پژوهش نامه انتقادی متون و برنامه های علوم انسانی
پیاپی 111 (بهار 1402)

The present article reviews Jones “Macroeconomics”, translated by Jahangard and Keramatfar. In this regard, an attempt has been made to examine the book in terms of content and translation using an analytical-descriptive method. Content analysis of the work indicates its usefulness for teaching at the university. Introducing the DSGE model in a fluent and simple way for undergraduate students, which is described with a practical example, is the most important achievement of the book. Also, the concepts of macroeconomics are presented simply and according to the revealed facts. Lack of attention to solving numerical examples as well as expressing different economic schools and the role of books in this regard are among the shortcomings of the main text. Publishing a book in Persian is valuable because of the analysis of the new Keynesian approach. However, translating a book has many drawbacks that in some cases make it difficult to read and understand. In addition, parts of the original version that are necessary to understand the content have not been translated. Therefore, it is suggested that the translated text be re-edited.

The main problem of this survey is to explain the basic components of the German school of Ordoliberalism and the theoretical and practical critiques of it, and to ask about the relationship between Ordoliberalism and other schools of neoliberalism. In this regard, first, using the library method and referring to the works of the most important thinkers of Ordoliberalism such as Eucken, Ropke, and Rustow, as well as their main commentators, the characteristics and principles of the Ordoliberalism school are extracted. These principles are the primacy of law and legal institutions over economic institutions, the constitutive and regulative principles, the superiority of the competitive order and the superiority of a strong state within the framework of the economic constitution and the implementation of ordnungspolitik (ordering policy) to preserve the market. A brief comparative analysis of the relationship between this school and the Chicago School is presented. Finally, the theoretical critiques of the ideas and basic principles of this school and the practical critiques of the effects and consequences of the implementation of the Ordoliberal policy are discussed in detail.

The historical study of the role of women in different classes of society, including the Sufi class, will provide a comprehensive and accurate understanding of them. Trying to understand this role considering the dominance of the patriarchal view is actually a way to analyze and criticize this ruling view. Numerous pieces of historical evidence testify to the concept of transsexualism in Sufism, which makes the historical neglect of women in such an attitude incomprehensible. In a patriarchal society where women have fewer opportunities than men to participate in the social, economic, religious, and political arenas and are usually marginalized from the text, naturally, women's entry into the ranks of mystics and during the stages of mystical perfection has faced many difficulties. This study examines the history of Sufi women and how they entered the mystical path and concludes that several factors have been important in guiding women to the mystical path, the most important of which is the kinship relationship that has been ignored by the patriarchal view, and this is one of the most important critiques of the patriarchal attitude towards the flow of behavior and Sufism.

Nishapur is one of the most important Iranian cities in the Last Historical up to the Midd-Islamic periods. Thanks to the Metropolitan Museum, the Louvre Museum, and Iranian archaeological expeditions, some parts of the city especially in the Islamic period have been revealed. Lack of contextual information about Nishapur in the Pre-Islamic period is a common feature at archaeological excavations that caused the writing of the present book. Nishapur Revisited: Stratigraphy and Ceramics of the Qohandez by Rocco Rante and Annabelle Collinet, the Louvre Museum researchers, is one of the most recently published books about Nishapur history and archaeology. The most important question of this paper is how the writers revised the history of Nishapur based on some archaeometry studies. The two sub-questions of the article are as follows: Did the writers able to investigate the approaches of the book in a scientific method? Could the book effectively resolve some questions in Iranian studies? Approach of the paper is critical interpretation. The archaeological data of the paper is collected by field and library data. To answer the questions, the ideas of the writers in the book chapters have been revised. In the following, this book has been criticized and evaluated.

Saymarreh has been one of the important cities of western Iran in early Islamic centuries. Saymarreh city has been investigated in different aspects by scholars from Qajar era up to now. The result of this researches has been published in many books and articles. This document criticizes and reviews one of the newest articles in regard to Saymarreh city. This article has been written by Mohsen Saadati and Hossein Naseri Someah under name of “A glance at the social lifetime of the ancient city of Saymarreh from formation to collapse” that has been published in Journal of Pazhohesh-ha-ye Bastanshenasi Iran No. 22, fall 1398. Precise review and critical evaluation of this article shows that despite its strengths, it has serious shortcomings and drawbacks in terms of form and content. Despite being new, the article has no new findings and it is a repetition of previous researchers' comments about the city of Saymarreh. Time and reason for the extinction of Saymarreh city in this article is the same false hypothesis that has been expressed in previous research.

