نشریه مطالعات مدیریت توسعه سبز
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of green human resource management practices on turnover intention, emphasizing the mediating role of the work environment. The current research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of nature and method, which was carried out with a survey. The statistical population (300 people) were employees of Tandis Hospital in Tehran province, who were selected by simple random method and through Cochran's formula (169 people). The data collection tool was a questionnaire that had good validity and reliability. The results of hypothesis testing by SMART-PLS software and using t-test statistics and path coefficients (β) show that green human resource management practices have a weak, direct, negative and significant effect on turnover intention and on the work environment, It has a strong, direct and indirect, and positive and significant effect. The work environment has a weak, direct, negative and significant effect on turnover intention. Finally, the work environment can play a mediating role in influencing human resource management practices. Green represents turnover intention. According to the findings of the research, it can be stated that hospital managers can pay attention to green human resource management methods in order to reduce turnover intention. For this purpose, they can use the work environment as a mediator in reducing turnover intention.

Today, the oil and gas refining industries are one of the main energy sectors in the world that countries need in order to achieve development and increased production. Environmental pollution is one of the most important challenges facing human society in the present century. This study aimed to examine the environmental projects implemented in Fajr Gas Refinery Company based on field observations. Fajr Gas Refinery is located in the southeast of Bushehr port, adjacent to Khas district in Jam city, covering a distance of 290 kilometers. The present study aimed to examine the environmental measures taken by the refinery with the aim of reducing pollution to protect the environment, using a descriptive-analytical method and library and field notes as research data. The results of the study indicated that the environmental measures taken by the refinery could be categorized into four sections. In the wastewater section, measures such as constructing a drying bed in the flare area and eliminating overflow from the oil collection pond were taken. In the waste management section, waste sorting and fencing were implemented. Regarding air pollution reduction, an online analyzer was installed on the chimney stacks for waste incinerators and boilers. In addition, in terms of water resource management, measures were taken to construct Baghan dam and to install water meters on the water lines. The set of measures taken has resulted in the successful acquisition of various certifications by the refinery, including the Excellence Certificate in the first International Conference on Participatory Management and Proposals, and the Green Industry Certificate from the Environmental Protection Organization in 2002. The successful experience of this unit can serve as a model for similar industrial units.

With the intensification of environmental problems, organizations are expected to take on greater responsibilities and implement effective green management in their current activities. While the organization's environmental strategies and policies determine goals and express a commitment to sustainability, ultimately the success of organizations in environmental sustainability depends on the behavior of its individual employees. What is evident is that simply managing green human resources is not enough to make an organization green, and promoting green behavior among members of an organization is necessary. In other words, the development and strengthening of environmentally-friendly behavior on the part of individuals is vital for the sustainable development of organizations, and green behavior is an important and essential component for organizational environmental sustainability. Therefore, this study was conducted using a systematic review method to develop insight into the concept of green behavior in organizations as one of the subsystems of green management. By using library and article review methods, the meaning and concept of green behavior in organizations, as well as its types and models, were examined.

Entrepreneurship can be a solution to the majority of challenges in rural areas and has a positive impact on various aspects of rural life. Therefore, attention to rural entrepreneurship with an understanding of the effective variables on entrepreneurial foundations in rural areas is of great importance. In this article, the effective variables on entrepreneurial foundations in the districts of Kashmar County were identified and examined. The nature of this research was applied, its method was descriptive-analytical, and its type was survey. SPSS software and Mamdani fuzzy model were used for data analysis. Based on the results of the one-sample t-test, physical and environmental capital variable ranked first with an average score of 4.24, income status variable ranked second with an average score of 4.17, and new company formation variable ranked third with an average score of 4.11. The results indicated that by forming new entrepreneurial companies and increasing rural physical infrastructure, one can set the scene for strengthening the foundations of entrepreneurship in rural areas. Furthermore, the districts studied were ranked based on the effective variables on entrepreneurial foundations using the Mamdani fuzzy model. After determining the membership function, normalizing the data, and identifying the spectrum of importance, the top five districts were Bala-velayat, Payin- velayat, Barkouh, Barroud, and Takab, respectively.

