نشریه تفسیر و تحلیل متون زبان و ادبیات فارسی (دهخدا)
پیاپی 56 (تابستان 1402)

The manuscripts of Me’rajiye, Talvihat and Favayed are three dissertations among the mystical and educational prose works of the Timurid period written by Mohammad Nourbakhsh. The prose style of the mentioned treatises is mostly technical since the author has employed more Arabic compounds , Ayas, haiths, literary devices such as rhyme, parallelism, derivations, synonyms, alliterations, paradoxes , allusion and similes. In the Meʼrajiye dissertation, the Miraj of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) was explained through a mystical method. Nourbakhsh Khorasani believed that holy prophet Mohammad travelled to Me’raj in an exemplary body. He also had observed everything in their exemplary shapes. There are 11 surviving copies of this manuscript preserved in the libraries of Iran. It is worth noting that Talvihat and Favayed are single-copy dissertations. The Talvihat concerns the position of prophets and, the differences and similarities between the Prophet and the saints, the erroneous beliefs of the superficial scholars and the common people about the prophets and the saints, unusual habits, the austerity of Indian yogis, the raising consciousness and love for the saints of God . The Favayed includes the influences of sin and oppression on humankind, the self-purification, appealing to the men of God, criticizing the extremist views of the superficial people on the boundaries of knowledge, facilities and possessions of the saints of God, the truth of astronomy and the descents of unseen world. Using a library, analytical and descriptive methods, this research briefly refers to the life of Seyyed Mohammad Nourbakhsh Khorasani and introduces the Me’rajiye, the Talvihat, and the Favayed dissertations. The stylistic characteristics of these works are also investigated in terms of language, expression, and thought.

The Ramayana, India's oldest romance epic, is a Sanskrit-language Valmiki poem from the 5th to the 3rd centuries BC, in addition to a sweet narrative full of moral, social and political implications. This epic was translated into Persian as a poem by Mullah Masih Panipti during the reign of Jahangir Shah. The widespread and active presence of women as an integral part of both epics becomes one of the factors in recognizing the status of women, the way society views this group and their rulings.This article tries to express the extent of the influence of Islam on the system of the Messiah by examining and extracting the mentioned points. The present study, with its library method and descriptive-analytical method, first determines the position of woman and the rulings related to her in Ramayana Valmiki and then compares and identifies the differences and similarities with what Mulla Masih Panipati wrote in the translation of the Ramayana poem. As a Muslim, he has provided a translation of a Ramayana poem based on Islamic concepts, using similarities and finding common ground between Hinduism and Islam. According to the findings of this study, more women in the Ramayana of Mlamasih compared to the Ramayana of Walmiki play a role in this system; But in terms of expressing the rulings and status of women, Valmiki has dealt with it in detail. Women play a more central role in the Ramayana Mlamasih, and three of them, Kiki, Ravan's sister, and Ram's sister, tell the story.

One of the most important areas of literary psychology is devoted to the  analysis of the psychological processes of the mind. Carl Gustav Jung, the Swiss pioneer of this area, known as Analytical Psychology, put the mind on a higher level than the previous psychologists, including his master, Freud. He added "collective unconscious" to those analyses. He believed that man may exceed his individual boundaries and enter a world of the "collective unconscious." What set Jung apart from his peers in the discussion of the "collective unconscious" was attention to the "eternal form" or "archetype." And that’s what Jung believed shapes our personality and behavior, as well as what makes us different from others due to the formation of personality and behavior. Like any other human being, Saadi was also influenced by these archetypes, and it can be claimed that, under these influences, he engaged in literary creations and the creation of brilliant literary anecdotes. One of the most important archetypes influencing Saadi was the archetype of "shadow", but what distinguishes Saadi from others is his reluctance to conceal the influence of this archetype on his behavior and personality.

