Journal of Nature and Spatial Sciences
Volume:3 Issue: 1, Winter and Spring 2023

 Remote sensing image data are often used as input in digital soil mapping (DSM). DSM nowadays is very popular rather than conventional soil maps it is an important tool in soil survey and sustainable agriculture planning. Spatial distribution of soil information in each pixel using laboratory observation data of soil samples plays an important role. The purpose of this study is to prepare a digital soil map using remote sensing.

  Ninety soil samples were collected at a depth of up to 50 cm from various Physiography land units made with the help of the basis of slope and Land use Land cover (LULC) as well as physiography. Sentinel 2 satellite data (10 m.) and Aster DEM (30 m.) have been used to prepare the digital soil map. Soil samples were analyzed to determine the Macro (N, P, and K) Micro (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, S, and Br) Nutrients and Some Physico (Texture, Bulk density, depth) Chemical Properties (pH, EC, and OC).

 Six textural classes identified were sandy clay loam and sandy clay, clay, clay loam, loam, and sandy loam. The bulk density, and the depth varied from 1.08 to 1.8 Mg m-3, and 14 to 90 cm. respectively. The pH, EC, and OC are varied from 5 to 8.36, 0.1 to 1.2 ds/m, and 0.03 to 1.47 respectively. Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium(K) varied from 125 to 476 kg/ha., 4.44 to 77.78 kg/ha, and 79.6 to 504 kg/ha respectively. The digital soil database along with all its properties called a physiographic soil map which has been prepared with the help of the inverse distance weightage (IDW) interpolation method, which will help to select crops and get the best sustainable cultivation.

Due to the constant decline in arable land, it is essential to identify the best areas for sustainable agriculture.

In the present study, the factor analysis (FA) by principal component analysis (PCA) method as multivariate statistical was applied to evaluate the Land suitability zonation of 36700 points for Ferula plantation in North Khorasan Province, NE Iran. For this purpose, extracted 16 variables were processed, resulting in four factors that explain about 90 % of the total variance.

The explained variances of these factors varied from 25.519 to 9.078 % for factors 1 and 4 after the Varimax rotation, respectively. The zonation map of land suitability revealed that 27.02% (6885/93 km2) of the surface area was moderately suitable, 67/20% (17125/36 km2) was marginally applicable and 5.78% (1474.52 km2) of the region was unsuitable for Ferula production. The moderate suitability class of S2 was mainly distributed within the middle, and northeastern parts of the province, while the southern part of the study area and some scattered parts within the northwest exhibited unsuitability for Ferula production.

One of the most important tasks of urban managers is to determine suitable places for the construction of urban service uses, among which green spaces and parks have a special role due to their impact on the health and well-being of citizens and their correct locating guarantees their optimal efficiency. The purpose of this study was to analyze the green space and parks of Yazd city and determine a suitable place for their construction. 

  First, the spatial distribution of existing parks and green spaces were examined, and the initial results indicated that the parks were not properly distributed. Then, to identify suitable areas for the construction of parks based on the opinions of experts and similar research, effective criteria and sub-criteria were determined and their importance to each other was obtained from experts through a questionnaire and their relative value was calculated using the AHP method. Then the map of criteria and sub-criteria was collected and GIS-processed and their relative importance were assigned to the relevant raster layers using GIS overlap capability and fuzzy logic, the layers were combined and constraint areas for park construction were removed from the study with the help of Boolean logic.

 The map of the final area capability was prepared in five categories for the construction of a park and green space in which the value of the pixels indicated their suitability. Finally, Aharestan and Mahmoudabad areas were introduced as a priority for the construction of parks and urban green spaces due to population density, access network, inaccessibility to existing parks, and avoidance of incompatible uses.

 Today, waste burial is the most common method in many countries due to its lower cost and acceptance of a wider range of waste. In locating the waste landfill, various parameters such as the needs of urban communities, government, and environmental laws, and a large number of quantitative and qualitative criteria are evaluated. For this purpose, several multi-criteria decision-making methods are used in prioritizing suitable places.

  This study aims to investigate the suitable places to bury urban wastes in Lali city using a hierarchical-fuzzy analysis process (FAHP) along with a spatial information system and artificial neural network. For this purpose, data such as slope, slope direction, geology, land use, fault, precipitation, soil science, topography, vegetation, communication lines, hydrographic networks, wind, underground water level, and population centers as Information layers were used to locate the waste burial. After standardizing and preparing the maps, the steps related to the weighting of the desired layers were carried out to achieve the weight and importance of each in the positioning process. Then, pairwise comparisons were made between the indicators based on fuzzy numbers and using the FAHP technique.

 Considering all the effective factors in locating and weighting each of the criteria and sub-criteria and combining the data with GIS and artificial neural networks, the proposed areas for landfilling according to the direction of the prevailing winds in the region, in the southeast part of the range Studies were considered that the city has the least development in this direction. Whereas, the location of the current waste burial site is located in an inappropriate place in the north of the city and a tourist area.

 Air pollution and its negative effects on human health have become a major issue around the world, especially in developing countries. Air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and aerosols, in addition, they have consequences on health, cause damage to vegetation and contribute to global climate change. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively monitor air pollutants and make appropriate management decisions to solve this issue. Remote sensing methods, especially Sentinel-5, the latest European Space Agency project (in cooperation with the Netherlands), which enables the recording of images in different spectral bands using the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) sensor, are recognized as a useful tool.  A tool for monitoring all kinds of air pollutants

 In this study, the most significant air contaminants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and aerosol were monitored using Sentinel-5 satellite images for Cairo and Moscow cities in 2022. A large number of level 3 images, collected from Google Earth Engine, were used in this research.

 The results show that due to urban development, an increase in vehicles, and increasing industrial growth, air quality in both cities is in poor condition. The decline in air quality has had a direct impact on climate change in these cities. The most important meteorological effect of climate change is on temperature. According to the results, although Moscow is located in a region with a favorable climate, high LST and rising ground temperatures in recent years can be associated with increased concentrations of air pollutants. In Cairo, the air pollution index was also at an inappropriate level, and the amount of particulate matter in this city is significantly higher than in Moscow, which can be due to the deserts around the city.

 Inappropriate land use due to changing requirements and pressures leads to the destruction of land resources and increases poverty and other social problems.

 The present study evaluated the land suitability for the spatial development of the Shandiz urban region, northeast of Iran based on the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and geographical information system (GIS).

On this basis, the land suitability of the study area for spatial development was estimated and revealed that 12 land uses (22.5% of the region) have high and moderate suitability for spatial development. Our results indicated that the regions with higher suitability for the spatial development of the Shandiz urban region are located in the middle and east parts of the study area. In contrast, the north, south, and west parts of the region have low suitability for spatial development. Our study presents a map of land suitability for the spatial development of the region, which will aid in appropriate planning, quick and safe mitigation measures, and future development strategies based on identifying the environmental factors affecting land suitability in the region. We developed a systematic regional planning approach to identify geographic priorities for on-ground natural resource management actions that most cost-effectively meet multiple natural resource management objectives.