نشریه عمران و پروژه
سال چهارم شماره 11 (پیاپی 45، بهمن 1401)

The discussion of earthworks and irrigation and drainage projects is very important from a technical and economic point of view. In the Southwest Khuzestan pipeline project with 230 kilometers of G.R.P. pipes, it is effective to provide the volume of earth materials for earthling around the pipe and also earthling to ensure the depth of the trench before trenching. Due to the presence of sand materials in the region, in this research, these materials were used in earthworks around the pipe in different ways, including compaction by compactor and also compaction by flooding method, and the results showed that it is possible to use sand materials with fine grains less than He compacted 12% in the form of flooding and up to a density of 85%. Also, in order to provide the depth of the trench, you can mix sand materials with different percentages of clay so that the percentage of different salts such as gypsum, sulfate, and chlorine is reduced and the specific weight of the clay is increased. Different methods of moistening soil materials were compared in order to provide optimal moisture, including moistening at the borrow site and on the road. The effect of humidity on the density of soils with different grain sizes was also compared. The results showed that in clay materials, if the moisture content is more than 3% less than the optimum moisture content, it is difficult to compensate it by tamping. In the earthen layers made with fine-grained materials, traffic has a more negative effect on the density of the layer. The coarser the materials, the less impact traffic and passage of time will have. Also, the study of cross-sections showed that in sandy fields, the best way to protect the roads from the influx of quicksand is to follow the natural slope of the land as much as possible and to avoid earthmoving or earthmoving at a high height as much as possible.

Transportation is one of the most important pillars and commercial infrastructures for the development of exports, economic growth and development, strengthening trade relations with the countries of the region. If there is an inappropriate pavement, speed violation and non-observance of the ban on the movement of heavy vehicles in the speed line, there are much more risks than light vehicles. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the traffic of heavy vehicles in the speed line and the quality of the road pavement and the non-enforcement of the law by the traffic police. Also, examining the role of pavement quality in determining the priority of using the transportation axis in the transportation of goods is another goal of this study. In this axis, the Zanjan to Abhar freeway was examined as a study axis, based on field research and questionnaires. Among 221 drivers of heavy and cargo vehicles, research hypotheses have been investigated using SPSS software, due to the quantitative of data the Pearson correlation coefficient, it has been used to measure the relationship and also considering the acceptance of linear relationship between the variables. Research has used linear regression to find the relationship equation. The results showed that 63 percent of the increase in the use of the speed line by heavy vehicles was due to the unfavorable quality and the presence of pavement damage in the mentioned axis, and 12 percent of the violations of the ban on the movement of heavy vehicles from the speed lane were related to the non-enforcement of the law of the offending drivers. . Also, 62% of priority for the use of transportation axes by heavy and cargo vehicles for the transportation of goods, the optimal quality of road pavement will be the criterion. Therefore, the role of the quality of road pavement will have a significant impact on the choice of the route for the transportation of goods and, as a result, increase trade relations between cities and other countries. A safe and high-quality road is part of the public and natural rights of drivers and passengers.

The fourth agent will be responsible for designing, implementing and inspecting the project along with the project owner during the partnership and implementation of the project. The duty of the fourth agent is to provide consulting services in the areas agreed by the employer, as well as handling executive matters and verifying the work outputs of specialized groups before presenting the project to the employer. It is to maintain the continuity of the project. The fourth agent is also responsible for providing the applicant for various projects. This research by examining various plans that were implemented at different times and examining theories, interviews conducted with various pillars of the plans and published articles, tries to find out the services provided by the plan management, its strengths and weaknesses, points to identify the executive actions and evolution of this factor in the national plans of the country and through the obtained results to offer solutions for the improvement of the performance of this factor in the country.

Project management is closely related to systems approaches, especially systems engineering systems approach when in the 90s in the defense and armed forces, operations research, systems engineering and project management were used to manage large research and development projects. Project management and systems thinking overlap. Interestingly, it seems that simple systems thinking tools are not widely used in project management, even though these tools can provide unparalleled benefits in framing and solving problems that arise from multiple perspectives and relationships between variables. The main goal of this article is to introduce the concepts and selected tools of systems thinking in project management and describe their application in managing complex projects. Also, the benefits of using "hard" and "soft" systems thinking tools in certain phases of the project life will be discussed.