نشریه مدیریت و کارآفرینی در ورزش
پیاپی 1 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of customer relationship management on the performance of sports clubs through the mediating variable of intellectual capital. This research is of a descriptive-survey type, in terms of practical purpose and field data collection method. The statistical population studied in this research included all managers, trainers, and employees of sports clubs in Ramsar City. The statistical sample was selected by random sampling. The size of the statistical sample was determined to be 80 people. In order to collect information, the customer relationship management questionnaire of Kalantari and Tolo (2009), the intellectual capital of Bontis (1998), and the performance evaluation of Shafiei et al. (2012) was used. In order to check the validity of the content of the questionnaire, experts (sports management professors) were used. The reliability of the tool was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha method (0.93) and construct validity. Findings were analyzed using SPSS and PLS software at the level of P≤0.05. The results showed that the variable of customer relationship management directly has a positive and significant effect on intellectual capital (0.809); However, the direct effect of customer relationship management on the performance of clubs (0.809) was not significant. Also, the effect of intellectual capital on the performance of clubs (0.955) is directly positive and significant. Therefore, to improve the performance of sports clubs, it is better for club managers to focus on improving communication with their customers and strengthening their intellectual capital.

The aim of this study was to develop a model of entrepreneurial behavior of managers of Iranian sports organizations. Participants in the present study were experts and experts in the field of sports management, entrepreneurship. The sampling method of the research was theoretical; Sampling continued until the categories reached theoretical saturation; and after 15 interviews, theoretical saturation took place. The tools of the present study were in-depth and exploratory interviews. The validity of the findings was determined by matching methods by members, peer review and experimental interviews, and based on data-based theory with Charms constructivist approach, the data were coded and analyzed. The model of entrepreneurial behavior of managers of sports organizations was formed in the form of 9 main codes of integration of categories based on the existing relationships between them, around the axis of entrepreneurial behavior of managers. Findings showed that managers' entrepreneurial behaviors have the ability to influence the decisions of sports managers in the corona pandemic. In the end, it is pointed out that many sports organizations are faced with the corona pandemic and changing market environments and the innovations and changes that have occurred in the demand of customers, which seems to be aware of this change and acceptance. The definite occurrence of change, instead of being afraid of it, can better take this path and pass this period with creativity and entrepreneurship, and small and large sports organizations can continue their life.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between spiritual intelligence and creativity, considering the mediating role of conflict management in the employees of sports and youth departments. The current research is of applied type in terms of its purpose, and in terms of data collection method and conclusion, it is descriptive correlation type. The statistical population of this research is made up of 255 employees of sports and youth departments in South Khorasan, and the entire population was selected as a sample for the study because it was limited by the census method. To collect research data, three conflict management questionnaires of Stephen Robbins (1991), King's spiritual intelligence questionnaire (2008) and Abedi's creativity (2012) were used. In this research, the data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation tests and path analysis, and the structural equation modeling method and Lisrel software were used to analyze the data and test the research hypotheses. The results showed that spiritual intelligence has a direct and significant effect on conflict management. Also, the effect of conflict management on creativity is positive and significant, but the effect of spiritual intelligence on creativity is not significant. Based on the findings of this research, it is suggested that the more the managers tolerate and cooperate with the managers in the conflict management process, the creativity of the managers will increase and the more they behave with control and pressure in this interaction, the creativity of the employees will decrease.