Persian contemporary literature is unique in the history of Iranian literature cosidering its deep social and political views and the diversity of its anthropological approach. The writers and poets of this era along with the other members of society  criticesed the ugly aspects of society, and literature, which had been unable to criticise due to social hierachies prior to that time, was acting like a weapon to gain freedom as an efficient tool to express political and social criticisim. M. Reza Shafi Kadkani is an eminent contemporary poet and has mixed Nimaii poem with a social commitment and critical view. Critical theory has become more scientific and concentrated with the advent of Frankfurt school. The present study aims to analyse the poems of Shafi Kadkani based on the theory of Critical aesthetics of Frankfurt School. The approach, taken by Shafii, toward the quality of the link between art and society, is critical. According to Frankfurt school, this approach is quite observable in the genuine modern art. In accorandance  with this appraoch, the modern art, needles to be inferiorized to depict the social realities and trapped in the extremist entertainment,  denies the status qua indirectly. Based on the results, in the poems of Shafii , the interrelation of critical art to society appears in the best possible way. Criticisim utilizing certain ways such as naturalism, symbolism, certain critical contexts and ..etc is salient in his art. In addition to these critical concepts in his poems, it has given an ability to criticize his poems politically as well as socially.

Thematic creation is the creation or discovery of a new relationship and connection between a mental thing and an objective thing, which apparently has no connection. The "theme" and the creation of the theme are the main elements of the Indian style. This  style, due to its linguistic capacities and artistic applications, tries to create a semantic connection between a subjective and an objective thing and separate the ode from vulgarity; In this style, the poet has no choice but to create art and prevent repetition. The theme has been known and used as a prominent technical term in Persian poetry since the middle of the tenth century. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical method, while clarifying the nature of the theme and thematicization, examines the thematic-creation techniques in Tarshizi's emergent euologies. An emerging effort in praise poems has always been to discover and create a new connection between phenomena along the verse in the axis of vocabulary, one of the words as one of the main aspects of imagery and often has the additional role of synecdoche as a pillar of thematization, in order to create a network of themes and clusters of imagination.

Each literary convention has some thematic as well as stylistic features that differentiates it from other conventions. Khajavi Kermani is one of the poet who pays particular attention to the epic as well as didactic aspects in his lyric poems. This descriptive-analytical study seeks to answer the question to what extent the narrative structure of Khaji Kermani's poem "Flowers and Nowruz" is compatible with the components of lyrical literature from the point of view of linguistic and literary approaches? Findings indicate that in the textual context of this system, the "poetic and literary function" of the text shows the dominance of the role of "emotional language" over its "referential" role. There are many factors that can be enumerated in this collection that have been proposed in order to strengthen the "lyrical element" of the text and have put its "narrative dimension" in the next place. Factors such as "lyrical compositions and interpretations", "soft and delicate descriptions", "sad and isolationist atmosphere", "loving and beloved action", "lack of complex extra-textual reference", "simple syntactic structure of sentences", and "fragment" The main expressions of the main character","multiple uses of expressive elements such as metaphor and simile","description of battle scenes and feasts" are the most important manifestations of the crystallization of this role in the poem" Flower and Nowruz". In addition to this type of processing of characters such as "hero", "villain", "helper", "princess", "benevolent and advisor" and the theme of the narrative such as "dreaming", "journey", "existence of obstacles" "In the path of carpentry", "conflict with the dragon, etc.", have also been used with the aim of strengthening the lyrical element of the text.

