity resources using GIS analytical-mapping software shows that 9% of the city area is in the very low vulnerability zone, 8% in the low vulnerability zone, 8% in the medium vulnerability zone, 26% in The zone of high vulnerability and 49% is placed in the zone of very high vulnerability.The final map of the optimal location of temporary accommodation bases after defining the important criteria and analyzing the indicators in the studied area is as follows: The results of the combination of 9 indicators in the city of Kermanshah indicate that 1% of the city area In the area of ​​very low desirability, 11% is in the area of ​​low desirability, 37% is in the area of ​​medium desirability, 38% is in the area of ​​high desirability, and 13% is in the area of ​​very high desirability.

     Discussion & Conclusions

    In this research, according to the nature of the research and examination of the environmental conditions of Kermanshah city and the important indicators that are selected and evaluated according to the topic. After examining the determining and influencing factors on the temporary accommodation system and identifying the factors, the results were 9 indicators, which should be applied in the present study with general and specific evaluations (relative to the conditions of the study area). It became a scientific source of consolidation.Investigating and identifying the most accurate features in choosing the location of safe shelters: (slope, access to roads, distance from centers and management, access to firefighting centers, access to water and electricity sources, distance from flood-prone areas, and distance of dangerous risks) is considered And the results of the research showed that the important criteria and options in choosing the right place for temporary accommodation are centers that are identified as the best places that are far from the river and sensitive and dangerous uses such as gas stations and pressure lines. It should be maintained strong and close to essential service centers such as medical centers and fire stations, provided with water and electricity sources, accessible by communication lines, and the probability of damage and blocking of roads should be low. Examining the points selected in the final map shows that in the city of Kermanshah, these points are suitable for use according to important criteria such as: accessibility, distance from sensitive uses, proximity to service areas and distance from flood prone areas. It is in critical condition. The results of the current research show the capability of multi-criteria decision-making methods and geographic information system in identifying areas prone to temporary settlement. Therefore, according to the findings and results of this research, it is suggested that relevant organs, departments and organizations such as the municipality, the governorate, the crisis management center of the Kermanshah Fire Organization, etc., by creating comprehensive and updated databases of all details and elements A city based on the geographic information system should always be prepared for the temporary settlement of the population in the wake of the earthquake crisis. -Preparation of basic and suitable infrastructures for selected sites such as sanitary facilities, water sources, lighting system, etc., so that in case of an earthquake, it has the necessary conditions to accommodate the population, and the need to spend time for not provide these services. Accommodation centers should be located near roads that provide access to different parts on the one hand, and on the other hand, the probability of damage and blockage of these roads is low so that the risk of cutting off access, accommodation, relief and rescue operations does not stop. Zagros seismic zone has its own seismic mechanism. The fault systems and the earthquakes that occurred there follow the special pattern of the Zagros earthquake province, so planning and management should be done by evaluating the existing conditions and taking into account all the conditions of the region and the needs of the people. be carefully examined.

    Keywords: Location, Temporary Accommodation, crisis management, Earthquake, GIS, Kermanshah