The purpose of this article was to develop strategies for the development of skating sports in Khorramshahr city. The research was a qualitative research that was implemented in the field method, and it is an applied research in terms of its purpose. The statistical population of this research was made up of the manager, deputies and employees of Khorramshahr Sports and Youth Department, sports experts, skating coaches and experts, and university professors in the field of sports. The sampling method was non-random and purposeful. For this purpose, interviews were conducted with 18 people. The data collection tool included a semi-structured interview. The respondents were asked to list their desired strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, and by discussing and exchanging opinions with experts, they tried to enter the importance coefficient and rank of each of the internal and external factors. In order to determine the strategic position of Khorramshahr skating team, the evaluation matrix of internal and external factors was used. The results of the research showed that Khorramshahr skating team has 15 strengths, 15 weaknesses, 20 opportunities and 19 threats. The competitive strategic position (ST) is located. that the strategies and plans appropriate to this situation were also presented.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the structural model of the influence of negotiation approaches on the strategic alliance of sports and youth departments in the eastern provinces of the country. The research method is descriptive-correlation type and it was done in the field. The statistical population included all the managers of sports and youth departments in the eastern provinces of the country in the number of 78 people, and the sample was selected as a total number of 78 people. The tools used in the research included the negotiation approaches questionnaire of Wimset and Calanton (2000) and the strategic alliance questionnaire of Ireland et al. (2002). The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through content validity by obtaining the opinions of strategic management experts in sports and construct validity using confirmatory factor analysis, as well as its reliability using Cronbach's alpha. So that the value of this coefficient was obtained for the negotiation approaches questionnaire (α=0.94) and the strategic alliance questionnaire (α=0.88). The results of the research showed that negotiation approaches have a significant impact on the strategic alliance of sports and youth departments in the eastern provinces of the country. Therefore, it is recommended that managers of sports and youth departments consider negotiation skills improvement courses for all employees in the organization in order to provide the basis for strategic alliances among sports organizations.

Entrepreneurship training is vital for physical education students and sports science students, enhancing their employment and ability to successfully adapt to the business environment. For this reason, this article aims to analyze the impact of a sports entrepreneurship workshop on perceived desirability, perceived feasibility, and the purposes of entrepreneurship and the relationships between them. This study is a field type and its method is a descriptive type used by the semi-trial -pre-test design. The statistical population consisted of 108 students of the Nowshahr Marlik Higher Education Institute of Higher Education and Nashahr, who enrolled in the sports entrepreneurship workshop, and the statistical sample was selected as a total number. Participants complemented the Shapiro and Swell Entrepreneurial Evaluation Tools before and after training sessions. Data were analyzed using Wilcox on tests and Spearman correlation coefficient using SPSS software. The findings showed that participation in the workshop significantly increased the intention of participants' entrepreneurship and perceived feasibility and understanding. In addition, perceived and perceived feasibility, both before and after the workshop, were significant predictors for entrepreneurial purposes. Therefore, it can be stated that a practical approach related to technical knowledge is essential in future workshops.

Today, there is a direct relationship between the maximum number of spectators in football stadiums and the investment of organizations and companies. The goal of this qualitative study of developing sponsors' investment in Iran's premier football league, emphasizing the presence of female spectators and using the Glaser approach of Grounded Theory. For this purpose, 25 professors and experts aware of the sports marketing selected by targeted and snowball for depth semi-structured interviews and the data were analyzed using a set of open, axiol and selective coding. The results of 8 categories influencing the presence of female spectators in Iran's stadiums, including football attraction, social cultural dimension, development of promotion, promotion of technology, security, physical environment, level Women's income, law, government policies, and religious issues, stated that the development of sponsors' investment It brings internal and external finance and increased turnover, which improves revenue generation in the premier football league; The managers and sports officials of the country can contribute greatly to the development and professionalism of football and sports in the society by relying on the results of this research.

The aim of the current research was to identify and rank the effective factors in sports tourism entrepreneurship in the post-corona era. The current research was a qualitative research that was conducted in the field. The statistical population of the research included knowledgeable experts and specialists in the field of entrepreneurship and sports tourism (university professors, managers of the General Directorate of Sports and Youth, and tourism experts). The non-random sampling method was purposeful and available. The data collection tool was semi-structured interviews. The content analysis method was used to analyze the data. The number of sample people was 18 until theoretical saturation was reached. According to the findings of the interview, 26 issues were identified in 5 infrastructural, economic, managerial, promotional, and legal solutions. Also, the findings of the research showed that management factors were the most important factors affecting sports tourism entrepreneurship in the post-corona era. Based on this, improving the ability of managers and developing infrastructural and economic factors and legal and legal support for entrepreneurs can be effective in the development of entrepreneurship in the field of sports tourism and ultimately lead to the improvement of employment and development of the sports industry.

