فصلنامه روش شناسی علوم انسانی
پیاپی 113 (زمستان 1401)

Although the Walras's framework, as the basis of the micro theory of neoclassical economics in explaining the basis of "economic value", includes the preferences of economic actors (with the nature of subjective categories) in its calculations, But because it considers these preferences fixed, ranked and unrelated to the actions of other people; inevitably, it assigns some value to different goods, which can be considered as the concrete and inherent value of the goods. In this view, money is taken as a secondary entity and merely a counter of the intrinsic value of goods, which facilitates the exchange of goods with intrinsic values as a "neutral medium". On the contrary, in this research, in order to provide an alternative explanation of value and money, a sociological approach is invoked. The specific question of the current research is whether each product has a unique intrinsic and fundamental value? To answer this question, a sociological understanding of economic man has been presented in such a way that if human action is analyzed in the context of society, inherently different results will be obtained. The result of the research indicated that value is not an objective reality separate from the exchange and an intrinsic property of the commodity, but the value is a mental idea arising from collective action and judgment. It is money that can visualize the valuation of goods and facilitate market exchanges by referring to price sets. The feature of money is that it embodies the concept of economic value and, consequently, markets were born. The main implication: contrary to the neoclassical theoretical framework, The intrinsic and fundamental value of a commodity has no place in alternative theory

According to Kuhn, science in general has a paradigm that comprises three elements, namely, epistemology, ontology, methodology. The simplicity paradigm was formed after the Renaissance based on the ideas of Descartes and Newton. The method of understanding was based on the reduction of each phenomenon to its components. From the second half of the nineteenth century, with the discovery of irregular phenomena, quantum theories, and chaos, simplification was challenged and a new approach called the "complexity paradigm" was formed.
 The neoclassical, as the representative of the economic mainstream, is dominated by simplicity. New Institutional Economics (NIE) as the dominant institutional approach has a corrective (rather than critical) approach to neoclassical. This issue, in combination with the diverse and complex institutional structures in different societies, defines the purpose of this study to examine the components of complexity in NIE. Scholars introduce these institutions as the structure, rules of interaction, and patterns that govern human life. The findings show that institutional ontology is a complex realism and its methodology is pluralistic. The use of institutions to reduce uncertainty in combination with different mental models suggests that this approach benefits from both objectivism and subjectivism. Given the role of institutions in interaction, it is clear that the Inter- Objectivity of knowledge and strategy is emphasized by institutionalists. Consistent with the results, the NIE is influenced by the complexity.

The uniqueness of futures studies epistemology, the nascent nature of transdisciplinary disciplines and the lack of literature in the field of its methodology, has led to a lack of proper integration in this field. For this reason, futures studies methodology, like the field itself, has undergone many changes in the last two decades. Due to this serious weakness, the present study seeks to examine the methodology and construction of a desirable and efficient research design tailored to the growing needs of futures studies to prevent confusion among researchers. Major scientific studies in the field of futures studies methodology focus on distinct methods and their implementation; While methodology in futures studies is not an end in itself, it is used to guide appropriate approaches to mapping reality, that is, the future. In this article, with a focus on descriptive-analytical methodology, a systematic study for the development of research methodology based on the research onion model is conducted and the relationship and adaptation of this model for future research are examined. The present article outlines and explains nine stages of methodological development and construction of a research design for future studies, which begins with the definition of a philosophical position and gradually leads to the construction of a research design.

Three intellectuals in entrepreneurship made effective developments in the economy. Neo-classical entrepreneurship with complete rationality and market in equilibrium promises to accept the environmental impact on business. In the critique of the process, Austrian entrepreneurship, by planning the market in equilibrium with entrepreneurial vigilance, considers the opportunity to profit for the entrepreneur. The new institutionalism approach with the design of official and informal institutions and entrepreneurial contracts in the institutional environment attracted attention to productive and destructive entrepreneurship. This paper seeks to introduce new institutionalism, with the theory of ethnic entrepreneurship activity in the form of a united commercial network with ethnic identity and culture, paying attention to confidence among ethnicities for the opportunity to profit and productive entrepreneurship for underdeveloped countries. The results indicate the usefulness of this theory and its application to less developed countries in creating sustainable growth and development for the entrepreneurial environment.

Scientific research includes philosophical, procedural, and ethical steps, and studies with a positivist philosophical premise, which show the recent meta-method reviews, still include a share of more than 70% of studies in humanities and social sciences. From a comparative point of view, it dictates a quantitative approach to researchers. In this approach, entering the field of measurement and then discussing the identification of metrics and linking them with variables or at a more abstract level with structures is, if not the most important, one of the most prominent cases. The vagueness and conceptual immanence of these structures in these sciences makes it more and more difficult for researchers to fully realize validity and reliability. With a scientific review and in a narrative format, focusing on the reliability aspect and the generalizability aspect of the results, the researcher enumerates the weak but unfortunately very common indicators in Iran research literature. Then, with an evaluative and pathological point of view, it proposes a suitable solution to overcome this procedural structural weakness by analyzing and introducing a suitable and operational alternative for it, i.e. McDonald's Omega Coefficient. It was estimated that the results of the present study will create a stable and satisfying perspective in changing the viewpoint of researchers in related humanities fields.

Document-based historiography has a micro-partial approach to historical phenomena. This approach is a reaction to the dissatisfaction with the grand narratives of history, which leads to ignoring principal share of the historical elements of the nations to unify the analyses. The current research was the answer to a question in the field of methods, uses, and the place of these kinds of documents among historical references. Representing the importance and priority of family documents in sociological studies is the focal point of this study, which can lead to doubts in some presuppositions or ideas accepted by researchers. New pieces of evidence and documents and their interpretations were presented in this study in order, and new interpretations were put on these documents. The research method was descriptive and analytical based on library sources and extraction of textual data of family documents, which was analyzed by presenting scientific approaches and tried to describe the requirements and challenges of researchers in this field. Historiography based on family documents helps to obtain historical and cultural data rarely present in government and official histories and documents and is less relevant to critics and historians. Finally, this research is placed in the field of applied methodology and tries to practice the ways of dealing with and using historical and ethnic data of family documents.