نشریه بوم شناسی گیاهان زراعی
سال هفدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 60، تابستان 1400)

In order to investigate the effects of mycorrhizal inoculation and application of manure on the growth and economic yield of garlic, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in Biran-Shahr region of Lorestan province in 2018- 2019. Experimental treatments included inoculation of cormlet with mycorrhiza bio-fertilizer in two levels (non-inoculation and inoculation) and application of rotten manure (sheep) in six levels (control (0), 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 t/ha). The results showed that combined use of mycorrhiza and manure caused a significant increase in the economic yield of the garlic plant. Also, mycorrhiza had a significant effect on economic yield, weight and diameter of garlic and number of cormlet, but has no significant effect on garlic height. Manure treatment had a significant effect on economic yield, weight and diameter of garlic, but no significant effect was observed on the number of cormlet and plant height. The use of mycorrhizal fungi with a yield of 12497 kg/ha, increased the yield of garlic by 55% compared to the control. Combined application of bio-fertilizer of mycorrhiza and sheep's manure by increasing the absorption of the elements in the soil and improving the growth and development of plant photosynthetic organs, increased the yield of garlic. The findings showed that inoculation of mycorrhiza and application of manure in soil, improves the conditions of growth and economic yield of garlic, which can be recommended for sustainable production as well as increasing the economic yield of this plant than the conventional method of planting.

Interaction of genotype and environment is one of the most important topics and challenges of plant breeding for researchers. This research was performed on twenty-eight bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes in six different environments in two consecutive years for investigation of performance stability in 2015-2016 and 2016-2017. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with four replications. Performance and stability analysis has performed by using multivariate parametric methods (AMMI and GGE biplot). The main effect of genotype and environment on the results of AMMI analysis was significant at the 1% level. The main components of PC1 and PC2 have used for biplot. Based on parameters of AMMI model stability analysis, genotypes 25, 16, 6 and 27 were selected as stable genotypes. Based on the results of graphical analysis of genotype interactions × environment using GGE-biplot, genotypes 18, 17, 14, 15 and 20 was selected as stable genotypes, where the location of Zabul has been shown to be different from the other sites.

Part of paddy lands of Dasht-e-Sar region of Amol was irrigated by low salinity (brackish water) Garmroud River. To investigate the effect of Garmroud irrigation water on growth and yield of 9 selected genotypes obtained from the ninth generation (M9), standard cultivar tolerates salinity variety (Fl478), Tarom Mahali, Hassani, Anbarboo and Barekat varieties, a total of 14 genotypes were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCB) with three replications in 2020. The experimental farm was located in the village of Shahneh Kalay Dasht-e-Sar Amol (longitude 63 1 E, latitude 40 30 N, altitude 75 m). The results showed that the earliest genotypes were lines No. 2310 and 2212 from seed sowing to 50% flowering stage, equal 85 and 88 days. Genotype 133 was the shortest line with a plant height of 124 cm. Traits including number of panicle per hill, panicle length (cm), number of full grains, empty and total grains per panicle, 1000-seed weight (g), were different 15-25, 20-27, 55-112, 91-161, 10-83 and 20-27,  respectively. The yield of genotypes varied between 1500 and 6000 kg/ha. Due to the variety of changes in agronomic traits, 2212, 2310, 133 and Hassani variety were recommended in this area of paddy field

Salinity is one of the most abiotic stress that caused reduce the yield of crops. Quinoa has importance role in human nutrition and high resistance to salinity stress. In order to investigate the effects of salinity stress on germination characteristics of quinoa cultivar Q26, an experiment was conducted based on complete randomized design (CRD) with four replications under laboratory conditions. The treatments consisted of different levels of sodium chloride (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 30 and 40 dS/m) as salinity stress. Salinity have undesirable effects on traits study such as germination percentage, germination rate, shoot and root length, shoot and root dry weight, stem-to-root ratio (coefficient of allometry), germination uniformity and time to 50 percent germination. The percentage of germination was not significant between control and 30 dS/m treatment, but at 40 dS/m concentration reduced to 75 percent. With increasing salinity levels, the time required for 50 percent seeds germination increased significantly. Germination rate also reduced by salinity levels, significantly. The shoot- to- root ratio decreased with increasing salinity up to 20 dS/m, but reached the maximum at 30 dS/m. The results showed that quinoa cultivar Q26 has high resistance to salinity stress in germination stage, therefore it can be said that this cultivar has a good resistance to salinity of 30 dS/m of sodium chloride and it can be a favorable cultivar for cultivation in saline conditions after field evaluation and according to appropriate climate conditions.

Evaluation of the each subject on the basis of evolutionary process would be helpful to more insights and to make better decisions. In this regard, crop modeling has no exception. In order to study the process of modeling of crops in Iran, 162 resources includes articles, theses and books was investigated. Studies showed that the first model in 1998 was developed on the effect of soil properties on yield of chickpea under rainfed conditions. The results showed that grain yield and wheat with 49 and 38 replication, highest adjective and plant were measured, respectively. Non-linear regression with 25 replications was the most widely used models. The most of the reference belonged to articles with 129 cases. The maximum study was conducted in 2011 with 24 replications, two researchers had the greatest role in the development of crop modeling and the most application of the model was used in the discussion of crop management. Finally, it can be concluded that, modeling has been used in different cases of crops in Iran and this can be a good supplement to other methods of research

Salinity is one of the most important abiotic stresses that affects seed yield and crop production. Salinity causes adverse morphological, physiological and biochemical effects on wheat seedlings. In this research, the effects of seed priming (1 mM proline) on the response of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) to salinity stress in acclimatized and non-acclimatized conditions were investigated. Wheat seeds were subjected to acclimatization and seed priming with proline (1 mM) for 12 hours. Then, the seeds were planted in pots containing saline soil (EC=26.5 dS/m) and plant growth and physiological parameters were investigated. The results showed that in non-stressed conditions, seed yield increased with proline treatment. Pretreatment of seeds with proline under salinity stress preserved their photosynthetic performance compared to acclimatization. The results of examining the characteristics of shoot dry weight along with the measurement of malondialdehyde showed that acclimatization with low salt concentration cannot reduce the inhibitory effect of high salinity (EC=26.5 dS/m). Therefore, more research is needed to optimize the acclimatization protocol, seed osmopriming factors and environmental conditions to increase plant tolerance to salinity stress