نشریه زبان کاوی کاربردی
سال ششم شماره 1 (پیاپی 11، زمستان 1401)

A high example of battle and honor in romance (a subgenre of narrative poetry in European literature), the idea of the knight and chivalry developed gradually across history from the early Roman Empire to the middle of the Middle Ages. One of the first well-known French romance authors, Chértin de Troyes, penned six poems on the stories of King Arthur, of which five have survived: Ork and Enid, Eoin: The Lion Knight, Cleggs, Percival: The Tale of the Cup, and the Chariot Knight. The romance of the charioteer by Dutroy holds a significant position in the legends of King Arthur because it lays the foundation for the duties and ideals of chivalry, such as courtly love, respect for ladies, and Christian principles, by bringing the French Lancelot to the group of the king's knights. This love story was translated into Farsi by Mirjalaluddin Kezazi and published as Shaheswar Arabeh. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate how well Kezazi's translation of Shaheswar Arabeh, one of the most well-known medieval romances, adheres to the original text. This study looks at how well Kazzazi's translation of Shaheswar Arrabeh adheres to the rules of chivalry, the language used in the original text, and how these rules and the culture of chivalry are reflected in the translation based on the action space of the text. Semantic content creates action via cohabitation in a chain and is focused on the activities of characters or agents of action and the consequences created by them. They encompass the explicit meanings coming from the action and relationships of the component pieces of the text. To observe the romantic style and the chivalric customs, the translation of Shaheswar Arrabeh has been analyzed on the three levels of words, tone, and grammar. To observe the romantic style and the chivalric customs, the translation of Shaheswar Arrabeh has been analyzed on the three levels of words, tone, and grammar. The words, tone, and grammar used in each of these three levels have been evaluated while being compared to similar elements in the original text to identify and analyze the similarities and differences. These comparisons were made to assess the language's archaism (archaicism), brutality and combativeness, expression of tenderness and elegance, use of folk literature, and narrative and descriptive language. The results of this study demonstrate how Kazzazi deviates from the original text's style by insisting on utilizing archaic and epic terms rather than lyrical words and folk idioms, which are key elements of the medieval romance language. The translation language deviates from the romantic style and violates the fundamental tenets of chivalric culture on a tonal level due to archaism, epic and non-narrative mood, and the preference for Persian occlusive sounds over Arabic abrasive sounds. Grammar-wise, Kazazi did not adhere to the medieval romance style and did not respect the language of chivalry, as seen by the supremacy of the epic language over the lyrical language, the intricacy of the phrase, and the archaic syntax.

Sexism in textbooks can have terrible repercussions and a variety of detrimental effects on students. Leaning toward one sex can reinforce sexual stereotypes, which is why many researchers have been scouring books to look for any indication of gender favoritism. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the degree of gender bias in the Project series, a popular EFL textbook, and the Iranian EFL textbooks (Prospect series). It was investigated whether education in English-language textbooks was devoid of any form of discrimination or whether it took a systematic approach to a particular gender. The student books from the two series were carefully examined for any indications of preference for one gender. The quantity and gender of the staff members involved in the various stages of the creation of these series were verified. In the end, the frequency of all visual and textual items related to gender was checked and counted in light of content analysis. The results of this study demonstrated that gender bias was a problem in both series of books, but it was much more evident in Iranian textbooks. As in the previous generation's books, sex inequality was still present in the Prospect series, and it was clear that more thought needed to be given to this issue. In addition to some suggestions for resolving this problem, the study's conclusion also had some implications for those in charge of developing instructional materials, educating teachers, and formulating policies.

The translation of religious writings is one of the most challenging and exact forms of translation, requiring the translator to be more accurate and skilled to express the literary nuances of the subject text. However, to assess the accuracy and quality of these translations, fidelity or lack thereof to the original text, level of quality and acceptability, etc., one must inevitably refer to the theories proposed in the field of translation criticism and evaluation. Only then can these translations be properly assessed. The Garces model, one of these models, is employed to assess how well literary materials have been translated. The four levels of semantic-lexical, syntactic-word construction, discourse-functional, and stylistic-practical level are proposed in this model to compare the similarity between the source text and the target text. Based on these four levels, it evaluates the quality and acceptability of the translated texts. As a result, the current study uses a descriptive-analytical approach to assess the accuracy and acceptability of Ali Shirvani's translation of Nahj al-Balagheh based on Garces's theory. The findings demonstrate that Shirvani is content-oriented in her translation and frequently clarifies and broadens the meaning of Imam Ali's statements based on the positive, negative, and neutral strategies that are suggested in the Garces model. The second and fourth layers of the Garces pattern, out of its four levels, are most frequently translated by Shirvani. He occasionally employs constructive strategies like syntactic expansion, grammatical or syntax changes, viewpoint shifts, etc. On the other side, there are also issues with his translation that detract from its quality, such as omissions, translation errors, verbosity, etc.

