مجله علوم سیاسی
پیاپی 58 (بهار 1401)

Multiplicity and diversity of challenges, crises, and conflicts among non-state and state actors have given rise to different shapes of diplomacy due to the nature of relationships among the parties. While the efficiency of formal diplomacy is under question particularly for those parties who face a lack of communications and formal relations, a two-track diplomacy will be a suitable alternative. Such technique requires the approval and sufficient support of all parties involved in order to overcome its challenges and unavoidable limitations and achieve the desirable results. The current research intends to answer the following question: what is the correlation between the use of two-track diplomacy and decrease in conflicts? The reason for selecting this issue is to analyze the role of two-track diplomacy in the context of the U.S.-Iran conflict seeing as there has been a scarcity of focus on this issue in past scholarships.The current research intends to articulate the hypothesis that two-track diplomacy has played a key role in decreasing conflicts within its capacity. This form of diplomacy has proven successful, on occasions, namely in bringing about the Iran nuclear deal and contributed to the change in atmosphere of bilateral conflicts.

Although the history of relations between Iran and Germany goes back to the Qajar era, but during the first Pahlavi period, it brought them closer together, and in the second Pahlavi period, there was an understanding Political and economic relations between the two governments developed in many regional and global issues. After the victory of the Iranian Islamic Revolution, with the occupation of the American embassy in Tehran and Iraq's imposed war against Iran, it affected the political relations of the two countries, although on the relations The economy of the parties did not leave much impact. Finding an answer to the question that the relationship between Iran and Germany from the first Pahlavi period to the end of the imposed war based on Stephen Walt's balance of threat theory forms the main goal of the article. The hypothesis of this article is based on the documentary method, relying on written library sources and inspired by Stephen Walt's balance of threat theory, based on the fact that during the Pahlavi dynasty, we see relatively growing relations, but after the victory of the revolution. Islam is a series of controversial issues such as Germany's role in Iraq's acquisition of chemical weapons, human rights, the existence of disputes over the Middle East peace process, Iran's nuclear program, support for some terrorist groups, and the negative role of the United States, in general, leading to a lack of relations It was stable between the parties.

By studying the participation of women in the history of societies, we find that women in most countries in different levels of participation، They did not have a major participation and their participation was usually at a low and middle level of political, social, cultural and economic activities, so it is necessary to examine the relationship between their presence and participation in different areas of society and its direct impact on political development. It is impossible for any society to achieve development without considering the conditions for women's participation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of women's participation and political development in Markazi province during the period of 2006-2017. The research was conducted by survey and the cluster sampling method from the statistical population of 448226 adult women For 18 years, the sample size has been determined based on Cochran's formula of 383 people. As a result of examining and testing the hypotheses of this research with the help of valid documents and the results of testing the hypotheses, there is a significant and direct relationship between the dependent variables of women's political, cultural, social participation and political development. Whenever women have awareness, security, trust, social capital, gender justice in the family and society, they have had a serious and active participation in all the mentioned fields, following the growth of civil society and overcoming obstacles. Political development has been observed according to the available documents, women's participation in Markazi province in the mentioned decade,

The unilateral withdrawal of the US Joint Action Plan (Brajam) was imposed on the Iranian government and nation away from unilateral pressure and sanctions. Former US President Trump, by complaining about the nuclear deal, applied a maximum pressure strategy to achieve his goals towards Iran. Credit sanctions on economic oppression and the provision of internal chaos and threatening to use coercive and military warfare as two major approaches to surrender and concession from Iran were on the agenda. The purpose of this analysis is to accommodate US military entry and attack on Iran before the 2024 presidential election. The main question is: Is there a possibility of a US military attack on Iran before the presidential election? The hypotheses that are answered by planning two scenarios, warfare factors and war deterrent factors, and on the other hand, referring to the opinions and opinions of international relations experts, on the priority, preference and power of influencing agents. The deterrent of the war as a barrier and an obstacle to the possibility of a military war against Iran. In this study, we use the analytical and qualitative method using statistics and direct interviews with international relations experts.

In Iran, from the second half of the nineteenth century onwards, while the modernist intellectuals who are familiar with the western culture, mainly look at modernization with the view of interaction and tolerance, and even tolerate its scientific and technological achievements, looked at the phenomenon and function of modernity and the vanguard of renewal with a view of error and opposition and considered it as an example of westernization. This essay tries to answer the question, "What was the quality of the intellectual confrontation of Iranian dissidents with regard to Orientalism and the arrival of modernism in the course of the 20th century?"

The methodological approach of this research is comparative and analytical and based on library sources.

Modernity in its nature promoted the propositions of individuality, civil freedom and the importance of law. It seems that the approach of Iranian intellectuals to Orientalism was twofold; parallel to the fascination of some progressives towards the West and the manifestations of modernity, who considered westernization from head to toe as a necessity for the development and progress of society; At the same time, Iran's traditionalist intellectuals considered the first group's point of view to be xenophobia, westernization, and a colonial conspiracy and denied any interaction and tolerance with the West. It seems that during the years leading to the Islamic Revolution, the discourse of the later group became more influential and remained the dominant discourse of Iranian society for many years.

Different countries use different military, political, cultural and economic levers to influence the international arena. In this field, the Islamic Republic of Iran, according to the characteristics of the revolution of 1357, by using the cultural lever by supporting the attraction and organization of Islamic groups, the conditions for exerting influence in regional countries such as Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, etc., within the framework of interests The people, the region and the Islamic world have prepared.This article is compiled with the aim of examining the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran in regional Islamic groups, especially Hashd al-Shaabi.In this research, this question will be answered; What is the effect of the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran on the Islamic factions of the Middle East region with a case study of Hashd al-Shaabi?research hypothesis; The soft power components of the Islamic Republic of Iran, such as culture, religious beliefs, and internal and external policies, have been effective in creating and strengthening Islamic groups in the region. The results obtained from the mentioned research show that the Islamic Republic of Iran has caused the resistance groups in the region, especially Hashd al-Shaabi, to change from a potential state to an actual one, and in ensuring the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran, especially in the fight against terrorism, Help with drug trafficking, human trafficking, etc.The method chosen in this article is descriptive and analytical, and the method of collecting materials is through a library.