نشریه بوم شناسی منابع آبی
سال دوم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

Normally, ocean water are saturated with calcium carbonate, but increasing the atmospheric CO2 concentration has led to a decrease in the concentration of carbonate ion and also the pH of seas and oceans. climate change is expected to be associated to an increase of oceanic surface temperature by more than 3 °C and a decrease of global mean sea surface pH up to 0.32 units by the year 2100. Experimental evidences suggest that, as the process progresses, organisms and key organisms in the sea, such as corals and some calcium carbonate planktons, will have difficulty making their required calcium carbonate, and the continuation of this can lead to Destroying these creatures and damaging these ecosystems that will lead to the destruction of a large part of the biodiversity of the water. In this study, while describing the process of CO2 entering aqueous media, we discuss the effects of this process on the physico-chemical properties of water and its consequences for calcium carbonate organisms.

Undoubtedly, molluscs are one of the most valuable branches. In addition to the important role in aquatic ecosystems, it has many uses for humans, one of the most important of these uses is the ability to produce pearls. Due to the existence of valuable pearl species in the Persian Gulf and considering the proper hydrobiological conditions for this gulf to breed pearls, the need to pay attention to pearl breeding , it seems very necessary to bring potential in this area. Especially in recent years there is a tendency to catch fish, we are seeing a significant decline in the income of the fishermen as their only income. Therefore, the need to introduce new investment opportunities and employment more than ever. In this paper, introducing four species of valuable native pearl oysters(Pinctada margaritifera, P.radiata, Pteria penguin, P.marmorata) And their habitats in the Persian Gulf, cited to the required conditions (temperature, salinity, type of bottom, depth, turbidity, Flow rate, initial production and abundance of pests and predators) to pay attention to the selection of suitable places and finally, according to studies and done sampling, Doberkeh area near the Mogham port as the most suitable region introduced for the construction of a pearl breeding farm.

Seagrasses are marine flowering plants that form an important coastal habitat. They provide breeding and nursery grounds for a wide variety of marine organisms, produce food for marine grazer species, stabilise the soft bottom, mitigate wave action and filter chemical pollutants for sensitive areas such as coral reefs. Evidence suggests that grassland grasslands in the Persian Gulf are also affected by an increase in wastewater from agriculture, industry and urban wastewater, the development of oil and gas industries, the flow of vessels and the use of large-scale destructive fishing tools that can lead to many problems. The recent environmental impacts of the region, including nutrient uptake, phytoplankton blooms and jellyfish, aquatic animal mortality and fluctuations in fishing aquaculture, have a significant impact. In recent decades many seagrass beds are under increasing pressure due to anthropogenic disturbances such as coastal development, over fishing and aquaculture industry. On the basis of vital rolls of the seagrass region on the other coastal ecosystems some ecological aspects of available literature were reviewed in Persian Gulf and other regions of the world.

Shrimp farming activities can lead to increase organic and inorganic matters in the aquatic environment and environmental degradation. According to information obtained from the cultivation of the white shrimp Penaeus vannamei in a closed system, only about 31% of nitrogen and 15% of phosphorus Entered by feeding, are absorbed by shrimp and the rests are stored in sediment or dissolved in water. In a 1 hectare pool with a production rate of 3 tons per hectare and a FCR of 1.67, the nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to this pool will be about 283 and 39 kilograms respectively, which only about 88 kg of nitrogen and 6 kg of phosphorus absorb by shrimps and The rest enters the environment. One of the methods of bio-refinery treatment of shrimp farms effluents ,is the transfer of these effluents into a quarantine pond before entering into the natural environment and using biological filters. The waste water is treated step-by-step by various groups of aquatic animals, such as filter feeders (bivalves and barnacles), deposit feeders (polychaete worms and sea cucumbers) and aquatic plants.

During 2017-18, in order to identifying and comparing of virulence of fungi associated with common water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes L.), an aquatic and invasive plant, 58 plant samples (leaf, petiole and stem) were collected from wetland ecosystems of Guilan province (northern Iran) and studied in laboratory. A total of 31 fungal isolates with different frequencies including Alternaria alternata (48.39%), Curvularia lunata (16.13%), Colletotrichum lindemutianum (6.45%), Phoma sp. (6.45%), Bipolaris victoriae (9.68%) and Fusarium semitectum (12.9%) were isolated and identified. Pathogenic responses and/or virulence of fungi were rated according to the width of the leaf lesion [(++ >5mm highly pathogenic, +3-5mm pathogenic, -10 d: low virulence]. The results showed that A. alternata and C. lunata were highly virulent to water hyacinth under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. However, the wide host range and non-specific phytopathogenic effects of A. alternata and C. lunata on the economically important plants such as rice (Oryza sativa L.) precluded their use.

Marine algae are one of the most important marine resources, and are very popular with minerals and vitamins as well as ultraviolet absorption compounds in the cosmetics industry. At present, diverse products based on marine derivatives have been marketed for various purposes. These materials have a variety of properties, including anti-aging, whitening and moisturizing properties, treatment of skin and hair disorders, and ultraviolet ray filters. Today, extraction of algae compositions of ultraviolet absorbing alcohols and their use in the formulation of sunscreens, gels, lotions, as well as anti-wrinkle and regeneration is very important. Algae extracts play a very important role in the production of sea-derived materials and increase the potential of marine-derived health-care compounds that affect the health of the skin and are effective in the treatment of skin disorders. Because marine algae do not have a radical nutritional system, they take nutrients directly from the ocean, which is why these nutrients are much stronger than those taken from grounded and rooted plants.

This study was carried out in 27 study stations in Shijan, Siakishim, Abkenar, Hendekhaleh and Rogaha(River outlets), during implementation of hydrological and hydrobiological study plans and preparing Atlas of plankton in the Anzali wetland during the years 1373(1994) from 1393(2014). Zooplankton samples were collected by P.V.C tube on every month, at each station 30 litre water sampels were filtered by 30µ zooplankton net. The samples were fixed with 4% formalin and After identification, they were photographed with Nikon photomicroscope. The results of Zooplankton study reveal that there are totally 12 Phylum that include and 217 speices in Anzali lagoon , of which 22 speices belong to phylum Rhizopoda, 4 speices belong to Phylum Actinopoda, 41 speices belong to Phylum Ciliophora , one speice belong to Phylum Porifera, 3 speices belong to Phylum Coelantrata, 2 speices belong to Annelida , 2 speices belong to Phylum Platyhelminthes, 93 speices belong to Phylum Rotatoria, 1 specie belongs to Phylum Tardigrada , 32 species belong to Phylum Arthropoda (order Cladocera) 11 Speices belong to Class Copepoda , in Class Cirripedia and Ostracoda and Diptera (Family Chironomidae) each of them consisting of one genus , 2 speices belong to Class Archnida and in phylum Mullosca Class Bivalvia, Lamellibranch larvae was identified . It is evident from the present study that Rotifera was dominant species with Brachionus calyciflorus, Brachionus angularis , Keratella cochlearis , Polyarthera vulgaris in southern Hendekhaleh and Abkenar regions and the main outlets regions.