Ecotourism is responsive to the current needs of ecosystems and, instead of harming the environment, helps to preserve and expand opportunities for their future survival. The main motivation for sustainable ecotourism is to travel to nature and visit the natural attractions of a particular region including its physical features and indigenous culture. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ecotourism on the environmental sustainability of rural areas in Rudbar. The research method in this study was descriptive-analytical. Data collection was carried out through documents, library data, questionnaire, survey of stakeholders, and field observations. ArcGIS and SPSS software, ANOVA test, and Alan's PERSCOT model were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that the level of environmental sustainability in the villages under investigation varied, with Shirkouh village having the highest level of sustainability at 0.723 (good level) among others. Halimejan and Shahrbijar villages ranked next with 0.689 and 0.687, respectively. Kalashtr village had the worst level of sustainability at 0.182 and was considered to have an unstable state. Also, the results of the ANOVA test in the environmental indicators showed that Shirkouh, Halimehjan, and Shahrbijar villages ranked first to third based on the obtained data and expert opinions and had desirable levels of sustainability. Kalashtar village also ranked the lowest. Finally, it can be concluded that ecotourism has the potential to establish the foundation for green tourism development in rural areas under investigation of this study.

Today, the discussion of sustainability and sustainable development would be meaningless without considering the environmental capabilities of cities as they are the main factors influencing instability in the world. Therefore, the sustainability of human life is dependent on the environmental sustainability of cities. Various approaches have been proposed to achieve urban balance and sustainability, one of which is ecological urbanism. Ecological urbanism is a comprehensive and integrated approach that addresses all dimensions and goals of urban development by emphasizing environmental sustainability, economic development, and social justice. The aim of this study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the theories of experts in the field of ecological urbanism. This study had practical objectives and was descriptive-analytical in nature. Document-based data collection and content analysis was used to collect and analyze the data. Results showed that there was a special emphasis on the development of ecological cities worldwide, and theorists in this field emphasized the physical, social, environmental, economic, and urban landscape components. Among them, the indicators of diversity and mixed land use, reduction of air pollution, social participation and support for meeting local needs with social justice, pedestrian, bicycle and public transportation, locally self-sufficient economy with urban agriculture and green jobs, saving material and energy consumption, attention to urban green space, managerial decentralization, waste separation and recycling, and reuse of materials were all emphasized.

The environment plays a key role in land development and its sustainability for future generations. However, its preservation and sustainability is related to various factors and issues. Laws related to the preservation and exploitation of the environmental resources are one of the important subjects in the field of environmental management. In this regard, criminal laws can play a significant role in preserving, maintaining, exploiting, sustaining and developing the environment. The important point regarding the environmental criminal laws is their effectiveness and recognition of their strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and analyze the effectiveness of environmental criminal laws in Iran. The research design was descriptive-analytical and it was based on survey data. The statistical population of the research comprised relevant and knowledgeable experts, from among whom a sample of 75 participants were selected and questioned. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using experts’ opinions and its reliability was identified with Cronbach's alpha coefficient which was set at 0.755. Results showed that the effectiveness of the environmental laws was different in levels less than 0.05 in that, the laws related to the prevention of water pollution with a value of 7.95 had the highest difference and effectiveness. Next, the laws related to the prevention of air pollution with an average of 6.51, and the laws related to fishing and hunting with an average of 6.05 were recognized as second and third most effective laws respectively. The two-sentence test showed that more than 28 punishments out of the 33 punishment laws were significant at less than 0.05 levels. Laws including punishment for failure to perform vehicle technical inspections with an average of 4.34; punishment for indiscriminate water withdrawal (digging a well) with an average of 4.33; and punishment for construction of lands around the river with an average of 4.29 had the highest effectiveness. Punishment for improper disposal of non-decomposable waste in nature with an average of 1.36, and punishment for unauthorized tree destruction with an average of 1.97 had the lowest effectiveness.

The analysis of the environmental impact of large projects in the vicinity of sensitive natural areas is considered vital. The establishment and deployment of a petrochemical plant in Miānkāleh, as a protected area, a global bird habitat, and a rural region with agricultural and fishery economies, is the subject of this research. The decision to build the petrochemical plant in Miānkāleh was made as a national project by the government in 2021 and 2022, and as a result, some scattered executive and operational measures were taken. This study aimed to investigate the consequences of the establishment of the petrochemical plant on the rural and natural axis. The research method was qualitative and the population consisted of 40 local experts and elites. Results showed that first, the construction of the petrochemical plant in the Miānkāleh peninsula was the subject of serious doubts. Second, it had the following consequences: structural-functional changes in the residential habitats of Miānkāleh caused by the destruction of villages, dependence on natural areas, compulsory and optional sale of land required for petrochemicals and subsequent migrations, compulsory changes in agricultural patterns, reduction of land areas, land demand, disappearance of small and local economies, destruction of the Miānkāleh area and Gorgan Gulf, and death of plant and animal life due to petrochemical pollution, creation and increase of industrial wastewater, water and soil pollution, instability and fragmentation of existing areas, and ultimately, the removal of Miānkāleh from international conventions due to petrochemical development, and the loss of its environmental characteristics as a global biosphere reserve.