Semiotics has a prominent effect in analyzing the unaddressed dimensions of literary texts. In the signs system, codes are of particular importance. In this regard, Roland Barthes' views are more credible. He divides codes into five types: action, hermeneutic, symbolic, semantic, and referential. This allows for a solid analysis of the underlying and secondary layers of the text. In the present article, using Barth's cryptographic theory, the sonnets of Qaisar Aminpour in the Dastoor -e- Zaban -e- Eshgh have been studied and analyzed to show how much the narrative has a direct effect on the reproduction of different meanings. The results of the research show that the reflection of cultural codes in these sonnets indicates the widespread manifestation of ideological, religious, mystical, literary and romantic discourse to advance the narratives. Hermeneutic codes are used to involve the audience in discovering the ambiguous dimensions of the narrative. By giving subjectivity at the beginning of the sonnets, while pausing to provide answers, the poet finally reveals and expands the scope of the target group. The dual contrasts in the symbolic codes are a desirable ground for objectifying the narrator's inner selves and making his mentalities tangible. Part of the quality of semantic codes in Aminpour’s  sonnets shows that he described his intended system of signification using religious and emotional words and phrases. Also, the codes of action have had a positive effect on the credibility and explanation of the abstractions and intangible circumstances of the narrator.

Akbar Exir is the pioneer of metamodern poetry, a movement that originated from Shamlou’s free verse , which has evolved in the continuation of the movements of contemporary poetry with a new approach. This poetic movement was influenced by the poetry of the seventies and after various developments in that period, with a humorous theme and content, it was introduced to the field of Persian literature in 2003. The use of selected words, proverbs and slang terms, the use of elements of climatic literature, rhythm and word play, the element of surprise and its humor with new concepts, are some of the components that Exir has in mind in the development of his poetic style. The features in his works and those of metamodern poets have been proposed as the frameworks of this poetic trend. In this article, we are trying to analyse the formal style and literary language in Akbar Exir’s poems. Language has a special place in the style of Exir’s poetry and is the main and practical context in its study. What is the place of language and literary style in the form of poetry? Does language affect form? And what is the interaction of language with other formal elements, namely imagination and music of poetry? These are among questions that we have addressed in this research and the obtained result shows that language in Exir’s poetry pays attention to both the structure of the poem and the content. Where the purpose is to convey meaning, it is content that overshadows form and language. The method of this research is library and direct study and our statistical community is Akbar Exir’s poems.

One of the approaches of contemporary literary criticism that has been considered by researchers is psychological criticism. Archetypes, which are the collective unconscious content, can be analyzed in human personality as a legacy of the past. By balancing the four archetypes of mask, shadow, anima, animus in oneself, one can express one's true "self" and reach individuality. This article examines the archetypes in Ahmad Shakeri's novel Naked in the Wind based on Jung's theories through an analytical-descriptive method. This novel is one of the novels in the field of sacred defense literature that tells the story of a teenager from the village of "Kanichao" and reveals the secret of the martyrs of Borhani hill after many years. This research, in accordance with the conditions of the story, provides the background for the representation of the mentioned archetypes and shows that in the novel, due to the presence of negative characters, shadow archetypes and masks have a great effect and have darkened the story’ space. With the efforts of the main character of the novel - Yusuf - the shadows and masks are removed one after another and the reality becomes clear to the people. The insistence on negative aspects has not provided the ground for the expression of the real "self" of the characters in the story and has only revealed their nature to the people.

Mirza Mohammad Taher Qazvini’s Weapons of War is one of the most valuable and poetic works of the 11th and early 12th centuries AH. This work includes 800 lines and is composed in the form of Masnavi. In this research, while briefly introducing the author and his valuable work, the stylistic coordinates of this work have been studied. This research has been done based on a descriptive-analytical method. The poet has used historical allusions and hints to enrich his poems and thoughts. It is noteworthy that Mirza Mohammad Tahir Vahid Qazvini was influenced by the Safavid period in his illustration and depiction of war tools in Masnavi Weapons of War  and this work is one of the first instances to use new weapons tools such as pistols and weapons and guns.  In his book, Vahid Qazvini has repeatedly dealt with stories, religious narrations, historical and Islamic events, and great personalities such as the Holy Prophet (PBUH) and Imam Ali (AS). In addition to these topics, he is well acquainted with Persian and Arabic literature and refers to stories and characters. The study of intellectual, linguistic and literary levels of this work undoubtedly paves the way for the knowledge and thinking of the poet's scientific and literary practice for those who are interested as well as the researchers.