The article “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?” by Edmund Gettier is one of the famous works in contemporary epistemology. This short article has challenged the classical definition of knowledge by the two controversial examples and raised various disputes and solutions by epistemologists. The present article studies those examples by relying on Islamic epistemology and answers the problems by proposing a kind of causal relation that differs from the causal theory of Goldman. The main difference is that the chain of causality is between external fact and proposition knowledge by the perception of a different form of knowledge called “knowledge by the present.” This causality originally has an epistemic role because it is identical to the manifestation of the external fact by appearing in perceptions that are effects of the external fact. Therefore, the perceiver grasps facts by the deeper surface of knowledge intermediates between external fact and proposition knowledge, and by the conceptualization of the appearance and judgment. The mind constitutes true justified beliefs therefore in Gettier’s problems, the chain of this causality is not connected in an appropriate way.

"Methodology of Political Science" aims to collect, classify, describe and analyze research methods in political science. Dr. Haghighat's book entitled "Methodology of Political Science" has tried to review and critique most of the existing methodologies in the field of political science. The chapters of the book have a good consistency and the esteemed author has adopted a coherent method in reviewing and criticizing the methods. In some cases, paying attention to the indigenous atmosphere of Iranian society has made the contents of the book more useful. Paying attention to the distinction between research method and methodology is one of the highlights of the present study. On the other hand, obscurity in the definition of humanities and politics, lack of a clear criterion for classifying research methods, and ambiguity in methodological pluralism are among the most important shortcomings of the book. The respected author considers the methodology of social and political sciences as part of the philosophy of these sciences. But in the study of methods, the emphasized meaning of methodology has been seriously neglected. There is a conflict between the vagueness and the predicament of the concepts discussed in the book and the claim of uncertainty in the humanities. Pluralism is defended in the field of methodology, but the multiplicity and diversity of meanings of the concepts in political science in general and Iranian society, in particular, is rejected as a crisis and ambiguity.

This study was conducted with the aim of efficiency and effectiveness of the book “Mabadi al-Arabiyah fi al-sarf wa-al nahw 4” in terms of observing the desired criteria of the textbook from the students' point of view. The statistical sample of this study is the students of Arabic language and literature of Shiraz University, which includes 79 people, and in the form of a census, equal to the statistical population, completed the questionnaire. This research is a descriptive survey and the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alphabet method of 0.73. In this study, two one-sample t-tests and the Friedman test were used to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of the book “Mabadi al-Arabiyah fi al-sarf wa-al nahw 4”. This research is designed to answer four questions about the efficiency and effectiveness of the book, the teaching method used by the professor, the level of students' skills after passing the course of the Arabic rule, and finally the acceptability of the exam questions. The findings showed that the efficiency and effectiveness of the book have been observed to a minimum. The teaching method used by the professor from the students' point of view shows the highest level and skill level of the students after passing the Arabic rules course and the acceptability of the exam questions taken almost to the average level in the book.

Divan Khaqani is one of the texts that requires mental effort to understand; the difficulty of Khaqani's poetry on the one hand and its teaching in different courses of Persian language and literature on the other hand has made commentators interested in its description, and several descriptions and excerpts have been published. One of these books is a book called "Saghar-e Bolourin". This book was written by Mr. Ahmed Ghanipour Malik Shah and Tirgan Publishing published it for the first time in 2019. In addition to the good aspects of this book, there are some problems, and a detailed and complete review of all of them does not fit in one article. Therefore, the most important items have been selected and reviewed here. Semantic problems of some verses, numerous uses of other people's works without referring to them, writing problems, incorrect references, unjustified changes in the text of poems, not following the precise and scientific method in writing and documenting and introducing the list of sources, not introducing the description method, and other requirements of writing a book are among the things that are included in the list of the book shortcomings. While carefully examining the mentioned problems, finally, by showing many inaccuracies in the book, we come to the conclusion that the book needs serious editing and these problems noticeably cast a shadow on the scientific position of the book.