The tale is seen by French thinker Gérard Genet as the signification or narrative content. Genet defines narrative as the genuine meaning of the word signification, expression, discourse, or narrative. He uses his unique terminology and analyzes three different forms of temporal relationships (order, continuity, and frequency) between the time of the tale and the time of the narrative text when talking about time. The current study uses Genette's theory of narrative time to analyze the book Fi Khamrah al-Ankabut. Mohammad Abdul Nabi, who was a 2017 Booker Prize nominee, is the author of this book. There are 39 unnamed chapters in this work, and each one alternates between the present, the past, and the past in the past. One may comprehend the significance and unique role of this strategy in effectively moving the plot along by looking at how time is used in the spider's room in the novel. This story's circular manner of storytelling, which places the story's ending at the same geographical starting spot as the beginning, demonstrates the accuracy of the author. The novel The Room of the Spider may be seen as one of the multi-layered works from the perspective of time. After the primary story begins, subsidiary narratives are developed next to it in a thoroughly organized manner to achieve the narrator's purpose. Mohammad Abdul Nabi reveals to the reader the passage of time for the story's protagonists and information about the different crises facing Egypt at the time by jerking the narrative's timeline with time previews and time returns. Hindsight serves the greatest purpose in the book in terms of temporal components in the area of order and order, and it should best utilize all four parts of delay, deletion, summary, and dramatic scene. Although the work is known for its recollection and time travel formats, and it is believed that the narrator would appear more frequently, the author has chosen to employ single frequencies more frequently than other varieties. This demonstrates the author's command of the material as well as his capacity to write a variety of settings. Since the book In the Spider's Room is based on an actual incident that has been recorded in Egyptian history, reality plays a significant role in it. The narrator illustrates the realities of Egyptian society both directly and inadvertently while telling the tale of "Hani," one of the victims of the "Kevin Boot" scandal.

Thematization is the process of arranging theme, rheme patterns in a text. The present study aims to investigate thematization strategies in translated and non-translated persuasive texts. To this end, the translated versions of one of the leading newspapers in the United States, The New York Times, and the original versions of Hamshahri newspaper (an Iranian counterpart) were chosen. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of textual features and marked and unmarked themes of 12 translated and non-translated version of the opinion articles from The New York Times and Hamshahi (6 from each), this study aimed to find out how the translators organize their themes into marked and unmarked ones and how these organizations are related to the non-translated versions. The current research attempted to find out whether thematization patterns have any effect on the comprehension of sentences, or whether marked themes have any impact on the audiences and are these effects the same in the translations and non-translations. The findings revealed that thematization patterns can help the understanding of the texts. The results also showed that marked themes have an impact on the audiences. The results were relatively the same in the translations and non-translations.

Undoubtedly, coherence is what gives a text its sense of unity and distinguishes it from writings that are dispersed. Its function is to connect two parts of a text and make them continuous so that the reader or listener can identify missing elements that are required for the text's interpretation. Reference, replacement, deletion, conjunctions or connections (for grammatical cohesion), and repetition and convergence (for lexical cohesion) are some examples of cohesion-enhancing methods. At various levels, the linguistic study can concentrate on written legal texts (letters, papers, invoices, and files) as well as spoken legal texts (such as courtroom talk). One of the transdisciplinary areas between linguistics and legal theory is legal linguistics, often known as forensic linguistics. Repetition is a linguistic property that may be used to measure text coherence. The current study looks into Persian legal bills' repeating patterns from a linguistic perspective. Linguists examine court evidence, records, offenders' specific terminology, speaking patterns, and writing styles in legal situations to provide expert opinions on the practical analysis of legal materials. The stylistic phenomenon of information repetition is one of the problems that is frequently found in legal documents, especially bills. 40 bills that were filed in court served as the source of the data, which was then qualitatively assessed. The examples reveal that there are two basic types of repetition in the printed language of the bills: repetition that is both unnecessary and beneficial. In the first group, the legal documents under discussion contain repetitive phrases and extraneous material that are regarded as filler. Two subclasses of grammatical and textual repeats make up the second group. The requirement of Persian language standards has led to the formation of required grammatical repeats, a repeat of the same term, a repeat of synonyms, a repetition of opposing words, a repetition of differentiation, and a repetition of emphasis are a few examples of contextual repetitions that vary based on the text and legal writing style. Rewriting the content, extending parallelisms, using various limitations, and not paying attention to punctuation, complicated phrases, and multipart verbs are only a few of the unique qualities of the writings under study. The motives for emphasis, the worry that one would forget the audience if one speaks for too long, and the need to retain the main points are all connected to the repetition of information in bills. Because of this, the repetition of information in these texts plays a useful and effective function and facilitates the communication of the core idea.