In the literary and poetic heritage of the Persian language, there are many poems on the history, geography, culture and people of Khorasan that emphasize the important role of this land and its inhabitants. Among contemporary poets, the prince of poets Bahar poets has a great passion for Khorasan. Among the motives that have led to composing poetry about the land of Khorasan in Bahar poems, we can mention religious, cultural, political, historical and love for the homeland and homeland. The purpose of this study is to clarify the dimensions of spring thought and motivations in the context of Khorasan, as well as the frequency of mention of Khorasan in his poems. This article has analyzed the Divan Poems Divan based on format and themes by analytical-descriptive method and while emphasizing the frequency of Khorasan motif in selected poems, has reached the conclusion that Khorasan in his poem is sometimes homeland. Sometimes it is his father's house and sometimes it is the place where he grew up. Also, the reflection and influence of Khorasan in the thought and poems of Bahar is the main pillar of his poems.

Khamseh of Nezami Ganjavi includes various collections in the types of lyrical, mystical, moral, etc. literature. In each of the works, the poet deals with issues according to the audience's understanding and insight and describes some of the beliefs and rituals of human society, especially Iran. One of these rituals is covenanting and swearing, which sometimes has a two-dimensional aspect in the military intellectual structure and sometimes stops at the superstructure level. In the present study, with reference to library resources and descriptive-analytical method, the types of treaties and their functions in Khamseh of Nezami have been explored and studied. The results show that at a general glance, treaties are divided into written and unwritten categories. The written form includes a political and security pact, a marriage pact and a pact to retain power. The unwritten type has sub-branches which are: moral covenant (shame and loyalty), princely pact, motivational pact, cooperation pact, peace and subjugation pact, democracy pact, covenant pact, divine pact, secret pact and a pact of allegiance to the king. The diversity that exists in this category confirms that the pact in Khamseh of Nezami is beyond a purely social matter, and the categories of cognition and knowledge, moral and educational, political and security, religious and doctrinal, etc. are tied to it.

However, Rumi in response to the question "What is the meaning of life?" Does not speak explicitly, In practice, everything that is said in Masnavi deals with life and its meaning in some way. Because Masnavi has a lost audience from the beginning to the end, Who feels the emptiness of meaning in his life; But the preoccupations of material life have blocked his entry into the spiritual life. Because everyone gives meaning to life in a special way, Rumi wants to help the audience find these components by presenting a picture of the components of his meaningful life. But, of course, it is not easy to find the signs in the glorious, deep and extensive life of Rumi, according to the disturbed order of Masnavi. But since Rumi's worldview is based on the two sources of wisdom and love, He considers these two as decisive categories in giving direction to the life of every human being. The present article begins with the assumption that the intellect, love, and gentleness of each, as two reciprocal and interacting categories that are the main components of meaningful life, have the ability to first determine any meaning that is ultimately emotional or intellectual. , Pass through their filter and secondly have the capacity to interpret any mutual thought with their help. This article, whose data have been qualitatively analyzed and described, has been written with the aim of showing the interconnectedness of reason and love as the two main components of human material and spiritual life. The most important achievement of this research is that the life of every human being can only be meaningful in the connection between reason and love.

The sociological criticism of literature is a scientific discipline which initially tries to extract social issues through the literary works by focusing on the content. The  contemporary Hungarian thinker, George Lukacs, made major changes in this discipline. In Lucien Goldmann's genetic structuralism approach, based on Lukacs’s views, the aesthetic techniques of the text in parallel with it’s content are studied and the overall structure of the story and the structures of society that story developed in, correspond to each other. With regard to the fact that intended research field of the present research is social novel, this article is going to deal with the short story in a descriptive-analytical way with genetic structuralism approach and by the case of study of Scattered Memories by Goli Taraghi, and  seeks to explore how society is represented in the imaginary world of a short story collection. The results show that although none of the stories happened at the same time, this book approximately is in line with the events of Iran milieu after the revolution and after the war, in content and form. Moreover, by expressing the consequences of prejudice in the first decade of the revolution and the consequences of modernity in the second decade, it implicitly, invites the audience to pluralism and to avoid luxury.