Determining the pronunciation of words - based on the prosodic meter and rhyme - has been a topic of long discussion for Persian literati and lexicographers, and in the modern era, editors of Early Persian literature have also shown great interest in this subject.  Recently, Vahid Idgah Torghabei (1399/ 2020) has done a comprehensive study on this subject, titled Pronunciation in Early Persian Poetry, in which he presents numerous findings on uncommon and dialectic alongside some pronunciation suggestions. In the current study, some of the authorʼs conjectures are criticized and denied based on lexical considerations.  Since these considerations emphasize the pronunciation of words, they can be utilized in future similar researches in the general sense and besides criticizing the book. Reviewing this evidence reveals some flaws and methodologic weaknesses in this work: First, the authorʼs inadequate mastery over the lexicon of Middle and New Iraninan languages. Second, his tendency towards systematization by the cost of neglecting exceptions which is in contrast with the claim of “Total Inductionˮ and the critique of “Uniforming and generalizing Outlookˮ in the study.  Finally, the most critical problem of his methodology, which is the domination of a prescriptive understanding of phonetic features of dialects.

“Impossible Languages”, written by the Italian linguist and neurologist Andrea Moro, and published in 2016 by the MIT Press, includes themes that were also covered in parts of Moro’s previous book, “The Boundaries of Babel: The Brain and the Enigma of Impossible Languages” (Moro, 2015; translated from Italian into English, with a foreword by Noam Chomsky). The book is organized into eleven chapters, and, together with the list of references and an index, contains a total of 145 pages. In this book, the author explores what makes human language unique and different from any other communication system — the so-called fingerprint of human language, as referred to in the book — and presents interesting theoretical and empirical evidence in favor of a biological interpretation of human language structure, which includes some of the latest findings from neuroimaging studies in the last two decades. The present article will briefly look at the content of the book.

The main purpose of this article is to review the book "Consumption and Everyday Life" written by Mark Patterson, a contemporary American sociologist who is known as one of the experts in the field of consumption and sociology. This work is one of the fascinating and academic texts that has been written by researching the effects of consumerism in contemporary human life. According to the author of the work, the secret of the survival of today's capitalist system is to create a gap between production and consumption and even the transformation of human beings into consumer beings, whose identity and personality are often formed in the process of market and purchase. The present article uses Patterson's views as one of the fields of formation of sociology and believes that the views of Patterson, Bourdieu, and even Doserto can consolidate an independent field called sociology. Consumption in academic centers and scientific circles. The most important criticism that can be leveled at Patterson's views is the question of the resistance to today's consumerist order, which, ironically, was designed on the ground of consumerism. Criticizing this plan, the critic considers the approach of critical thinkers and using the capacity of "art" and "critical art" as a more desirable approach to reduce the undesirable effects of consumerism.

Studying Iran's foreign policy is one of the most interesting topics among the people and the academic community. This behavior is not specific to Iranians and can, also, be seen among other foreign researchers concerning Iran's foreign policy. Luciano Zaccara is one of the authors who has surpassed her counterparts in addressing this issue and has edited a book on the “Foreign Policy of Iran under President Hassan Rouhani’s First Term”. The lack of translation of the book into Persian encouraged the author to introduce the work and critique it in terms of content and form. What makes the book prominent is the participation of some well-known authors in writing the chapters, addressing some areas that have received less attention in Iranian research, such as relations with Africa and the pathology of Hassan Rouhani's foreign policy. Lack of theoretical framework for the discussions, incoherence between the contents of the chapters, and ignoring the scientific neutrality by some authors of the book are among the weaknesses of the work.

The present article is an attempt to study the book "The Redeeming Prince": The Meaning of Machiavelli's Masterpiece”, by Maurizio Viroli, an Italian professor of political science at the US academia, which is published by Elmi va Farhangi Publication under their "collection of Thoughts and Thinkers" in 1398. In their critique of the book, the authors have tried to use the basis of a particular phenomenological method. Accordingly, and based on the fundamental belief that any critique/interpretation of a text or system of thought is fundamentally related to the critic/commentator's experience of the text or system of thought understudy, they have approached the study of the structure of experience from a phenomenological perspective. After this, they have tried to examine Viroli's text on the basis of this method and to find out how the author of the book has focused on reorganizing the meaning of Machiavelli's "The Prince" on the basis of a new understanding of the Idea of Prince as a redeemer.

