نشریه مطالعات نقد ادبی
پیاپی 48 (پاییز و زمستان 1397)

Folkloric literature has a great importance in knowledge of every culture.  Folklore literature comes from the root of society. It is clear that if people use folklore voluntarily then it will be said that it is the manifestation of society.
Sentences written on mirrors, back and body of vehicles are among folklores. These written manuscripts are actually the gist of beliefs, wishes and desires of theirs owners. Some of these sentences are innovative. Car written manuscripts are part of culture and folklore of people so, by studying them, culture of ordinary people can be detected. Also, by studying of this literature, the nostallogic emotions will increase.
Drivers or car owners gives help the verses to express of their feelings and ideas so, they can communicate in this way with ordinary people without considering the style of poems. Sometimes, these verses teach a lesson and to tell the truth its effect is more, as there is no bitterness of advice and as a result it is a kind of moral literature.  
Delving into the litterateur, such as car written manuscripts, which is a reflection of inside thought and personality can help the researchers. So, in present study, we have to investigate the car written manuscript from the different views of linguistic and literal.

Folklore is a branch of the culture of each nation and its component parts. All known cultures and communities in the world have folklore. Its wide dimensions include customs, celebrations and rituals, traditions, beliefs and so on has been reflected in the works of many poets and writers.  Ghazaliat (lyrical poems) of Shams or Divan-e- Kabir as one of the richest cultural treasures of the Persian language is particular importance due to various components of folklore. It has deep roots in the culture of people it has come to serve mystical thoughts of Mowlana in that material and spiritual elements of folklore. This paper In a descriptive – analytical way analyzes the material and spiritual elements in Ghazaliat of Shams .Since the study of all components and indices of folklore is not  possible in this paper therefore among the spiritual elements is reviewed the customs , beliefs  and  general language and among material elements is reviewed jobs, food and clothing. Mowlana has used these elements to express the link between poetry and the life of the people. Familiarizing them can open up many ambiguities of hia poems  and give us a true understanding of them.

Recognition of the waqf (a short pause) phenomenon is one of the important issues in the linguistics of the Quran created bythe breath disconnection and its refreshmentwhile reading.Since some words areoccasionallypronounced in two or more different waysin the Holy Quran and this difference in readingis led tothe issuance of jurisprudential rulingand the source of variation inviewpoint of Islamic scientists. In this study,despite expressing waqf and its diversity by mentioning the Quranic evidence, ithas been investigated that what changes will take place inspeechbyreading disconnectionwhile exiting the last word? And what is the opinion of Ibn Khalawiyah (370 AH), the famous Iranian shialinguist,about it?By considering distinctive and innovative views of this linguist, we have made any endeavor to explain these differences in reading in terms of IbnKhalawiyah . On the other hand, we have compared his point of view with the agreement and disagreementviews of some other important linguists to clarify this distinctive linguist view about waqf and alsofamiliarize the readers with his creative reasonsaboutvarious pronunciations in waqf and changing in pronunciation, adding or reducingthe words.

Utopia is according to Farabi a place where life of people is full of bliss and salvation and rest, and an unattainable place whose image always forms on the horizon of human desire. Human has historically aspired to achieve a society in which to have their wishes fulfilled and where to mingle mental peace with material needlessness. Man facing failures, injustices and irregularities of life has long tried to mount on the wings of imagination to depict a picture of the ideal society. Humans have depicted such imaginary city to reduce their pains and suffering and represent disadvantages and shortcomings of their community. The idea is mentioned in Persian poetry with different symbols, which is the result of a secret nostalgia poet in that leads him to imagine an ideal society. Among the poets to draw ideal society is Gheisar Aminpoor. His poetry reflects the most important concern of contemporary human who is somehow detached from his homeland. High ideals missing by human in all periods and in all religions are seen at every moment of Gheisar’s poems. Aminpoor was a suffering poet whose concerns and aspirations of the oppressed in the world and his real aspiration to achieve the ideal society gave meaning to his lif.

In this article, we will find that by introducing the style of realism and its characteristics, we will find the components of the narrative structure of realistic novels. Realism constitutes an attitude of art and literature and a precise way of representing reality in literary and artistic works indeed, realists focus their exploration precisely on social problems such as poverty, prostitution and deprivation, and write examples at a specific  time and place. In this article, by examples various perspectives and theories about the style of  realism, the components of this style, including the angle of view,  place,  time, description, characterization and narration in the books "Shekar-e - Talkh" and "Gazane" by "Jafar Shahry "have been evaluated. The research method in this qualitative research is descriptive-analytic based on the purpose of the research and based on the history of the development-extension research and the method of data collection is documentary-library. Since the realism style has a vast array of contemporary and even some classical works, it is hoped to further deepen this movement and study the works of writes such as " Jafar Shahry" about them. until now, a serious step has not been taken, a more accessible path for enthusiasts of realism novels and collection of stories.

Novel is considered as one  of the most effective literary types to illustrate one nation's stability against the domestic and foteign cruelty. As there are social,political and cultural similarities in this literary type in both Persian and Arab contemperary literature,they both have the same form and content. Personality is considered as one of the most important elements in novel and it reveals the writer's outlooks and feelings. The present aritcle scrutinizes the element of personality on the novel of Dà weitten by Seyyedeh Zahra Hoseini and  Omme Saad by Gassan Kanaani in the analytical-descriptive method based on American school. Hence,characters analyzed from  the evelutionary and significant aspects.The findings demonstate that the characters are not only similar for the sake of stability situation but also have used social genre in personification and depicting types dealing with religious-national goals.  one of the basic differences between two novels is that Dà is more tragic than Omme Saad.