Paying attention to lifestyle is one of the essential issues in today's societies. This concept reflects the full range of ideas, values and social activities that distinguish societies. The Islamic way of life consists of interconnected sets of behavioral patterns in various fields of human life. Nahj al-Balaghah, as one of the main Islamic sources, includes various characteristics of lifestyle in various fields. Since Saadi is the product of Islamic culture, he has mentioned many cases of lifestyle in his works, which are reminiscent of the components of lifestyle in Nahj al-Balaghah. The present paper tries to rely on the descriptive-analytical method to influence Saadi's lifestyle in Nahj al-Balaghah. The results of the research show that Saadi has been influenced by Nahj al-Balaghah in various mental and objective components of lifestyle, with the difference that Imam Ali (AS) has analyzed each component in different fields such as belief, social, political, military, economic, but Saadi's studies on the mentioned components are more limited and It is not as extensive as the components mentioned in Nahj al-Balaghah.

Colors express feelings and emotions and reflect the inner characteristics of people. Sometimes artists use colors and colorful elements in their romantic illustrations, presenting their emotional experiences and mental perceptions with the help of literary devices and figures of thought such as similes, metaphors, ironies, pun, etc. in an artistic and appealing manner. Saadi has also benefited a lot from this kind of expression. The present article explains the image of color in Saadi's sonnets in a descriptive-analytical manner and examines the images related to color and the metaphors and similies related to them in three hundred and sixty of  Saadi's sonnets. The result of this research shows that among the five colors black, white, red, yellow and green that best illustrate the meanings and mental moments of Saadi's poetry, red has the highest frequency and green has the least use. Also, the poet has indirectly used the colors of colorful objects and the color of phenomena in presenting the color image. These colorful images express the power of speech, the poet’s aesthetic perception and his ability to use imaginary forms such as similes and metaphors in creating images, which makes his speech eloquent and pleasant, and the effect and charm of his words.

One of the issues that has always been raised and challenged about Hafez's poetry has been the issue of semantic connection among the verses of Hafez's sonnets. Some proponents of the existence of coherence and semantic connection in the structure of Hafez's sonnets believe that the verses of the sonnets may seem discrete at first glance; But they have a coherent and central core with which the other verses of a sonnet have a semantic connection. In contrast، some believe that the verses in a sonnet are independent of each other and each verse has an independent meaning and interpretation. Therefore، the purpose of this article is to examine the semantic connection in five memorable sonnets that have been randomly selected to be a handful of good examples. Therefore، the analysis of this issue is descriptive-analytical and in a library style، which after examining these lyric poems، we finally came to the conclusion that Hafez lyric poems have semantic coherence and this coherence and connection through existence of the  central core in poetry is having a common semantic fit and theme in all the verses of a sonnet، as well as the variety of sonnets and the repetition of words in the poem.

The linkage among Persian literature and Islamic mysticism is so high that conducting any research in the most of literary works will be cumbersome in the absence of perception and understanding of Islamic mysticism. Carrying on leading research and studies on mysticism owns a more focal necessity and importance specially in the field of  mystic literature. "Adab al Moridin" or "Handbook of Disciples" is one of the written measures of mystical literature in the field of spiritual instructing and training of disciples and trainees in Tarighat (religious mysticism). This research is aimed at introducing these lesser known and observed resources. After finding, listing and academic reviewing of the same mystical handbooks and considering the absence of specific and significant record about the aforementioned "Adab al Moridin"s and shortage of resources we decided to examine and sctutinise the handbooks of mystical instructions Through recruiting and analysing existing" Adab al Moridin"s until the 13th century, the present research has led to the instructional methods of the Tarighat. It should be reminded that this research has not intended to enter into the creeds and foundations of Sufi thought and has sufficiently tried to examine the mores and manners  of the disciples.

