نشریه بررسی های نوین تاریخی
سال ششم شماره 3 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Although its history can be found in much older centuries., local history is a type of history writing that became popular in the third century. What caused the prosperity of this type of history was patriotism and love of the hometown, sense of boasting about other places, encouragement and persuasion of the rulers, various political, scientific, cultural and economic interests, etc. Although this type of history writing has advantages over general histories, it also has some disadvantages. Virtue-telling, mythmaking, lack of cause-finding and analysis, exaggeration of events, conflict with solidarity and national unity are among these disadvantages that the local historian must pay the utmost attention to them. In this article, in addition to the definition and background of local history, it has been tried to investigate its differences and characteristics compared to general histories, the motivations of historians in writing this type of history and its disadvantages.

With the conquest of Spain in 711 AD / 92 AH, the first Muslim attacks on the borders of Gol (present-day France) took place, which resulted in the establishment of bases in the Septimania region (present-day Languedoc). These attacks started from the time of the first governors and continued until the time of Abdul Rahman Ghafeghi and even after that. The most important of these clashes was the battle that took place near the city of Tour.The retreat of the Muslims after the battle had a profound effect on the course of Western historiography and thought, and thus became known as one of the most decisive events in the history of the West and later the world.Because thinkers saw the conquest of Europe, assuming the Franks did not win.However, most theorists today do not believe in this.but, there are still unresolved issues.This study examines and tests this event from a strategic point of view by examining the Battle of Tor and reveals the real importance of this event.

Although the first encounter between the Ottoman and Spain States, whose main field of struggle was the Mediterranean, was in the 14th century, there was no significant event between the two states until the 16th century. In the period when Spain stepped into political union through marriages, its policy towards Andalusian Muslims prompted the Ottoman State to determine a policy against Spain. The Ottoman State wanted to protect the Muslims and keep control of trade routes and had to fight the Spanish in the Mediterranean. Religious belief and the desire to protect and expand commercial interests caused the two states to fight against each other and develop policies during the 16th century. While the Ottomans established relations with states such as France, England and the Netherlands against Spain, Spain established relations with the Safavid State. The fact that the Safavids threatened the Ottomans; and the England and the Netherlands threatened Spain, forced the two states to agreement. The ceasefire negotiations that started after the Battle of Inebahti eventually turned into a compulsory agreement, and the two states that had to make an agreement no longer came face to face. The relations of the two states, which started to decline since the 17th century and lost their roles in world politics to other states, also lost their former vitality.

In his series of blog notes in 2013, which were published a few years later in his book “The Rising of the People”, Naser Pourpirar claimed that Naser al-Din Shah never went to Europe and that his photos during these trips were fake. He also claimed that the news of his travels was not reflected in the publications. In this article, by referring to sources, archives of photos and publications, while presenting a number of photos of Naser al-Din Shah during his trip to Europe, the news of Naser al-Din Shah’s first trip to Europe in 1873 AD, is briefly extracted from the Graphic weekly and the claim of Porpirar. As a result of this research, it has been found that Porpirar’s statements in this regard are completely false and due to his ignorance of the sources, photo collections and publications of that time.

Seyyed Ziauddin Tabatabai is one of the famous political figures of Iran in the constitutional era, the first and second Pahlavi, who played a significant role in the coup of March 1299 and the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty. He was born in Shiraz in 1268 SH, and his father, Seyyed Ali Agha Yazdi, was a famous preacher of the Mozaffari era who went to Najaf seminary at the end of Naser al-Din Shah’s period and then, he returned to Iran following the request of Muzaffar al-Din Mirza, the crown prince, from Mirzay-e Shirazi for sending one of the clerics of the district to lead the religious people of his countrymen. During the constitutional period, Seyed Ali Agha joined the constitutionalists in the framework of Mozafari’s actions, but later he was on the side of the opponents of the constitutionalists and the comrade of Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri, and was even exiled to Sari during the tyranny of Saghir. This article is a quick and documented look at the life of Seyyed Ziauddin Tabatabai based on firsthand records and sources.

The description of the life and struggles of Farrokhi Yazdi and the efforts of this brave soldier and this free Iranian poet are not hidden from anyone. Farrokhi was a free person who refused to lose his honor and pass the freedom of the Iranian people at the price of gaining his own freedom. This article is about this main aspect of the personality of this famous poet, and the answer to the accusations about Farrokhi based on the opinions of experts and eyewitnesses.