The purpose of study was design a business development model for the sport horse breeding industry. This research was mixed exploratory, which operationalized based on ground theory strategy. The research community included expert people in the field of horse riding and the country's horse industry, who identified challenges in this field through semi-structured interviews. The statistical sample in qualitative part was  22 experts with snowball sampling and in quantitative stage, there were 384 people from owners, trainers, horse breeders and agricultural Jihad experts. The questionnaire was taken from the qualitative part. To extract the codes in the qualitative section, MaxQda software used. SPSS-23 software used to analyze quantitative information. The results of the research indicated that the lack of creation of new advantages for horse owners, the lack of appropriate protective laws for horse breeders, the absence of mandatory laws for the use of Iranian horses, the legal problems of quarantine in the export and import of horses. Failure to complete the full pedigree of horses, failure to use domestic horses in order to preserve and improve their genetic resources were among the most important challenges of this research. Therefore, it is suggested to policy makers of the horse industry to address the challenges of this sector by supporting the breeders of Turkmen horses. Also, by revising the existing laws and policies regarding import and export licenses and the need to pay attention to medical issues, provide a platform for the development of jobs related to the horse industry.

Today, social interactions play an important role in the politics of countries. Sports are one of the peaceful tools for international affairs that countries can use to strengthen relationships around the world and historically use sports and its appeal as a way to advance political agendas. Therefore, the researcher decided to investigate the role of social functions of politics in sports and tourism in Iran. This research was conducted in the framework of a qualitative approach and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The statistical population of the research was experts in politics, sports and tourism, including 5 sports faculty members, 5 tourism faculty members, 7 political science faculty members, 5 people with executive work experience in the tourism and cultural heritage organization, and athletes with a history of participating in international competitions. The data collection method was a study of previous researches and an in-depth and open interview. To measure the reliability of the research, intra-subject agreement was used. The average intra-subject agreement was reported as 89%. Based on the findings of the semi-structured interview, the most important social functions of politics in sports and tourism in Iran were three components, including information systems, infrastructures, unity and solidarity. According to the results of the research, suggestions have been made for the development of social interactions and the promotion of sports and tourism events in Iran.

Advertising, as one of the most important elements of modern marketing, is the main focus to directing the opinions, attitudes, and expectations of customers, and ultimately occurrence of the behavioral reaction, which is the purchase of the intended product. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the outdoor advertising costs of the Persian Gulf Pro League and prestigious football clubs in the world. This study is a desk (library) research that is considered to be an applied study in terms of purpose. This is an analytical method of the type of review study. For this purpose, the necessary information can be achieved through library studies, referring to Internet sites such as Persian Gulf Pro League website and Forbes and Deloitte magazine website on the financial reporting of the clubs and the websites of the clubs under study. The population of the study consisted of Iranian football clubs in the 19th league and world’s ten highest-earning football clubs in the 2019-2018 season. The sample included the Iran Pro League and football clubs Real Madrid, Barcelona, Manchester United, Bayern Munich, Manchester City, Paris Saint-Germain, Liverpool, Chelsea, Arsenal, and Tottenham, which were selected in a purposive method. The research instrument in this study was taking notes, tables, and registration form that their classification and exploitation were finally investigated. Then, using the data obtained from the outdoor advertising tariffs of the Persian Gulf Pro League, evaluation and analysis of cost payment and a comparison between the advertisements of Iran Pro League with the top ten highest-paid football clubs in the world were dealt with. The results indicate that the efficiency of the methods employed is the best method of cost allocation in the outdoor advertising of the Persian Gulf Pro League. Therefore, according to the findings of this study, it is suggested that the authorities give outdoor advertising to the Persian Gulf Pro League to the clubs, and each club could increase the statistics to attract investment in this sector.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the attitude of citizens of Salahuddin province of Iraq towards morning exercise and its obstacles. The research method was descriptive-survey. The statistical population of the research included all the citizens of Salah al-Din province in 1401, 384 people were selected as samples from the cities of Samarra and Tikrit by cluster sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire with 40 items was used to collect information, and its validity and reliability were confirmed. To analyze the data, Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Levin's test and T-test were used in Spss22 software. According to the results, economic barriers, legal barriers, infrastructural barriers, personal barriers, and environmental barriers were influential in the tendency of the citizens of Salahuddin province to exercise in the morning. The component of "Legal Obstacles" with an average rating of (2.28) was the lowest and "Environmental Obstacles" with an average rating of (3.74) had the greatest impact on the tendency of the citizens of Salahuddin province to exercise in the morning. Based on the results obtained from this research, it can be said that removing the obstacles can help the development of morning exercise among the citizens of Salahuddin province