Familiarity with research methodology is a requirement for any research project. What is seen in most works of writing or translating is a mere focus on teaching one or more research methods. The “Handbook of Mixed Methods in Social and Behavioral Sciences Research” has a different approach and has been written by pursuing the three goals of explaining philosophical tendencies, methodological formulation, and method, and finally the application of mixed research. This distinction, which makes the book stand out from other works in the field, was the reason it was chosen for critique. The Persian translation of the book, by Tashakkori and Teddlie was investigated based on the evaluation criteria of the Council for Reviewing Books and Texts on Human Sciences in two areas of structural and content criticism. The main strengths of the book are, focusing on the four bases of research paradigms i.e., ontology, epistemology, axiology, and strictly methodology of mixed research, multiplicity, and diversity of views and using the pioneers in the field of research methods in writing chapters and also providing primary valid sources, examples and case studies. At the same time, the effect has points for improvement, the most important of which are the overlap in the content of some chapters, the naming and arrangement of chapters, and the literal translation of some sentences.

The purpose of this study is to critically review the book “Theories and Schools of Finance and Accounting”. In this research, the method of critical philosophical exploration was used to review the book. The tools used included the textbook and academic review worksheets of the Humanities Textbook Review Council. In the preface of this book, the authors introduce it for the benefit of students and the book is introduced as a source by some professors in the master's degree in accounting. On the other hand, in the Supreme Council of the Ministry of Science, among the main topics mentioned for the accounting theory course are empowering students to understand the nature of theory and reasoning methods. The results of qualitative content analysis showed that not much material was provided on these issues and the book is slightly in line with the topics of the Ministry of Science. Also, since accounting and financial theories deal mainly with controversial issues such as interest, profit and ownership, the inadequacy of clear explanations and examples and the very little use of theories of different schools, especially the school of Islam regarding financial and accounting issues and practical issues are other weaknesses of the book. In general, the book is relatively creative and innovative in terms of collecting and categorizing theories, but it has major weaknesses in terms of application in teaching.

In different periods, man has turned art into a tool with the help of which he can express his inner feelings and overcome his fears. The book "Art as Therapy" has been compiled and written by Alain de Botton and John Armstrong in the field of art therapy and has been translated into Persian by Mehrnaz Mesbah. This book has been written with the aim of explaining the various functions of art in various fields of psychology, economics, etc., and although in some of the topics of art some treatment is sacrificed and reduces its true value, in some cases it offers valuable approaches. The present study has criticized the book with a descriptive-analytical method. The present article is about the quality of form and content of the Persian translation of this book and the review of the main book will not be the focus. After reading this book, it can be concluded that the purpose of the authors in writing it is to bring art down from its original position. Hence, art lovers who believe in the theory of "art for art's sake" may disagree with the contents of this book. The present book has a Platonic view of art and considers art valuable only if it can cure the mental problems of human beings.

In the book "Secrets of Separation: Asghar Farhadi's Cinema", Saeed Aghighi evaluates the narrative structure of Farhadi's films one by one, from his first film to The Seller. In his book, he focuses on introducing and analyzing the narrative patterns of stories and criticizing the characters in Asghar Farhadi's films, and comparing them with classical patterns and realistic modern cinema. In addition, it has a brief overview of visual elements, and principles of filmmaking, as well as some psychological and especially sociological analyses related to Asghar Farhadi's films. The lack of coherence, especially in the large volume of descriptions and the dispersion of analytical materials, in addition to technical-specialist defects, such as not observing the modern principles of book writing, the variability of written grammar, and the use of inappropriate specialized terms, along with the unscientific nature of research theories and assumptions, and Also, the lack of theoretical foundations does not raise the criticisms of this book to a level between a number of relatively good journalistic reviews and a number of incomplete expert analyses. Another problem of the book is the author's focus on the theme, narration, characterization, etc. in such a way that the content related to the visual presentation of the filmmaker does not have the necessary quantity and quality, and it does not seem to satisfy the audience looking for these topics.