Following postmethod pedagogy, the spotlight has turned on language teachers. This means that their beliefs, experiences, and knowledge have been valued because it is the language teacher who knows both her learners and her classroom contexts best and can also fulfill postmethod promises. However, how can the field of language teaching come up with much-needed professional development, self-efficacious teachers who can have their own contextualized praxis? As such, and as a possible contribution to the field of TESOL, the purpose of the present study is to provide insights into the promotion of professional development for teachers. Online social networks provide new opportunities for language teachers' life-long development through participation in collaborative, professional and critical discussions. The purpose of the study was to see whether participation in collaborative, professional and critical discussion circles enhance self-efficacy component of language teachers’ professional development, and whether language teachers’ experience as a teacher and employment status affect this development. A professional development questionnaire was devised quantitatively and qualitatively through the delineation of the essential components of teachers’ self-efficacy. Then, language teachers underwent a quasi-experimental design consisting of three phases of a pretest, an educational treatment phase, and a posttest. The findings showed significant changes in the self-efficacy component of professional development.

The basic elements in literary images and imaginary forms, such as metaphor, simile, irony, metaphor, matching of the senses, etc., depend on colors; color has an important and prominent place; Because it gives literary words dimension, direction and depth and also its great impact on our lives and spirits is evident, poets use this element to give objectivity to their literary concepts. The abundant effect of colors has encouraged many researchers to study their effects and dimensions, both positive and negative, and each of them is trying to show these effects to others. In this article, an attempt has been made to study color as one of the main and important elements in contemporary literature, especially in the poems of Adonis and Qaisar Aminpour, by descriptive-comparative method, and also to evaluate the poems of these two Syrian and Iranian poets. The most obvious achievement of this research is that these two poets used six colors of black, white, blue, green, red and yellow with different committees to reflect and express different intentions and themes that were often due to the social conditions of the society. Their symbolic use was used to add to the richness of their poems.

Modernism was a literary and artistic reaction to modernity and the resulting changes. It was greatly influenced by new sciences such as psychology that emerged in the late nineteenth century and had a profound effect on the novel, which is one of the most important literary genres, which led to the creation of the modern novel. The modern novel operates differently from the classic novel; In this way, it deals with human beings and their psycho more than anything else, and its authors use new techniques in their works to express their goals, which did not exist in the classic novel. Some Iranian writers have modeled on modern world literature and written valuable works based on the components of this trend. In this research, the author uses the library resources in a descriptive-analytical way to study the components of modernism in Asghar Elahi's novel Salmargi to help introduce modernism and its features more fully and to be one of the most valuable Iranian novels that can serve as a model for authors. The authors aim at introducing the novel as a model for those interested in Iranian novels and scholars of this current and modern Iranian literature. The findings of this study show that Elahi has masterfully used some of the most important components of modernism such as psychological knowledge, dealing with the mind and psyche of characters, fluid stream of consciousness, recreating myths, anti-heroes, multiple narrators, ambiguity, identity, escalation and anti-idealism in his novel. He has created an admirable modernist work.

Saadi and his thoughts have always been the focus of critics. One of the aspects of criticism that can acquaint the audience with the thoughts and sources of Saadi's thinking is the cultural-oriented criticism which is based on the cultural components used in the texts according to the date of composition of the literary work. In Saadi's literary works, three intellectual sources can be found, all of which being powerful and effective. The first is the origins of ancient Iran and Saadi's attention to pre-Islamic Iranian culture, the second is the progress of Islamic wisdom that the great theologians and sages of the Islamic world such as Imam Mohammad Ghazali influenced Saadi. His third thought can be considered as the progress of Iranian mysticism, which is aimed at softening the ascetic ether and creating a poetic ether in dealing with doctrinal topics and beliefs. Saadi was greatly influenced by Ferdowsi in his pre-Islamic Iranian ideas. In this research, we have shown how Saadi used the symbols of ancient Iran in his works and how he could create a new discourse in praise of the wisdom and glory of pre-Islamic Iran at a time which historical attention to the mirrors and personalities of ancient Iran was considered a kind of blasphemy. This research relying on the principles of cultural criticism, seeks to understand why among the poets and artists before the seventh century, Saadi paid the most attention to Ferdowsi.