The growth and development of villages requires planning and one of the most important factors in the success of development planning is the existence of a comprehensive and efficient planning system. In this direction and in the process of planning and development of rural areas, it is necessary to recognize and analyze the current situation of villages and examine their facilities and bottlenecks in different fields and help planners in determining development goals and identifying policies, guidelines and presenting The solutions to achieve them help. This research has investigated the development rate of rural areas of Harsin county, using two factor and cluster analysis models The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on organizational data.. The statistical sample is the information obtained from 4 villages in Harsin county, which consists of a matrix with 11 columns including indexes and 4 rows including the studied villages. The results of the analysis of the findings indicate that 4 factors explained about 72.68% of the cumulative variance. At the same time, the results of the comparison of indicators indicate that, among the 4 districts of Harsin county, 2 districts are in the same place in terms of the level of development. Therefore, Chamjamal district is the most developed and Homeh district is the least developed in this county.

The current study aimed to investigate the mediating role of psychological empowerment in the relationship between perceived social support and entrepreneurial spirit of undergraduate students at the University of Birjand. The research method was descriptive-correlational, and the statistical population included 8,304 undergraduate students at the University of Birjand. A simple random sampling method was used to select 380 students. The Zimet et al. (1988) Social Support Questionnaire, Spritzer and Mishra's (1995) Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire, and Vatan-Khah and Rezaeimoghaddam's (2015) Entrepreneurial Spirit Questionnaire were used to measure perceived social support, psychological empowerment, and entrepreneurial spirit, respectively. The content validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts, and their reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The structural equation modeling showed that when perceived social support was considered as the predictor variable and entrepreneurial spirit was the criterion variable, the model had a good fit and the relationship between the components of perceived social support and entrepreneurial spirit was significant at the level of 0.05. The findings regarding the mediating variable indicated that psychological empowerment played a mediating role.

COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, raised global health concerns due to its rapid spread. During the fight against this epidemic, GIS and geographical information have played an important role in identifying the spatial transmission of this pandemic for control, prevention, and decision-making regarding the allocation of medical resources. This study aimed to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution and influential factors in the spread of COVID-19 in South Khorasan province using a geographic information system. This descriptive-analytical study examined the relationship between 12 descriptive variables, including elevation, average precipitation, average temperature, population, area, literacy rate, insurance coverage, unemployment rate, population density, number of people over 65, number of hospitals, and number of health centers, with the dependent variable of COVID-19 incidence at the study boundary, using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression. To this end, the Moran's spatial correlation test was used. The results showed that five variables had a significant correlation with the distribution of COVID-19 in the province. Population density, people over 65, and the number of hospitals had a greater impact compared to other variables. Based on the obtained results, this system can be useful in the management and control of the COVID-19 epidemic and can be used in pandemic diseases as well.

Providing various urban services to meet the needs of citizens is one of the responsibilities of municipalities. As desirable management of cities requires sufficient funding, municipalities must access suitable financial resources, and in particular sustainable income, to carry out their duties. However, the increasing urbanization undermines the capacity of future cities for environmental sustainability and economic growth. Therefore, a new model of sustainable income source is required for municipalities that not only protects the environment, but also promotes economic and social development. To overcome the challenges and obstacles faced by future cities, the integration of green and circular economy as common concepts in macro-level discussions on sustainability in various fields will be very effective. These concepts include various guidelines for attaining economic, social, and environmental goals, and using each of them in isolation does not provide a comprehensive solution to address the problems. This applied study comprehensively examines revenues of Birjand municipality during 2016 to 2020, and using a qualitative method, snowball sampling, and systematic thinking seeks to identify the shortage of sustainable financial resources as the most influential factor in the increase of unsustainable revenues of Birjand municipality in recent years. Finally, this paper presents innovative revenue approaches based on the integration of green and circular economy in physical-spatial areas, transportation, industry, infrastructure, and facilities.