Myths are stories from the ancient times, and pre-historical adventures which still serve a deeper purpose to reflect some truth, and have been transferred from the past to the future generations. Due to culture exchanges, Iranian and Greek nations had similar and common myths in past. That's why champions like Rostam and Esfandiyar in Iran and Hercules in Greece were sacred and have been treated respectfully. Some myths appear in numbers, for instance seven and twelve. In Ferdowsi's Shahnameh it has been referred to Rostam and Esfandiyar's seven labours and these narrations could be related to twelve labours of Hercules. Investigations into mythological labours will reveal cultural similarities of Iran and Greece. There mythological champions including Rostam, Esfandiyar and Hercules had supernatural capacities. These differences and commonalities will reveal the cultural development pattern of these nations to a high extent.  The common characteristic of these three champions is the selection of the road not or less taken instead of the easy one.

Sana'i of Ghaznavi (545 or 529-467 A.H.), is often known as an "innovative poet". One of his initiatives is the use of humor in "Hadiqah al-Haqiqah". Because he intends to explain mystical topics to novice mystics and readers of this book with popular methods. After Sana'i, famous mystics such as Attar Neishabouri and Maulana Jalaluddin Balkhi used humor a lot. This article, with a descriptive-analytical method and based on library research, has found the satirical techniques of "Hadiqah-ul-Haqiqah". While examining each trick and finding their connection with humor theories (Relief Theory, games theory, superiority theory, ‎ Incongruity ‎Theory), the researcher  has analyzed and investigated the function of these modes today.The results show that all the satirical techniques of "Hadiqa al-Haqiqeh" strengthen the theory of games. Also, the total number of "language games" is 67.4% of the total humorous tricks of Hadeeghah, mostly seen in anecdotes (narrative part), especially in the anecdotes of the second half of Hadeeghah. After that, there are techniques that strengthen the theory of superiority (8.5%), which can be seen in the whole "Hadiqah al-Haqiqah". As a result, it can be said that Sana'i was aware of the function of the  language game and its impact in order to teach mysticism, ethics and philosophy correctly and fully, and has benefited from it by using the effect of satire to better understand the content; But often with a superiority-seeking and informative view, he humiliates and mocks the characters of the stories or the audience. Out of 53 anecdotes and monographs, only 7 anecdotes and 6 humorous verses (in line with the theories of games, liberation and conflict) are functional in the communication.

Positive psychology is one of the new branches of psychology. This science has three fundamental principles: 1) the study of positive emotions, 2) the study of positive traits, and 3) the study of positive institutions. Martin Seligman, the founder of this theory, believes that a purposeful and meaningful life relies on six positive characteristics of wisdom, courage, altruism, justice, moderation, sublimity, and positive emotions and in three paths of satisfaction, pride, and peace of the past, long-lasting happiness, enthusiasm, and enjoyment from the present, and optimism, hope, and trust in the future. This study examined the poems of Malek osh-Sho'arā Bahār in descriptive, documentary, analytical, and quantitative evaluation manners and in regards to the element of optimism and hope from the positive psychological perspective. By extracting and examining the evidences from one hundred poems of Divan-e Bahār, we discovered that 83 of them have positive themes, half of which are devoted to optimism and hope with a higher frequency than despair and disappointment. Meantime, the poet has referred to the subject of complaint and sorrow in only seven poems. Despite all personal and social agonies and pains, Bahār is a positive thinking, self-flourishing, and optimistic poet. He is another example of the great men in Persian culture and literature. He has written and composed poetry to improve the environment and create a better and happier society. His craft and mission many years ago are an instance of new science that claims to provide new strategies for the better living of human beings.